CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.Back Ground of the Paper

At today's electricity needs in Indonesia is increasing. The electricity crisis has
long been a problem and has dipredikasi by many energy experts in Indonesia since ten
years ago. Energy needs can be increased gradually, both in terms of capacity, quality
or terms of demand distribution.
Electricity consumption in Indonesia each year continues to increase in line with
national economic growth. Indonesian electricity consumption is so great would be a
problem if the provision is not in line with the needs. Electrical energy supply needs
continuous and qualified the demands that must be met by the state.
To resolve this meeting electricity needs, it would require a new energy source
that is able to meet electricity demand increases. Wind, as the resources available in
nature can be utilized as a source of electrical energy. Wind is the energy source is
endless so that the utilization of wind energy systems change will have a positive
impact on the environment.
It is considered very necessary to find out more about the wind and this wind
power plant. It is also important to know the wind power generation process so that it
can be analyzed the advantages and disadvantages compared to other power generation
systems.

1.2. Problem Formulation

Based background of paper can be prepared problem formulation as follows :
1. What is definition of mini hydro power plant?
2. How to work of the mini hydro power plant ?
3. How many types of mini hydro turbine?
4. What are instrumentation on mini hydro power plant?

1.3.Based problem formulation above can be prepared purpose of the paper as follows :
1. Know the definition of mini hydro plant.
2. Knowing about mini hydro power plant work
3. Know many type of mini hydro turbine
4. Know instrumentation on mini hydro power plant
 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSSION

2.1. Mini Hydro Power Plant

Hydropower is energy from water sources such as the ocean, rivers and
waterfalls. Minihydro means which can apply to sites ranging from a tiny scheme to
electrify a single home, to a few hundred kilowatts for selling into the National Grid.
Small-scale hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and reliable energy
technologies to be considered for providing clean electricity generation.
advantages contained in hydro power plants are as follows:
1. Compared with other types of power plants, PLTH is reasonably priced
because it uses natural energy.
2. It has a simple construction and can be operated in remote areas with a
population of skilled local area with a little practice.
3. Do not cause pollution.
4. Can be combined with other programs such as irrigation and fisheries.
5. To encourage the community to preserve the forest and water availability is
assured.
advantages contained in hydro power plants are as follows
1. Consumer power users in large and too far from the central tower plant
requires a means of high-voltage transmission network that long also need a
means of enhancing tengangan traffo lot.
2. From the security and safety of the sanara and gear transmission should
receive special attention.
3. If we have a long dry season hydropower energy using water from natural
lakes and artificial lakes then cadanagan water will be greatly reduced and the
impact on the quantity of production of electric power supplied to the
consumers. Then this is the aggrieved is the consumers of both households
and industry.
4. Source Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP), which uses the waterfall was not
always at the desired location, in addition to a small water flow also be away
from the city so it requires a very large cost.
 It is also environmentally benign. Small hydro is in most cases run-of-river; in
other words any dam or barrage is quite small, usually just a weir, and little or no
water is stored. Therefore run-of-river installations do not have the same kinds of
adverse effect on the local environment as large-scale hydro.

1. Reservoir, serves to hold water

2. Main gate, valve
3. Dam, serves to raise the water level of the river to create a high-falling
water. In addition to saving water, the dam was also built with the aim to
save energy.
4. Pipe rapidly (penstock), serves to channel and direct the water to the turbine
chimney. One end of the pipe is installed on the vessel sedating rapidly at
least 10 cm above the ground floor like a sedative. While the other end is
directed at the turbine chimney. In the section of pipe out of the tub rapid
sedative, installed air pipe (Air Vent) as high as 1 m above the water surface
like a sedative. Installation of air pipes is meant to prevent the occurrence of
low pressure (Low Pressure) when rapidly clogged pipe end portion. This
low pressure will result in rupture of the pipe rapidly. Another function of
this air pipes to help remove the air from the pipe rapidly during the start-up
of MHP were in operation. InchDiameter air pipe
5. The main valve (Main Inlet Valve), serves to convert potential energy into
kinetic energy
6. The turbine is a device that is structured and consists of several turbine inlet
water supply equipment, such as blade (runner), rapid pipe (penstock), the
turbine casing (spiral chasing), the main valve (inlet valve), pipe off (draft
tube), safety devices, shaft, bearings (bearings), and the electricity
distributor. According to the momentum of the water turbine can be divided
into two groups: reaction turbines and impulse turbines. Reaction turbine
work because of the water pressure, while the impulse turbine work because
of the speed of water that hit the blade.
7. The generator, electrical generator is a device that produces electrical energy
from a mechanical energy source. The generator consists of two main parts,
namely the rotor and stator. The rotor consists of 18 pieces of iron ridden by
wire and mounted in a circle to form 9 pairs of north and south poles. If the
pole is energized excitation of Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), then
there will be a magnet. The rotor is a shaft with a turbine, so that when the
turbine rotates the rotor also rotates. The spinning magnet produced a
voltage on the wire each time a pole passed the "coil" located in the
stator. Then the voltage is then into electricity
8. Draftube called off the pipe, the water flowing out of the turbine berasla
9. Tailrace called drainpipe
10. The transformer is a transformer to convert AC voltage to a higher voltage.
11. Switchyard (controler)
12. Cable transmission
13. Transmission Line, serves to distribute electricity from hydropower to the
homes and industrial center.
14. Spillway is a big hole in the dam (dam) which is actually a method for
controlling the release of water to flow from the dam or levee to
downstream areas.
2.2. Mini Hydro Power Plant Work

1. The flow of the river with a large amount of water discharge sedimikian
ditunjan accommodated in the reservoir in the dam building betuk
2. The water is passed through a sieve power intake
3. Then go into the rapidly pipe (penstock)
4. To transform potential energy into kinetic energy. At the end of the pipe
mounted main valve (Main Inlet Valve)
5. To drain the water to the turbine, the main valve will diutup automatically in
case of disturbance or in stop or do repairs / maintenance of the
turbines. Water that has had pressure and high-speed (kinetic energy) is
converted into mechanical energy flowed through the fin - the fin steering
(fixed blade) will push the blade path / installed on the turbine runner
6. In the turbine, the force of falling water yng pushing blades - blades causing
the turbine to spin. water turbine much like a windmill, to replace the function
of the wind thrust to rotate the blades - blades replaced the water to turn
turbines. The turbine transform kinetic energy resulting force of falling water
into mechanical energy
7. The generator is connected to the turbine via a gear - gear rotate so that when
the rotor - the rotating turbine generator rotor rotates. The generator further
change the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical
energy. electricity generator occurs because the coil of copper by iron core is
moved (rotated) near magnets. back and behind the magnetic poles will move
electrons on the copper coils on the ends of the copper wire will come out
 listriknya.Yang electricity were then yielding power. Water out through the
tail race.

a. Type of Hydro Turbin

The oldest form of water turbine is the water-wheel. The natural head
difference in water level of a stream is utilised to drive it. In its conventional form the
water-wheel is made of wood and is provided with buckets or vanes round the
periphery. The water thrusts against these, causing the wheel to rotate. Traditional
water wheels have been used for centuries, but these large and slow-moving wheels
are not suitable for generating electricity. Water turbines used for electricity generation
are made from metals, rotate at higher speeds, and are much easier to build and install.
Over the years, many turbine designs have been developed to work best in different
situations. Water turbines may be classified in different ways. One way of
classification is according to the method of functioning (impulse or reaction turbine);
another way is according to the design (shaft arrangement and feed of water).
Water turbines may operate as turbines, as pump turbines or as a combination
of both. They may be of the single regulated or double regulated type. Turbines may
also be classified according to their specific speed.

Impulse turbines use a nozzle at the end of the pipeline that converts the water
under pressure into a fast-moving jet. This jet is then directed at the turbine wheel
(also called runner), which is designed to convert as much of the jet's kinetic energy
possible into shaft power. Common impulse turbines are Pelton and cross-flow. In
reaction turbines the energy of the water is converted from pressure to velocity within
the guide vanes and the turbine wheel itself. Spinning of the turbine is a reaction to the
action of the water squirting from the nozzles in the arms of the rotor. The typical
example of reaction turbine is a Francis turbine. The advantage of small hydro power
reaction turbine is that it can use the full head available at a site. An impulse turbine
must be mounted above tailwater level. The advantage of impulse turbine is that it is
very simple and cheap and as the water flow varies , water flow to the turbine can be
easily controlled by changing nozzle size. In contrast most small reaction turbines
cannot be adjusted to accommodate variable water flow.
 Most hydraulic turbines consist of a shaft-mounted water-wheel or runner
located within a water-passage which conducts water from a higher location (the
reservoir upstream from a dam) to a lower one (the river below a dam). Some runners
look very similar to a boat propeller, others have more complex shapes. The turbine
runner is installed in a water passage that lets water from the reservoir flow pass the
runner blades, which makes the turbine spin.

Almost all hydraulic turbine/generator units turn at a constant speed. The

constant speed one type of turbine/generator operates at may be considerably different
from the speed of another. The best speed for each type of turbine is set during design,
and a generator is then designed that will produce usually alternating current at that
speed. A device called a governor keeps each unit operating at its proper speed by
operating flow-control gates in the water-passage. There are several types of turbine
designs like Pelton, Kaplan, Francis or cross-flow turbine.
1. Pelton Turbine

The principle of the old water-wheel is embodied in the modern Pelton turbine.
This turbine has a similar look and physical principle like a classic water wheel. A
Pelton turbine is used in cases where large heads of water are available (more than 40
m). The Pelton turbine is used for he ads up to 2000 m. Below 250 m, mostly the
Francis turbines are given preference. Today the maximum output lies at around 200
MW.

Together with crosflow turbines, Pelton turbines belong to the impulse type (or
free-jet) turbines, where the available head is converted to kinetic energy at
atmospheric pressure and partial admission of flow into the runner. The free jet turbine
was invented around 1880 by the American Pelton, after whom it got its name. The
greatest improvement that Pelton made was to introduce symmetrical double cups.
This shape is basically still valid today. The splitter ridge separates the jet into two
equal halves, which are diverted sideways. The largest Pelton wheels have a diameter
of more than 5 m and weigh more than 40.000 kg. The wheel must be placed above the
tailrace water level, which means a loss of static head, but avoids watering of the
runner. In order to avoid an unacceptable raise of pressure in the penstock, caused by
the regulating of the turbine, jet deflectors are sometimes installed. The deflector
diverts the jet, or part of it, from the runner.

Since then the turbine has been considerably improved in all respects and the
output of power has increased. Power is extracted from the high velocity jet of water
when it strikes the cups of the rotor (runner). There is a maximum of 40 cup-like
paddles jointed in two half-cups each water is being squirted through nozzles onto the
blades where it is deflected by 180 and thus gives almost all of its energy to the
turbine. By the reversal almost all the kinetic energy is transferred into force of
impulse at the outer diameter of the wheel. Because of the symmetry of the flow
almost no axial force is created at the runner.

From the design point of view, adaptability exists for different flow and head.
Pelton turbines can be equipped with one, two, or more nozzles for higher output. In
manufacture, casting is commonly used for the rotor, materials being brass or steel.
This necessitates an appropriate industrial infrastructure. Pelton turbines require only
very little maintenance.

2. Francis Turbine
 In the great majority of cases (large and small water flow rates and heads) the
type of turbine employed is the Francis or radial flow turbine. The significant
difference in relation to the Pelton turbine is that Francis (and Kaplan) turbines are of
the reaction type, where the runner is completely submerged in water, and both the
pressure and the velocity of water decrease from inlet to outlet. The water first enters
the volute, which is an annular channel surrounding the runner, and then flows
between the fixed guide vanes, which give the water the optimum direction of flow. It
then enters the runner, which is totally submerged, changes the momentum of the
water, which produces a reaction in the turbine. Water flows radially i.e., towards the
centre. The runner is provided with curved vanes upon which the water impinges. The
guide vanes are so arranged that the energy of the water is largely converted into
rotary motion and is not consumed by eddies and other undesirable flow phenomena
causing energy losses. The guide vanes are usually adjustable so as to provide a
degree of adaptability to variations in the water flow rate and in the load of the
turbine.
The guide vanes in the Francis turbine are the elements that direct the flow of
the water, just as the nozzle of the Pelton wheel does. The water is discharged through
an outlet from the centre of the turbine. In design and manufacture, Francis turbines
are much more complex than Pelton turbines, requiring a specific design for each
head/flow condition to obtain optimum efficiency. Runner and housing are usually
cast, on large units welded housings, or cast in concrete at site, are common.
With a Francis turbine, downstream pressure can be above zero. Precautions must be
taken against water hammer with this type of turbine. Under the emergency stop, the
turbine overspeeds. One would think that more water is going through the turbine than
before the trip occurred since the turbine is spinning faster. However, the turbine has
been designed to work efficiently at the design speed, so less water actually flows
through the turbine during overspeed. Pressure relief valves are added to prevent water
hammer due to the abrupt change of flow. Besides limiting pressure rise, the pressure
relief valve prevents the water hammer from stirring up sediment in the pipes.
With a big variety of designs, a large head range from about 30 m up to 700 m of head
can be covered. The most powerful Francis turbines have an output of up to 800 MW
and use huge amounts of water.
3. Kaplan turbine

For very low heads and high flow rates a different type of turbine, the Kaplan
or Propeller turbine is usually employed. In the Kaplan turbine the water flows
through the propeller and sets the latter in rotation. In this turbine the area through the
water flows is as big as it can be the entire area swept by the blades. For this reason
Kaplan turbines are suitable for very large volume flows and they have become usual
where the head is only a few meters.
The water enters the turbine laterally, is deflected by the guide vanes,
and flows axially through the propeller. For this reason, these machines are referred
to as axial-flow turbines. They have the advantage over radial-flow turbines that it is
technically simpler to vary the angle of the blades when the power demand changes
what improves the efficiency of power production.
The flow rate of the water through the turbine can be controlled by varying the
distance between the guide vanes; the pitch of the propeller blades must then also be
appropriately adjusted. Each setting of the guide vanes corresponds to one particular
setting of the propeller blades in order to obtain high efficiency. Important feature is
that the blade speed is greater than the water speed as much as twice as fast. This
allows a rapid rate of rotation even with relatively low water speeds.
Kaplan turbines come in a variety of designs. Their application is limited to heads
from 1 m to about 30 m. Under such conditions, a relatively larger flow as compared
to high head turbines is required for a given output. These turbines therefore are
comparatively larger.

b. Instrumentation on Mini Hydro Power Plant

1. Penstok
Flow Control
 RISONIC modular Flow Meter

RISONIC modular was developed for ultrasonic flow measurements in filled and
partially filled penstocks and open channels. Typical applications include:
Penstock monitoring, turbine and pump efficiency measurements and flow
measurements in irrigation systems and water supplies. This measurement system
is also well-suited for pump storage power plants, allows remote servicing and
provides multiple diagnostic tools to quickly localize malfunctions and system
errors and thus reduces downtimes. With its user-friendly and intuitive workflow,
RISONIC modular requires little training and this universal device impresses with
its broad range of applications. Recalibrating is not necessary.

Primary applications

Flow measurement
Water balance

Penstock monitoring
Turbine efficiency monitoring

Applications

Water power plants

Water supply

Irrigation systems
Cooling water circuits
Low water flow up to 0.02 m/s

2. Turbine and generator

Emerson's CSI 6500 is designed to work with a variety of sensors that are
mounted on
the stator, rotor, turbine section, and shaft.
Existing sensors can be used as well as those from Emerson and other third party
vendors to provide flexibility
in selecting those that meet your requirements. All diagnostic data is accessible in
AMS Suite for analysis and
troubleshooting.
CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION