Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATION
for
M :ROADS (GENERAL)
ISBN 0-626-10583-8 Gr 12
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2 Interpretation
2.1 Supporting specifications
2.1.1 This specification is requiredfor any project for which any of the following specifications form part of the contract
document:
a) SABS 1200 DM;
b) SABS 1200 ME;
c) SABS 1200 MFH') or SABS 1200 MFL or both, as applicable; and
d) SABS 1200 MG or SABS 1200 MH or both, as applicable.
2.1.2 In addition to the applicable of the specifications referred to in 2.1.1, the following specifications shall form part
of the contract document:
a) project specification;
b) SABS 1200 A or SABS 1200 AA, as applicable; and
c) SABS 1200 D.
SABS 1200 C may form part of the contract document.
2.2 Definitions2)
For the purposes of this specification the definitions and abbreviations set out in the applicable of the specifications
listed in 2.1 and the following definitions apply (See drawings M.l to M.5):
2.2.1 Acceptance control: Control testing and the assessment of the results of tests done (by the Engineer or
by an approved laboratory) to determine whether or not the quality of the material produced or the work done complies
with the requirements of the relevant specifications.
2.2.2 Aggregate: Material formed by the natural disintegration of rock, or produced by the mechanical crushing
or milling of rock.
2.2.3 Base (basecourse): A layer of specified material of designed thickness (see SABS 1200 MFH') and
SABS 1200 MFL) that is placed immediately below the bituminous, asphalt or concrete surface.
2.2.4 Breakline: The line of intersection of the surface of a cut or fill slope and that of the shoulder, verge or
natural ground surface.
2.2.5 Breakpoint: Any point on the breakline.
2.2.6 Camber: The convexity given to the curved cross-section of a roadway or footway.
2.2.7 Carriageway: See Roadway.
2.2.8 Channel: Any made-up profile in the road reserve, constructed to collect and convey run-off water.
2.2.9 Coarse aggregate: Aggregate of particle size such that it is retained on a sieve of nominal aperture size
4,75mrn.
2.2.10 Commercial source: A quarry operated by others for commercial purposes,
2.2.11 Controlled layer: The selected layer, the subbase or the base.
2.2.12 Crossfall: The difference in level (measured transversely) between two specified points on a surface.
(Crossfall is usually expressed as a ratio of one vertical linear unit to a specified number of horizontal linear units.)
2.2.13 Cross slope: The slope of the natural ground surface in the transverse direction within the road reserve.
2.2.14 Crown: The highest portion or vertex of the cross-section of a cambered roadway or footpath or sidewalk.
2.2.15 Cut: An excavation or the material excavated.
1) In course of preparation.
2) For road usage and traffic control terms, see section M of S A W 0120-3.
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SABS 1200 M:l996
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2.2.1 6 Drain:
a) A pipe, a closed void or a closed structure manufactured or constructed for the conveyance of water.
b) See channel.
2.2.17 Earthworks: All operations involved in loosening, removing, depositing or compacting earth, soil or rock.
2.2.18 Edglng: A strip constructed adjacent to and finished below or flush with a roadway surface and intended
to give lateral support to the pavement.
2.2.19 Fill:
a) Imported material that is placed above the roadbed (see drawing M.2) and on which the selected layer, subbase,
base, shoulders and, in the case of a dual carriageway, the median are or might be constructed.
b) Material that is imported to replace unsuitable material excavated from the roadbed.
2.2.20 Fine aggregate: The portion of material that passes a sieve of nominal aperture size 4,75 mm.
2.2.21 Footpath: A strip constructed for the use of pedestrians. Usually set off or away from the roadway. (The
terms footway and walkway are also used.)
2.2.22 Footway: A strip constructed for the use of pedestrians. (The terms sidewalk, footpath and walkway are
also used.)
2.2.23 Formatlon level; subgrade level: The finished level of the selected layer.
2.2.24 Formation width: The width of the top of the selected layer, excluding any topsoil blinding layers.
2.2.25 Furrow: Any unlined excavation formed or shaped to collect and convey water.
2.2.26 Grade; grade level: The level of the top of a subgrade onto which any subbase or base is to be constructed
direct.
2.2.27 Gradlng modulus (GM): The cumulative fractions of material retained on sieves of nominal aperture size
2,O mm, 0,425 mm and 0,075 mm.
2.2.28 Gravel wearing course: The final course of an unsurfaced roadway.
2.2.29 Ground level: The reduced level of any particular point on the surface of an area undisturbed by or prior
to any specific construction operation.
2.2.30 Lot: A portion of work or a quantity of material produced that is assessed as a unit for the purpose of
acceptance control and that is selected to represent, as far as possible, material or work produced under conditions
which did not vary significantly during the process of production. (A typical lot could be a days work.)
2.2.31 Mechanical modification: The operation of mixing two or more materials from different borrow sources in
specified or ordered proportions, to obtain a material with specified properties.
2.2.32 Mitre draln (channel) or bank: A drain (channel) or a bank constructed at an angle to the centreline of a
road, to divert water from a side drain (channel) or from the road reserve.
2.2.33 Natural fines: An in-situfine material nominally passing a 4,75mm sieve that complies with certain specified
requirements for PI and LL.
2.2.34 Natural gravel: An in-situ material that complies with certain specified requirements for aggregate grading,
PI and CBR. (See 3.3.1 of SABS 1200 MFL.)
2.2.35 Overburden: Material within a borrow pit area, that is unsuitable or that is not required for any construction
purposes but has to be removed to permit access to the required material.
2.2.36 Pavement: The layers of material above the subgrade that support the roadway. (These layers usually
consist of subbase, base and surfacing.)
2.2.37 Process control: Control testing and assessment of the test results by the Contractor on a continuous basis
during construction, in order to determine whether the construction process and the material used will produce a
construction of a quality that compties with the requirements of the relevant specification.
2.2.38 Proof density: The density achieved after the application of a specified method of compaction.
2.2.39 Random sample: The sampling positions or portions that represent the material of a lot and that are so
determined that every position or portion in a lot has an equal chance of being selected for sampling.
2.2.40 Relative compaction: The ratio of dry field density to a laboratory defined maximum dry density.
2.2.41 Roadbed: The surface of the in-situ material that forms the floor on which the subgrade is constructed and
that lies within the road prism between two planes that contain the outer shoulder breakpoints and slope downwards
and outwards, as shown on drawing M.2.
2.2.42 Road prism: The area of construction between the outer lines of the slopes of cuttings, fills, and side
channels or toe channels (as applicable) up to formation level and including all structures and other features necessary
for proper drainage and protection, but excluding the subbase, base and surfacing.
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SABS 1200 M:1996
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2.2.43 Road reserve: That portion of land between defined boundaries, including, when relevant, roadways,
sidewalks, footpaths, verges and traffic islands, that is reserved for a public thoroughfare and other public facilities.
2.2.44 Roadway (Carriageway): A portion of the road reserve that is constructed between channels, kerbs, edging
or shoulders, as applicable, and that is intended for use by vehicular traffic.
NOTE - The term roadway includes any road, street, lane, crescent, cul de sac, close, place, court, square, way,
grove, terrace, avenue, loop, circle, boulevard, arterial, drive, motorway, freeway, bypass, ring road, highway or
collector. (See drawings M.1, M.4, and M.5.)
2.2.45 Sand (cohesionless and non-cohesive): For the purposes of the compaction requirements, a non-plastic
material of which not less than 95 % (by mass) passes a sieve of nominal aperture size 4,75 mm, and not more than
10 % (by mass) passes a sieve of nominal aperture size 0,075 mm.
2.2.46 Selected layer: The top layer of the subgrade that consists of selected material of specified thickness.
2.2.47 Shoulder: The portion of a roadway adjacent to the travelled way that is intended for the emergency use
of vehicles.
2.2.48 Side drain (channel): A longitudinal drain (channel) parallel to a carriageway, between the shoulder and
an adjacent excavation slope or natural ground.
2.2.49 Sidewalk: A strip constructed for the use of pedestrians, usually immediately adjacent to the roadway. (The
terms footway, walkway and pavement are sometimes used.)
2.2.50 Slightly plastic (SP): Descriptive of a material that has a PI not exceeding 3.
2.2.51 Subbase: A layer of specified material of designed thickness, that is placed between the subgrade and the
base.
2.2.52 Subgrade: The completed earthworks within a road prism before the construction of any subbase, base and
surfacing.
2.2.53 Subgrade level: See Formation level.
2.2.54 Surfacing: The layer or layers of processed material constructed upon the completed base. (Surfacing is
sometimes referred to as "wearing course".)
2.2.55 Topsoil: The surface layer of soil that has a humus content such that the soil is usually capable of
supporting vegetation.
2.2.56 Travelled way: The portion of a roadway intended for the normal passage of vehicles.
2.2.57 Type: The quality classification for pavement layer materials, determined from the material properties such
as G3 or C3, etc.
2.2.58 Verge: The portion of a road reserve between the roadway or, where applicable, the outside edge of a
footway, and the adjacent boundary.
2.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this specification, the abbreviations set out in the applicable specifications listed in 2.1 and the
following abbreviations apply:
2.3.1 DOT: Department of Transport
2.3.2 DRTT : Division of Roads and Transport Technology
2.3.3 GM : Grading modulus (see definition in 2.2)
2.3.4 SP : Slightly plastic (see definition in 2.2)
2.3.5 TMH : Technical methods for highways3)
2.3.6 TRH : Technical recommendations for highways3)
2.3.7 UCS : Unconfined compressive strength
3 Materials
3.1 Quality
The quality and the physical properties of each material used in the construction of a road shall be equal to or better
than those of a material that complies with the requirements of the relevant standardized specification.
3.2 Responsibility for location
Except where specific sources of materials for controlled layers are designated or specified in the project specification,
the Contractor shall be responsible for locating sources of suitable materials in sufficient quantities for the purposes
of the contract.
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SABS 1200 M:1996
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Table 1 Sin! le-sized crushed aggregate
1 2 I 3 4 5 I. 6 I 7
Property Nominal size of aggregate
3rading, % (by mass) of material passing
;ieves of nominal aperture size, mm
3rades 1 & 2 75,O
53,O
375
26,5
19,o
13,2
975
637
4,75
2,36
3ade 3
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Table 2 Grading limits of aggregate for slurry seal
1 2 3 4 5 6
I 6,700
2.360
1,180
0,600
The sand equivalent, determined in accordance with SABS method 838 (TMH 1 method B19), shall be at least 35.
The immersion index, determined in accordance with TMH 1 method C5, of briquettes made with the slurry aggregate
and 80/100 penetration grade (road grade B10) bitumen at the specified net bitumen content for the slurry, shall be
at least 75.
3.3.3 Aggregates for pavement layers
Aggregate in the compacted pavement layers shall comply with the requirements of table 3A or table 3B, as applicable,
for the type and nominal size of material specified.
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Table 3A Natural aggregate for pavement layers (G1 to G4)
1 2 3 4 5
Criteria G1 G2 G3 G4
Parent Sound rock from an Sound rock, boulders or Sound rock, boulders or Natural gravel or
material approved quarry, or coarse gravel coarse gravel natural gravel and
clean, sound mine rock boulders which may
from mine dumps, or require crushing
clean sound boulders
Additional Only fines crushed May contain up to 10 Vo May contain up to 15 o/o May contain approved
fines from the same sound (by mass) of approved (by mass) of approved natural fines not
parent rock may be natural fines not natural fines not obtained from parent
added for grading obtained from parent obtained from parent rock. Added fines
correction, provided rock, where required to rock, where required to shall have an LL not
that added fines have improve grading. improve grading or exceeding 25 and a
an LL not exceeding Added fines shall have Atterberg limits or both. PI not exceeding 6
25 and a PI not an LL not exceeding 25 Added fines shall have
exceeding 4 and a PI not exceeding an LL not exceeding 25
6 and a PI not exceeding
6
Strength 10 9'0 fines aggregate crushing value (10 Yo FACT), determined in CBR at 98 o/o Mod.
accordance with SABS method 842 (TMH 1 method B2), shall be at least AASHTO max. density
the appropriate value in column 3 of table 4. shall be at least 80 %.
The aggregate crushing value (ACV), determined in accordance with Swell at 100 'Yo Mod.
SABS method 841 (TMH 1 method Bl), shall not exceed the appropriate AASHTO max. density
value in table 5. shall not exceed
0,2 o/o for all materials
except calcretes, in
which case it shall not
exceed 0,5%.
DurabiIity See columns 3, 4 and 5 of table 4 See table 6
Shape The flakiness index, determined in accordance with SABS 847 (TMH 1 Alluvial and colluvial
method B3T), shall not exceed 35 on each of the -26,5 mm +19 mm gravels shall be
fraction and the -19 mm +13.2 mrn fraction crushed
All faces shall be For crushed materials, at least 50 Yo (by mass) of ie fractions retained
fractured faces on each standard sieve of 4,75 mm and larger. shall have at least one
fractured face
Atterberg LL shall not exceed LL shall not exceed 25. LL shall not exceed 25. LL shall not exceed
limits 25. Except that the PI shall not exceed 6, 25. PI shall not
Except that the arithmetic mean of the except in the case of exceed 6, except in
arithmetic mean of the results for a lot (min. 6 calcrete, in which case the case of calcrete,
results for a lot (min. 6 tests) shall not exceed it shall not exceed 8. in which case it shall
tests) shall not exceed 45, the PI shall not LS shall not exceed not exceed 8.
4, the PI shall not exceed 6. 3 %. LS shall not exceed
exceed 5. LS shall not exceed 3 %. For calcretes,
LS shall not exceed 3 %. the product of LS and
2 %. If the PI of the minus the percentage
If the PI of the minus 0,075mm fraction passing a 0,425 mm
0,075 mm fraction exceeds 12, see 3.3.6. sieve shall not exceed
exceeds 12, see 3.3.6. 170.
Soluble salts See 3.3.5(a).
Grading See table 8.
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Table 38 Natural aggregate for pavement layers (G5 to G7)
1 2 3 4
Mteria G5 G6 67
'arent material Natural gravel or natural gravel Jatural gravel or natural Natural material
and boulders which may require !ravel and boulders which
crushing, or crushed rock nay require crushing, or
:rushed rock
9dditional fines May contain approved natural day contain approved natural
fines not obtained from parent ines not obtained from parent nrp5)
rock .ock
Strength CBR at 95 oo/ of Mod. AASHTO 2BR at 95 % of Mod. CBR at 93 Yo of Mod.
max. density shall be at least 4ASHTO max. density shall AASHTO max. density shall
45 %. )8 at least 25 %. be at least 15 %.
Swell at 100 o/o of Mod. AASHTO Swell at 100 oo/ of Mod. Swell at 100 Yo of Mod.
max. density shall not exceed 9ASHTO max. density shall AASHTO max. density shall
0,5%. lot exceed 1,O %. not exceed 1 3 %.
Durability Mudrocks shall have a wet 10 Ol0 Mudrocks shall have a wet Mudrocks shall have a wet
FACT value of at least 90 kN and 10 Vo FACT value of at least 10 Y0 FACT value of at least
a wet/dry Venter test class7) of I 30 kN and a wet/dry Venter 60 kN and a wet/dry Venter
or II. est class7) of I or 11. test class7) of I, II or 111.
Shape All alluvial or colluvial material
shall be so crushed that at least
(50 Yo by mass) of the fraction nrp5)
retained on the 4,75 mm sieve
has at least one fractured face.
Atterberg limits LL shall not exceed 30. 'I shall not exceed 12 or the PI shall not exceed 12 or
PI shall not exceed 10, except ialue equal to twice the the value equal to 3 times
that for materials other than yading modulus plus 10, the grading modulus plus
mudrocks, the PI shall not exceec Nhichever is the higher value. 10, whichever is the higher
12 if less than 30 YOof the ,S shall not exceed dalue.
sample passes the 2,OO mm 5 %.
sieve. In the case of calcretes, the In the case of calcretes, the
LS shall not exceed 5 %. PI shall not exceed 15, PI shall not exceed
In the case of calcretes, the PI wovided that the LS does not 17, provided that the LS
shall not exceed 15, provided tha sxceed 6 % and the product does not exceed 7 O/O and
the LS does not exceed 6 YOand 3f the LS and the percentage the product of the LS and
the product of the LS and the oassing the 0,425 mm sieve the percentage passing the
percentage passing the 0,425 mn does not exceed 320. 0,425 mm sieve does not
sieve does not exceed 320. exceed 320.
Size The maximum size of crushed The maximum size of crushec The maximum size of
material shall be 53 mm before material shall be 63 mm crushed material shall be
compaction. The maximum size c before compaction. The 75 mm before compaction.
uncrushed material shall be maximum size of uncrushed The maximum size of
63 mm. material shall be two-thirds of uncrushed material shall be
the compacted layer two-thirds of the compacted
thickness. layer thickness.
Grading The percentage (by mass) Grading modulus shall be not Grading modulus shall be
passing the 2,OO mm sieve shall less than 1,2 and not more not less than 0,75 and not
be not less than 20 o/o and not than 2,6. more than 2,7.
more than 70 %.
Grading modulus shall be not les!
than 1,5 and not more than 25.
Soluble salts See 3.3.5(a) nrp5)
5) See p.5.
7) Venter, JP, Guidelines for the use of mudrocks in road construction in South Africa. CSIR, DRTT, Pretoria, January 1989. See
also 4.2 of section M of SABS 0120-3.
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SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (generial)
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Table 4 10 % fines aggregate crushlng
w
~
1 2 3 4 5
Rock type Matrlx
I Dry
kN, min. kN, min.
Wetldry
relationship
%, min.
Arenaceous rock Non-siliceous cementing
I 75
I
material
Diamictite (tilIite)
Siliceous cementing
material
I
110
200
II 75
70
Argillaceous rock*) 180 125 I -4)
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Table 5 Aggregate crushing value
~ ~~
1 2
Rock type ACV
%, max.
4) See p.5.
8) Argillaceous rock is only to be used if so permitted in the project specification.
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Table 6 Durability requirementsfor 0 4 material
1 2 3 4
Percentage that passes
Group Members of group Durability Mill Index 0,425 mm sieve after the
(maximum) Durability Mill test
(maximum)
Basic crystalline rock Basalt
Dolerite 125 35
Gabbro
Acid crystalline rock Gneiss
Granite 420 35
High silica rock Chert
Hornfels 420 35
Quartzite (clav mineral kaolin)
Sandstone Arkose 35
Conglomerate (increase from
Sandstone 125 original not more
Siltstone than 15 %)
Mudrock Mudrock
Phyllite 125 35
Shale
Carbonate rock Dolomite
Limestone nrp4) nrp4)
Marble
Diamictite Greywacke
Tillite 125 35
Pedogenic material Calcrete
Ferricrete 480 40
Silcrete
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Table 7 Chemically stabilized aggregate for pavement layers
1 2 3 4 5
Criteria c1 c2 c3 I c4
Material before
treatment 9s for G2 I
Fxcept for grading, Except for grading,
a&for G2, G3 or
As for G5 or G6
I
I
Indirect tensile
strength, kPa, at
100 Vo Mod. 4) 250 min. 200 min.
AASHTO max.
density
Grading See table 8 Max. size shall be 63 mm or two-thirds of the
compacted layer thickness, whichever is the
smaller. (Max. size of crushed material shall be
53 mm.)
4) See p.5.
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Table 8 Grading envelope
Nomlnai aperture
size of sieve
19,o 71 - 8 4 a5 - 95 -
60 90 0-5
13.2 59 - 75 71 - 8 4 50 - 85
I 4,75 1 36 - 5 3 I 42 - 60 I 30 - 65 I
2,oo 23 - 40 27 - 45 20 - 50
0,425 11 - 2 4 13 - 27 10 - 30
I 1 I I I
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SABS 1200 M:1996
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3.3.6 Chemical modification
3.3.6.1 Plasticity index
If the PI of the minus 0,075 mm fraction of type G1 or type G2 material exceeds 12, the material shall be chemically
modified, after which the PI of the minus 0,075 mm fraction shall not exceed 8.
If chemical modification is required for type G3 material, in order not to exceed the specified maximum PI, the Pi of
the minus 0,075 mm fraction after modification shall not exceed 10.
If chemical modification is required for type G5 or type G6 material, in order not to exceed the specified maximum PI,
the average PI after modification shall not exceed the maximum specified PI minus 2.
3.3.6.2 Soluble salts
Where the minus 6,7mm fraction of the material does not comply with the requirements of 3.3.5,the material shall
be chemically modified as follows:
a) untreated material:
1) Witwatersrand quartzite: crushed stone and mine sand. Where the pH value is less than 6,0, the material
shall be modified with lime until the pH value is not less than 10,0,provided that the pH remains at not less
than 8,O over time.
2) all other material: where the electrical conductivity exceeds 0,15 Sm- and
i) the pH value is less than 6, the material shall be modified with lime until the pH value is not less than 10,
provided that the pH value remains at not less than 8,O over time.
ii) the pH value is not less than 6,0,the material may only be used if so permitted in terms of the project
specification and with the treatment specified therein.
b) Material to be cemented or lime treated: if the pH value is less than 6,O or the electrical conductivity is not less
than 0,2 Sm-, the material may only be used if so permitted in terms of the project specification and with the
treatment specified therein.
4 Plant
All plant used shall comply with the requirements of the relevant standardized specification(s).
5 Construction
The methods of construction and workmanship shall comply with the requirements of the relevant standardized
specification(s).
6 Tolerances
6.1 General
Subject to the requirements of 6.2, in the case of any controlled layer, the degree of accuracy of the finished work shall
be as stated in the relevant standardized specification and the permissible deviations (PD)(see clause 6 of
SABS 1200 A or clause 6 of SABS 1200 AA, as applicable) shall be within the appropriate of the limits stated in the
relevant standardized specification. (Degree of accuracy Ii shall apply if no degree of accuracy is specified.)
6.2 Tolerances not cumulative
Tolerances on designated thicknesses and levels may vary only within the limits shown on drawing M.6. Neither plus
tolerances nor minus tolerances may be accumulated through successive controlled layers and surfacing of the road
construction.
Should the completed level of a controlled layer fall between the designated level and that determined by the limit of
the negative tolerance, the thickness of the next controlled layer shall be increased accordingly.
6.3 Frequency of checks
For the purpose of tolerance control, the Contractor shall make sufficient checks at at least the applicable frequency
set out in column 2 or column 3 of table 9, whichever is the greater.
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Table 9 Frequency of control checks
7 Testing
7.1 General
Sampling procedures shall comply with the applicable requirements of TMH 5.
7.2 Process control
In addition to the requirements for testing given in clause 7 of SABS 1200 D, the following shall apply:
The Contractor shall carry out process control tests at a frequency that is not less than that set out in clause 7 of the
standardized specification applicable to the earthworks (subgrade) or layer being processed, and he shall provide the
Engineer with the results of such tests.
7.3 Routine inspection and testing
7.3.1 Routine inspection and testing will be carried out by the Engineer, to check the quality of materials for
compliance with the requirementsof clause 3 of the relevant standardized specification, but such inspection and testing
shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility to ensure that the materials comply with the relevant requirements
of the specifications.
7.3.2 Should the average and minimum densities of the earthworks or layer being processed be equal to or exceed
the respective values given in clause 7 of the relevant standardized specification, the earthworks or layer shall be
deemed to comply with the requirements for density.
7.3.3 Where so required in terms of a standardized specification or the project specification involving major projects
or high quality materials, acceptance control in respect of designated properties shall be carried out in accordance with
a statistical acceptance control plan (see appendix B) in terms of which the Engineer may designate lots and specify
the size of each lot, the number of samples, and the tests to be carried out by the Contractor.
7.4 Compaction control
The methods of determining the standard of compaction shall be as stated in TMH 1.
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SABS 1200 M:1996
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SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (general)
-i- aPt-?Jwns
I
5'
i
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SABS 1200 M:l996
Roads (general)
16
Dual carriageway cross-road
. \\
Turning lane
slip lane
s_**
Turning road
-- ran
Len-Iurn '-ie
1
I slip road -
Traffic island ,un-ramp / . Merging
-~
nose
entrance nose
Deceleration lane
Acceleration lane
Approach nose
Grade separation exit nose
flyover
At-grade separation'
I K\
\\\\
Taper
Deceleration lane
Approach nose
Three-level bridge
Three-level crossing
\\ Semi-direct ramp
Subway
Inner ramp
\ Merging nose
Underpass Entrance nose
cceleration lane
Grade separation
Two-level crossing
Collectordistributer road
- 40
-50
-50
- 50
a = actual thickness of layer
t = designated thickness of layer
x = tolerance on designated level
Typical example
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Appendix A
Applicable standards
1) See p.1.
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Appendix B
Statistical judgement plan
B.l Scope
This appendix describes a scheme for determining, by means of tests and measurements and by applying a statistical
judgement plan, whether certain requirements and limit values specified in the specifications in regard to the properties
of materials and workmanship are being complied with.
B.2 Interpretation
Where a statistical judgement plan has been specified in the relevant standardized specification or in the project
specification, the results of such tests conducted and measurements taken for controlling the relevant properties of
materials and workmanship shall be assessed on the basis of the prescribed criteria in this appendix, for compliance
with the specified requirements and limit values.
In this statistical judgment plan, the variability of each set of test values is statistically determined. This variability is
used to modify the specified acceptance limits for each set of tests (lot) and the mean of the test results is judged
against the modified acceptance limits.
Despite acceptance of a property judged by this statisticaljudgement plan, a material or work submitted will be rejected
if one or more other properties (whether controlled by statistical methods or not) fail to comply with the requirements
of the specification and are not conditionally accepted in terms of clause B.6, or where there are other causes for
rejection, such as obviously defective workmanship or excessively variable properties, visible signs of poor
workmanship, and similar considerations that constitute sufficient grounds for rejecting the work without any further
testing.
The Engineer shall be entitled to assess separately any specified portion of a lot if, in his opinion, it exhibits significant
deviations when compared with the remainder of the lot.
Where a statistical judgement plan is specified, it shall be adhered to in all cases where it is used, and decisions based
on it shall not be altered.
8.3 Definitions
8.3.1 Lot: A sizeable portion of work or quantity of material that is assessed as a unit for the purpose of quality
control, and selected to represent material or work produced by essentially the same process and from essentially the
same materials.
8.3.2 Random sample: A group of n test measurements at n separate test positions or on n sample portions
obtained from the lot in an unbiased manner (see B4.2).
8.3.3 Sample mean (FA: The arithmetic mean of a set of n test results that constitute the sample.
B.3.4 Sample standard deviation (SA. Sample standard deviation is defined by
zx2 - nFn2
sn ;1 n-1
21
SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (general)
8.3.11 First submission: The submission of a lot for approval for the first time or for a second time on the basis
of a second set of test values when the properties of the first and the second sets of test values differ significantly.
8.3.12 Resubmission: The submission of a lot for approval for a second time when the properties of the first and
second sets of test values do not differ significantly.
8.3.13 Factors k,, kad,k,, k, : The factors used for calculating the acceptance limits and rejection limits (see B.5.4
and tables B.6, B.7, B.10 and 8.11).
8.3.14 0 (%): The maximum percentage of a statistical population of values of a product property permitted to lie
outside the specification limits where the product could still be regarded as being acceptable (see table B.5).
where
xn is the arithmetic mean,
Snis the sample standard deviation, and
xo is the value of the test result that differs most from the mean (possible outlier).
Compare the value of To with the value of Tfor the applicable value of n, from table B.l. If the absolute value of To
exceeds T, then xo is an outlier.
22
SABS 1200 MA996
Roads (general)
Table B.l - Critical values of Tfor outliers
1 2
Number of observatlons Critical value
n T
4 1,46
5 1,67
6 1,82
7 1,94
8 2,03
9 2,ll
10 2,18
11 2,23
12 2,29
13 2,33
14 2,37
15 2,41
16 2,44
17 2,47
18 2,50
19 2,53
20 2,56
Compare the value of COwith the value of C for the applicable value of n and product property, from tables B.l a, B.l b,
B.lc or B.ld, as applicable.
If COexceeds C, the test result xo shall be regarded as an outlier.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Percentage Sieve size for G1 and G2 only
n compaction rnm PI
26,5 19,0 13,2 4,75 2,OO 0,425 0,075
4 491 61 83 83 7,3 56 3,6 32 2,4
5 4,4 64 98 98 7,7 599 3,9 393 22
6 4,6 6,7 9,4 9,4 8,O 62 40 395 2,7
7 4,7 6-9 9,7 9,7 83 63 4,1 3,6 23
8 48 7,1 9,9 93 8,s 6,s 42 3,7 28
9 499 72 10,l 10,l 8,6 6,6 4,3 3,7 23
10 4,9 7,3 10,2 10,2 8,7 6,7 4,4 3,8 2,9
23
SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (general)
1 2 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 11 12
Sieve size
Percentage mm Bitumen Voids
,I compaction
265 19,O 13,2 93 4,75 2,36 0,300 0,075
content in mix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
" Percentage
compaction
UCS PI CBR
4 24
5 26
6 27
7 28
8 28
9 29
10 29
NOTE - C = as determined by nb
where is the C value for a = 0,Ol and Q is the standard deviarron of the population derived from historical data.
8.4.4.3 Sample standard deviation too small
Where the sample standard deviation S, is very small, it could be the cause for a values being wrongly classified as
an outlier. For this purpose, a minimum value SNmln) shall be determined for S
,, as follows:
- j F . s -n
-
Sn(mln, n - 1)
where
x:o,w ; n - 1 = x20,wfor ( n - 1) degrees of freedom as obtained from table B.2; and
S, is the mean value for Sn for the particular property as determined by records of previous work.
24
SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (general)
-
Table B.2 Values of x20.99distribution
1 2 1 2 1 2
0,0001 57 11 21 8,897
0,0201 12 3,571 22 9,542
0,115 13 4,107 23 10,196
0,297 14 4,660 24 10,856
0,554 15 5,229 25 11,524
0,872 16 5,812 26 12,198
1,239 17 6,408 27 12,879
8 1,646 18 7,015 28 13,565
2,088 19 7,633 29 14,256
10 2.558 20 8.260 30 14,953
8.4.5 Resubmission
Where a lot has been accepted conditionally or has been rejected, the Engineer may agree to its resubmission for
approval if
a) it has been reworked and the Engineer is satisfied that a proper attempt was made to improve the properties that
were unacceptable, or
b) where, in his opinion, there are valid technical reasons therefor.
In both cases, a fresh sample shall be taken, and a fresh (second) set of test values determined. The first and second
sets of test values shall then be compared with each other to determine whether their properties differ significantly.
Where, in the opinion of the Engineer, a significant difference does occur, the first set of test values shall be discarded
and the second set of test values shall be assessed as a first submission.
Where, in the opinion of the Engineer, no significant difference occurs, the submission of the lot shall be regarded and
assessed as a resubmission, which will mean, inferalia, that the first and second sets of test values shall be combined
for purposes of assessment.
In order to be able to determine theoretically whether there is a significant difference between the two sets of test
values (suffixes a and b), the Fisher F-test shall be conducted, and, if necessary, also the t-test, all as specified in
B.4.5.1 and 8.4.5.2 respectively.
B.4.5.1 The Fisher F-test
Calculate the value of f = Sg2/%2,
where
Sg is the the greater value of S, and %, and
Sk is the smaller value of S, and %.
The value of Fo,os,ug,uk is obtained from table 8.3
where
ug is the sample size minus one, from the sample with the larger standard deviation, and
uk is the sample size minus one, from the sample with the smaller standard deviation.
Where F > Fo,05, ug,uk, a significant difference occurs theoretically between the two sets of test results, but where
Fc F0.05, ug,uk,the difference is not necessarily significant, and the t-test shall also be conducted to obtain a decision.
25
-
Table 8.3 Values of f distribution (a= 0,05)
% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30
k'
1 161,44 200 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244 245 245 246 247 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 250 250
2 18,51 19,O 19,2 19,2 19.3 19.3 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19.4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,5 19,5 19,5 19.5 19,5
3 10,13 9,55 9,28 9,12 9.01 8,94 8.89 8-65 8,81 8,79 8,76 8,74 8,73 8,71 8,70 8,69 8,68 8,67 8.67 8,s 8.65 8.64 8.63 8,62 8.62
4 7,71 6,94 6.59 5,39 6,26 6,16 6,09 6,04 6,OO 5,96 5,94 5,91 5.98 5,87 5,86 5,84 5.83 5,82 5,81 5,w) 5 7 9 5.77 5,76 5.75 5.75
5 6.61 5,79 5,41 5,19 5,05 4,95 4,80 4,82 4,77 4,74 4,70 4,68 4,66 4,64 4,62 4,60 4,59 4.58 4.57 4,s 4,54 4,53 4,52 4,5O 4,5O
6 5.99 5,14 4,76 4,53 4,39 4,28 4,21 4,15 4,lO 4,06 4,03 4,OO 3,98 3.96 3,94 3,92 3,91 3,90 3,88 3,87 335 3,84 3,83 3,82 3.81
7 539 474 435 4,12 3,97 3.87 3,79 3,73 3,68 3,64 3,60 3.57 3.55 3,53 3,51 3,49 3,48 3,47 3,46 3,44 34-3 3,41 3,40 3,39 3 3
8 5-32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3,58 3,50 3,44 3,39 3,35 3.31 3,28 3,26 3,24 3,22 3,20 3,19 3,17 3,16 3,15 3,13 3,12 3 , l O 3,OO 3,08
9 5,12 4,26 3,86 3,63 3,48 3,37 3,29 3,23 3,18 3,14 3,lO 3,07 3,05 3,03 3,Ol 2.99 2,97 2 , s 2,95 2.94 2.92 2,W 2,89 2,87 2.86
10 4,96 4,lO 3,71 3,48 3,33 3.22 3,14 3,07 3,02 2,98 2.94 2,91 2,89 2,86 2,85 2,83 2,81 230 2,78 2 , n 2,75 2.74 2,72 2,71 2,70
17 4,84 3,98 3,59 3,36 3.20 3,09 3,Ol 2,95 2,90 2,85 2,82 2.79 2,76 2,74 2,72 2,70 2,69 2,67 2.66 2,65 2,63 2,61 2.59 2.58 2,57
12 475 3,89 3,49 3,26 3,11 3,OO 2.91 2,85 2,80 2,75 2.72 2,69 2,66 2,64 2,62 2,60 2,518 2,57 2,536 234 232 2.51 2.49 2,48 2.47
13 4.67 3,81 3,41 3,18 3,03 2,92 2,83 2,77 2,71 2,67 2.63 2,60 2.58 2,55 2,53 2,51 2.50 2,48 2,47 2,46 2.44 2.42 2,41 2,39 2,38
14 4,60 3.74 3,34 3,11 2,96 2,85 2,76 2,70 2,65 2,60 2,57 2.53 2.51 2,48 2,46 2,44 2.43 2,41 2,40 2.39 2,37 2 , s 2.33 2.32 2,31
15 4,54 3,68 3,29 3,06 2,90 2,79 2,71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2,51 2,46 2,45 2,42 2,40 2,38 2,37 2.35 2.34 2.33 2,31 2,29 2.27 2,26 2,25
16 4,49 363 3.24 3.01 2,85 2,74 2,66 2,59 2,54 2,49 2.46 2,42 2,40 2.37 2,35 2,33 2,32 2,30 2,29 2,28 2.25 2.24 2,22 2,21 2,19
17 4.45 3,59 3,20 2.96 2,81 2,70 2,61 2,55 2.49 2,45 2,41 2,38 2,35 2,33 2,31 2 3 2,27 2.26 2,24 2,23 2,21 2.19 2,17 2.16 2,15
18 4,41 3,55 3,16 2.93 2,77 2,66 2,58 2.51 2.46 2,4? 2.37 2,34 2,31 2,29 2.27 2,25 2,23 2,22 2.20 2,19 2,17 2,151 2.13 2,12 2,11
19 4,38 3,52 3,13 2,90 2,74 2,63 2,54 2,48 2,42 2,38 2,34 2,31 2,28 2,26 2,23 2,21 2.20 2,18 2.17 2,16 2,13 2.11 2.10 2,08 2,07
20 4.35 3,49 3 , l O 2,87 2,71 2,60 2,51 2,451 2,39 2,35 2,31 2,28 2,25 2,22 2,20 2.18 2,17 2,15 2,14 2.12 2,lO 2,08 2.07 2,05 2,W
21 4,32 3,47 3.07 2,84 2,68 2,57 2,49 2,42 2,37 2.32 2.28 2,25 2,22 2,20 2,18 2,16 2,14 2,12 2,11 2,10 2,07 2,05 2,04 2,02 2,01
22 4,30 3,44 3,05 2,82 2,66 2,55 2,46 2,40 2,34 2.30 2,26 2,23 2,20 2,17 2,15 2,13 2,11 2,lO 2,08 2.07 2.05 2,03 2,Ol 2,00 1,98
23 4,28 3,42 3,03 2,80 2,64 2,53 2,44 2,37 2,32 2,27 2,23 2,20 2,18 2,15 2,13 2,11 2,09 2,07 2,06 2,05 2,02 2,OO 1,99 1.97 1 , s
24 4,26 3,40 3,Ol 2,78 2,62 2.51 2,42 2,36 2,30 2.25 2,21 2.18 2,15 2,13 2,11 2,09 2,07 2.05 2,04 2.03 2,OO 1,98 1,97 1,95 1,94
25 4,24 3,39 2,99 2.76 2,60 2,49 2,40 2,34 2,28 2,24 2,20 2,16 2,14 2,11 2,09 2,07 2,05 2,04 2,02 2,Ol 1,98 1,96 1,95 I,% 1,92
26 4,23 3,37 2,98 2,74 2,59 2.47 2,39 2,32 2,27 2.22 2,18 2,15 2,12 2,09 2,07 2,05 2,03 2,02 2.00 1,99 1,97 1,95 1,93 1,91 1.90
27 4,21 3,351 2,96 2,73 2,57 2.46 2,37 2.31 2,25 2,20 2.17 2,13 2,lO 2,08 2,06 2,04 2,02 2,OO 1,99 1,97 1,95 1,93 1,91 1,90 1,88
28 4,20 3,34 2,95 2,71 2,56 2,45 2,36 2,29 2,24 2,19 2,15 2,12 2,09 2,06 2,04 2,02 2-00 1,99 1,97 1.96 1,93 1,91 1,90 1,88 1,87
29 4,18 333 2,93 2,70 2,55 2,43 2,35 2,28 2,22 2,18 2,14 2,lO 2.08 2,05 2,03 2,Ol 1,99 1,97 1.96 1,94 1,92 1,W 1,88 1,87 1,85
30 4,17 3,32 2,92 2,69 2,53 2,42 2,33 2,27 2,21 2,16 2.13 2,09 2,06 2,04 2,Ol 1,99 1,98 1.96 1,95 1,93 1,91 1,89 1'87 1,85 1,84
SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (general)
then calculate
where 1Xa - x b [ is the absolute value of the difference between Fa and x b and is always positive.
Determine the degrees of liberty
U = na+ nb - 2
The value of top,, U is obtained from table B.4.
Where t > too,, U, a significant difference occurs between the two sets of results, and if t c 6,05,U, there is no
significant difference.
-
Table B.4 Values for t-distribution (a= 0,05)
t
1
U t U U
1 6,3138 11 1,7959 21
2 2,9200 12 1,7823 22
3 2,3534 13 1,7709 23 1,7139
4 2,1318 14 1,7613 24 1,7109
5 2,0150 15 1,7530 25 1,7081
6 1,9432 16 1,7459 26 1,7056
7 1,8946 17 1,7396 27 1,7033
8 1,8595 18 1,7341 28 1,7011
9 1,8331 19 1,7291 29 1,6991
10 1,8125 20 1,7247 30 1,6973
nab= na + nb
27
SABS 1200 M:l996
Roads (general)
where subscript
a refers to the first set of test values,
b refers to the second set of test values, and
abrefers to the combined sets of test values.
8.5.4 Determining the judgement limits
All judgement limits shall be computed to three decimal figures.
8.5.4.1 First submission
In the case of a first submission, calculate the acceptance limits La and L; in accordance with the formulae given
below.
For a lower-limit specification:
La = & + Sn.ka
Accept the lot if the sample mean xn is equal to or greater than the acceptance limit La, otherwise reject the lot.
For an upper-limit specification:
L,' = 4 - Sn.ka
Accept the lot if the sample mean xn is equal to or less than the acceptance limit L,' , otherwise reject the lot.
For a double-limit specification:
La = L, + Sn.kad
L,' = L,' - Sn.kad
Accept the lot if the sample mean xn falls between the lower acceptance limit La and the upper acceptance limit L,'
or is equal to either one, otherwise reject the lot.
Where a lot has been rejected, it may nevertheless be considered for conditional acceptance in terms of clause B.6.
8.5.4.2 Resubmission
Where a lot is resubmitted for approval in terms of 84.5, calculate the acceptance limits in accordance with the
formulas given below.
For a single-limit specification:
La = L, + Sab.ka
L,' = 4 - Sab.ka
Accept the lot if Tap1. La in the case of a lower-limit specification and if Tab5 4 in the case of an upper limit
specification, otherwise reject the lot.
For a double-limit specification:
La = 4 + 'abakad
+ sab.kad
L,' = L,'
Accept the lot if La( yabzL;r, otherwise reject the lot.
The values of ka and kadused in the above cases shall agree with the sample size nab.
Where a resubmitted lot is rejected, it may nevertheless be considered for conditional acceptance in terms of
clause B.6.
The evaluation of a resubmitted lot shall be final and binding on both Employer and Contractor. The provisions of this
appendix shall be strictly complied with.
Where a resubmitted lot is rejected, the Contractor shall bear the costs of the additional tests conducted on the
resubmitted lot.
8.5.4.3 Values of constants
The values of the specification limits L, and L; shall be as specified in the relevant standardized specification. The
minimum sample size n and the maximum percentage of defectives (0) in an acceptable product shall be as given
in table B.5.
The values of kaand kadshall be as given in tables B.6 and 8.7.
28
SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (general)
Table 8.5 - Values of constants n, L,, L; and 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Minimum
sample
4
(lower (upper
Material Properties size specification
n limit)
Selected subgrade Relative compaction 4 Specified limit
Subbase Relative compaction 6 Specified limit
Base Relative compaction 6 Specified limit I 15 I
Asphalt base or
surfacing
Relative compaction
Binder content
6
6
Specified limit
Sample
size n
4 0,445 0,220
5 0,520 0,300
6 0,576 0,358
7 0,620 0,403
8 0,656 0,440
9 0,687 0,470
10 0,713 0,496
12 0,755 0,538
14 3,789 0,571
16 0,817 0,598
18 0,840 0,620
20 0.860 0.640
29
SABS 1200 M:1996
Roads (general)
-
Table 8.7 Values of kad(double limits)
1 2 3 4
kad
Sample size n
0=10% 0 %15 % 0=20%
4 0,299 0,061 -0,161
5 0,390 0,163 -0,038
6 0,456 0,235 0,043
7 0,509 0,290 0,103
8 0,551 0,334 0,149
9 0,587 0,370 0,188
10 0,617 0,401 0,219
12 0,666 0,451 0,271
14 0,706 0,489 0,310
16 0,738 0,521 0,342
18 0,764 0,547 0,368
20 0,787 0,570 0,391
-
Table 8.8 Properties in respect of which conditional acceptance may be applied
1 2
Property
. - Structure
I I I
Relative compaction (a) Asphalt base or surfacing
(b) Chemically stabilized layers
(c) Plant mixed paver laid layers
Tar of bitumen binder content AsDhalt base or surfacina
Voids in mix Asphalt base or surfacing
30
SABS 1200 M:l996
Roads (general)
-
Table B.10 Values of k, (single-limit specification)
Sample
size n 0 = 10 Ye 0 = 15 ?
'
o
4 0,123 -0,148
5 0,238 -0,004
6 0,320 0,089
7 0,382 0,158
8 0,432 0,211
9 0,474 0,255
10 0,509 0,292
12 0,567 0,357
14 0,612 0,397
16 0,649 0,434
18 0,680 0,465
20 0.707 0,491
31
SABS 1200 MA996
Roads (general)
-
Table B.11 Values of hd(double-limit specification)
1 2 3 4
krd
Sample 1
size n 0=10%
4 -0,007 -0,324 -0,708
(0.123) -(0,148)
5 0,132 -0,130 -0,389
6 0,226 -0,016 -0,241
0,296 0,065 -0,144
7 0,126 -0,073
8 0,352 0,176 -0,018
9 0,398 0,027
0,437 0,217
10 0,283 0,098
12 0,500 0,334 0,152
14 0,550 0,375 0,194
16 0,590 0,409 0,229
18 0,624 0,438 0,259
20 0,653
--000-
32
sabs pta