CH (4) Case study and application

1- introduction
In common practice, electric distribution systems are using radial feeders due to their economical
aspects and simplicity of protection schemes. the protection scheme uses simple protection devices
such as auto-recloser, fuses and, in some cases, over-current relays for main feeder. The coordination
between these protection devices is well-established. It causes many problems in the protection
system, such as false tripping of protective devices, protection blinding, undesirable network
islanding and out of- synchronism auto-reclosers. When a fault occurs, it is important to locate the
fault quickly to minimize the damage and improve system reliability. Proper selectivity between
relays, auto-reclosers, fuses and other protective equipment is necessary. The study is implemented
on a 33-node radial distribution network using ETAP software. The proposed in these chapter firstly
study and analyses setting and load flow. Secondly design how to protect the system; select placement
protection devices; and adopt the coordination between these devices. The proposed fuses large size
saving so it using auto-recloser. Because a lot of faults at transmission line it transient faults. When
save the fuse against transient faults we save a lot of time to change fuse; save the cost and ensures
continued service and increased reliability.

2- The IEEE 33-Bus Test System

This experimental system is a radial 33-bus system and via a transformer is connected to the main
network and system voltage is 12.66 KV. The structure of this experimental system is shown in
Figure)1(

Figure (1); the system IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network

System data
There are same load models used in this test feeder. The loads are different value. The Total active
and reactive loads in system respectively are 3715 KW and 2300 KVAR. Information about the 33-
bus system is Presented in Table A
Table (1) System data for 33-bus radial distribution network
3- Setting of Model Using ETAP

Figure (2); Single line diagram of the original system IEEE 33-Bus under Study in ETAP

- Original network data case (1)

The network data without DG (case 1) are: Buses data, lines data, loads, CT ratio, OC relays, recloser
and fuses at fig (2) study at ETAP.

3-1 Over Head Lines.

Overhead lines have same configurations based on the number of phases and same parameter of each
phase is following; And impedance of each T.L it following at table (A)

Frequency 50
Conductor type AAAC
Source name Pirelli
Temperature
Base T1 Base T2 Ta Tc
20 75 35 75
code size strands
Chlorine 34.4 mm^2 7

Figure (3) Parameter of T.L at ETAP

Note :
Positive resistane = negative resistance
zero sequance resistance = 3 * positive resistance in the system
3-2 Power grid
The system have one source U1. it connection 3 phase, 12.66 KV Swing balanced, operated at 100%
of voltage,3.567MW, 2.179Mvar.
The short circuit rating at 3 phase 500MVAsc, X/R=10.
At 1 phase 333.435MVAsc, X/R=20 following at the figure (4)

Figure (4); The short circuit rating

4- Load flow result analysis using ETAP at case1
we used ETAP program to do simulation the system. When do simulation we got the load flow of the
system and load flow result analysis of all component in system.

4-1 General info in model

Buses 33

Branches 32

Generators 0

Power Grids 1

Loads 32

Load-MW 3.567

Load-Mvar 2.179

Generation-MW 3.567

Generation-Mvar 2.179

Loss-MW 0.162

Loss-Mvar 0.092

Mismatch-MW 0

Mismatch-Mvar 0

4-2 load flow Source results using ETAP

ID Rating Rated kV MW Mvar Amp % PF

U1 500 MVA 12.66 3.567 2.179 192.6 85.34

4-3 load flow Bus results using ETAP

Mvar Amp
Bus ID Nominal kV Voltage MW Loading
Loading Loading
1 12.66 100 3.567 2.179 190.6
2 12.66 99.73 3.557 2.174 190.6
3 12.66 98.72 3.059 1.951 167.6
4 12.66 98.06 2.06 1.469 117.7
5 12.66 97.42 1.931 1.385 111.2
6 12.66 95.82 1.845 1.331 108.3
7 12.66 95.52 0.959 0.46 50.76
8 12.66 94.36 0.767 0.362 41.01
9 12.66 93.82 0.586 0.271 31.37
10 12.66 93.33 0.53 0.252 28.68
11 12.66 93.25 0.478 0.234 26.01
12 12.66 93.13 0.438 0.208 23.74
13 12.66 92.61 0.384 0.176 20.8
14 12.66 92.42 0.332 0.145 17.88
15 12.66 92.3 0.229 0.077 11.95
16 12.66 92.18 0.178 0.068 9.432
17 12.66 92.01 0.127 0.051 6.777
18 12.66 91.96 0.076 0.034 4.131
19 12.66 99.68 0.356 0.159 17.85
20 12.66 99.33 0.266 0.118 13.37
21 12.66 99.26 0.177 0.079 8.913
22 12.66 99.19 0.089 0.039 4.455
23 12.66 98.38 0.893 0.434 46
24 12.66 97.75 0.801 0.382 41.39
25 12.66 97.43 0.399 0.19 20.66
26 12.66 95.66 0.828 0.847 56.48
27 12.66 95.44 0.771 0.823 53.88
28 12.66 94.45 0.708 0.793 51.31
29 12.66 93.75 0.648 0.77 48.97
30 12.66 93.44 0.54 0.707 43.42
31 12.66 93.09 0.364 0.182 19.96
32 12.66 93.01 0.234 0.121 12.92
33 12.66 92.98 0.052 0.035 3.058
4-4 load flow Branch results using ETAP

%
From To kW kvar Amp kW kvar
ID % PF Voltage
Bus Bus Flow Flow Flow Losses Losses
Drop
Line1 1 2 3567 2179 190.6 85.34 0.27 10.049 5.122
Line2 2 3 3100 1955 167.6 84.59 1.01 41.543 3.96

Line3 3 4 2076 1476 117.7 81.49 0.65 15.201 7.742

Line4 4 5 1945 1392 111.2 81.33 0.64 14.144 7.204

Line5 5 6 1874 1356 108.3 81.01 1.6 28.809 24.869

Line6 6 7 960 465 50.76 90.01 0.3 1.447 4.784
Line7 7 8 776 369 41.01 90.33 1.16 8.634 6.231
Line8 8 9 589 273 31.37 90.71 0.53 3.041 2.185

Line9 9 10 533 253 28.68 90.31 0.49 2.577 1.827

Line10 10 11 478 234 26.01 89.81 0.07 0.399 0.132

Line11 11 12 439 208 23.74 90.36 0.13 0.633 0.219

Line12 12 13 386 177 20.8 90.87 0.52 1.905 1.499

Line13 13 14 333 146 17.88 91.58 0.19 0.519 0.684

Line14 14 15 230 76.909 11.95 94.83 0.12 0.253 0.225

Line15 15 16 178 68.167 9.432 93.41 0.12 0.199 0.145

Line16 16 17 127 51.028 6.777 92.8 0.17 0.178 0.237

Line17 17 18 76.151 33.86 4.131 91.37 0.05 0.037 0.029

Line18 2 19 357 159 17.85 91.33 0.05 0.157 0.15

Line19 19 20 267 119 13.37 91.32 0.35 0.807 0.727

Line20 20 21 177 78.941 8.913 91.36 0.07 0.098 0.114

Line21 21 22 88.597 39.417 4.455 91.37 0.06 0.042 0.056

Line22 3 23 895 436 46 89.92 0.34 2.865 1.957

Line23 23 24 805 385 41.39 90.21 0.63 4.615 3.644

Line24 24 25 400 191 20.66 90.26 0.31 1.151 0.898

Line25 6 26 830 848 56.48 69.95 0.17 1.942 0.989

Line26 26 27 773 824 53.88 68.42 0.22 2.475 1.26

Line27 27 28 716 800 51.31 66.69 0.98 8.364 7.375

Line28 28 29 654 775 48.97 64.51 0.71 5.785 5.039

Line29 29 30 543 708 43.42 60.83 0.31 2.87 1.462

Line30 30 31 366 183 19.96 89.38 0.36 1.165 1.151
Line31 31 32 234 121 12.92 88.77 0.08 0.155 0.181
Line32 32 33 51.888 34.594 3.058 83.2 0.02 0.01 0.015
4-5 load flow Load results using ETAP

Rated %
ID Rating kW kvar Amp % PF Vtermal
kV Loading
Load2 117 kVA 12.66 99.788 59.871 5.321 85.75 100 99.73
Load3 98.5 kVA 12.66 87.708 38.984 4.434 91.38 98.8 98.72
Load4 144 kVA 12.66 115 76.805 6.44 83.21 97.9 98.06
Load5 67.1 kVA 12.66 56.944 28.476 2.98 89.44 97.4 97.42
Load6 63.2 kVA 12.66 55.095 18.362 2.764 94.87 96 95.82
Load7 224 kVA 12.66 183 91.413 9.758 89.44 95.7 95.52
Load8 224 kVA 12.66 178 89.198 9.639 89.44 94.5 94.36
Load9 63.2 kVA 12.66 52.816 17.602 2.706 94.87 94 93.82
Load10 63.2 kVA 12.66 52.261 17.417 2.692 94.87 93.5 93.33
Load11 54.1 kVA 12.66 39.135 26.085 2.3 83.21 93.1 93.25
Load12 69.5 kVA 12.66 52.036 30.351 2.95 86.38 93.1 93.13
Load13 69.5 kVA 12.66 51.46 30.015 2.934 86.38 92.5 92.61
Load14 144 kVA 12.66 102 68.214 6.069 83.21 92.2 92.42
Load15 60.8 kVA 12.66 51.115 8.517 2.56 98.64 92.4 92.3
Load16 63.2 kVA 12.66 50.989 16.993 2.659 94.87 92.3 92.18
Load17 63.2 kVA 12.66 50.8 16.93 2.654 94.87 92.2 92.01
Load18 98.5 kVA 12.66 76.114 33.831 4.131 91.38 92 91.96
Load19 98.5 kVA 12.66 89.422 39.746 4.477 91.38 99.7 99.68
Load20 98.5 kVA 12.66 88.791 39.466 4.461 91.38 99.4 99.33
Load21 98.5 kVA 12.66 88.667 39.411 4.458 91.38 99.3 99.26
Load22 98.5 kVA 12.66 88.555 39.361 4.455 91.38 99.2 99.19
Load23 103 kVA 12.66 87.146 48.404 4.621 87.42 98.3 98.38
Load24 465 kVA 12.66 401 191 20.73 90.29 97.7 97.75
Load25 465 kVA 12.66 399 190 20.66 90.29 97.4 97.43
Load26 65 kVA 12.66 54.904 22.873 2.836 92.31 95.8 95.66
Load27 65 kVA 12.66 54.65 22.767 2.829 92.31 95.6 95.44
Load28 63.2 kVA 12.66 53.529 17.84 2.724 94.87 94.6 94.45
Load29 139 kVA 12.66 106 61.547 5.943 86.38 93.7 93.75
Load30 632 kVA 12.66 174 524 26.93 31.62 93.4 93.44
Load31 166 kVA 12.66 130 60.821 7.047 90.62 93.3 93.09
Load32 233 kVA 12.66 182 86.638 9.883 90.29 93.1 93.01
Load33 72.1 kVA 12.66 51.878 34.579 3.058 83.21 92.9 92.98
5- Protection devices at case (1)
5-1 Introduction to protection of the system

In common practice, electric distribution systems are using radial feeders due to their economical
aspects and simplicity of protection schemes. the protection schemes use sample protection devices
such as auto-recloser, fuse and in some cases over-current relays for main feeder. The coordination
between these protection devices is well-established. It causes many problems in the protection
system, such as false tripping of protective devices, protection blinding, undesirable network
islanding and out of synchronism auto-reclosers. When fault occurs, it is important to locate the fault
quickly to minimize the damage and improve system reliability. Proper selectivity between relays,
auto-recloser, fuses and other protective is necessary.

5-2 Protection Schemes in System

we used five Fuses; one reclosers and one over current relay to protect the system. The pickup currents
of the over-current relay and recloser are taken 1.25 of full load current. And the rated size of fuse is
taken as 1.5 to 2.0 times of the maximum full load current.

1- Fuses

Connected Full load current

Fuse ID Selected size (Amp)
between buses in (Amp)
Fuse1 14 15 12 12*1.5=18 20

Fuse2 6 7 51 51*2=102 100

Fuse3 6 26 56.3 56.3*2=112.6 100

Fuse4 3 23 45.9 45.9*1.5=68.85 75

Fuse5 2 19 17.9 17.9*1.5=26.85 30

Fuse ID Manufacturer Model Speed Size Cont. Amp Base kV

fuse1 Cooper X-Limiter Coordinating 20A 12 12.660

fuse2 Cooper S Very Slow 100S 51 12.660

fuse3 Cooper S Very Slow 100S 56.3 12.660

fuse4 Cooper X-Limiter Coordinating 75A 45.9 12.660

fuse5 Cooper X-Limiter Coordinating 30A 17.9 12.660

Figure (5); Fuses curves using ETAP
 2- Recloser

Current full load it 117.7(AMP). Taken pickup current 1.25*117.7 = 147.125 selected 150 A
At high current Ip =1.35 * I sc max at remote end
Ip = 1.35 * 3011 = 4064.85. selected 4050 A

ID Recloser Rec1
Manufacturer G&W Electric
Model Viper-G (15.5kV)
Max kV 15.5
Max Cont. Amp 630 A
Interrupting kA 12.5 KA
Interrupting Time Cycles 4.5
Manufacturer Schweitzer
Controller
Model 351R

Level Fast Slow

fast slow
Trip Element phase phase
U4 - U.S. Extremely
Curve Curve D (116)
Inverse
range 0.1 - 19200 primary 0.1 - 19200 primary
Tap (pickup) setting 150 150
Primary(A) 150 150

range --- 0.5 - 15

Time dial
setting --- 15
Const. time
0 0
adder
Modifiers
Min. response 0 0
Vert. multiplier 0.4 0.95
1 49.99 x TOC
range 1 49.99 x TOC pickup
pickup
Setting 27 27
High Current Primary(A) 4050 4050
Delay rang 0 - 1600 0 - 1600
Delay (cyc) 0.25 cycles 0.25 cycles
Base Kv 12.66 12.66
Figure (6); Recloser curve using ETAP
Figure (7). Rating of recloser in ETAP
Figure (8); Controller of Recloser in ETAP
 3- Over Current Relay

The current transformer (CT). ID: CT1. 10P20. ALF*In > I max sc current in secondary
ALF * In = 20* 5 =100 & I max sc = 19250/200 =96.25A; Then we select CT Ratio of 1000:5
The pickup currents of the over-current relay it taken 1.25 of full load current
Ipickup = 1.25 * 190.6 = 238.25 Selected the pickup current 250 (Amp) and time dial 10. The
instantaneous relay; The max short circuit current at remote end of primary zone at bus 3 it
10530(AMP). Ip = 1.35 * I max sc at remote end. Ip = 1.35 * 10530 =14215.5 A. selected 14200A.

Relay ID Relay1

Connected between buses 1 -2

Manufacturer GE Multilin

Model 750/760

CT Ratio 1000:5

Input of relay1 CT1

Output of relay CB1

Device Function Overcurrent

Trip Element Phase

Level OC1

Curve IAC - Very Inverse

range 0.05 20 xCT Sec
Tap (Pickup) setting 0.25
primary 250 Amp
rang 0-100
Time Dial / Mult
setting 10
range 0.05 20 x CT Sec
Instantaneous setting 14.2
primary 14200
range 0 - 600
Inst. Delay
setting 0.02 S
Base KV 12.66

Circuit breaker Inf. At figure (10)

Figure (9); The rating of C.B at ETAP
Figure (10); Rating of OCR using ETAP
Figure (11); Relay curve using ETAP
6- Protection Devices Coordination (PDC) at case 1
The network is divided to 7 protection zones. The proposed in project it used overcurrent relay at
main feeder; used fuse at start of branch. the system has two branches it common at one node but at
far from the supply. So put the recloser before these two branches to save the fuses and backup to
them.
R1 controls the main network CB1 and its primary zone starts from node 1 to node 3. REC1 has three
primary zones; The first primary zone starts from node 3 to node 6 and it operates three time to lock
out and the second primary zone starts from node 7 to node 14 it operates two time (two trips only);
The third primary zone starts from node 26 to node 33 it operates two time (two trips only); At the
second and third zone the third operation of REC1 (lock out) it backup to FUSE2, FUSE3 if fuses
failed. Fuse1 primary zone starts from node 15 to node 18. Fuse2 primary zone starts from node 7 to
node 14. Fuse3 primary zone starts from node 26 to node 33. Fuse4 primary zone starts from node 23
to node 25. Fuse5 primary zone starts from node 19 to node 22.

Primary zone
Element
From node To node
Relay 1 3
3 time operates 3 6
Recloser 2 time operates 7 14
2 time operates 26 33
Fuse1 15 18
Fuse2 7 14
Fuse3 26 33
Fuse4 23 25
Fuse5 19 22

Applying the coordination star sequence-of-operation (SSO) to the original network without inserting
DG, the primary and backup tripping zones with its tripping time and Short Circuit Current (SCC)
are given in Table (2). Its time-current characteristic (TCC) is shown in Figure (12). The coordination
is simply achieved without any violation. One may note that TCC of R1, Rec1, Fuse2 and fuse3 have
intersection points but outside the minimum and maximum fault levels, which does not affect the
validity of PDC.
 Table (2); Tripping elements, time and SCC at different locations

Zones Tripped Time SCC Fault

condition
Element (MS) (kA) location
Primary Fuse1 15.2 0.506
st
1 operation
246
Phase-Fast-TOC 0.506
st
1 Recloser 266
Rec1
2nd operation
512
Phase-Fast-TOC 0.506
nd
At Remote 2 Recloser 542
Bus 18
End Back up Fuse2 8534 0.506
3rd operation-
Rec1 lockout-phase- 8913 0.506
Delay-TOC
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 12719
Tripped by R1 0.506
CB1 12819
Phase - OC1 - 51
F1
Primary Fuse1 9.9 0.721
1st operation
161
Phase-Fast-TOC 0.721
st
1 Recloser 181
Rec1
2nd operation
342
Phase-Fast-TOC 0.721
nd after the
At the 2 Recloser 372
Fuse1
Beginning Back up Fuse2 3835 0.721 direct
3rd operation-
Rec1 lockout-phase- 4620 0.721
Delay-TOC
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 5785
Tripped by R1 0.721
CB1 5885
Phase - OC1 - 51
At Remote Primary 1st operation
F2 Rec1 161 0.721 Bus 14
End tripped Phase-Fast-TOC
 1st Recloser 181
2nd operation
342
Phase-Fast-TOC 0.721
nd
2 Recloser 372
Primary
Fuse2 3835 0.721
lockout
3rd operation-
Rec1 lockout-phase- 4620 0.721
Delay-TOC
Back up
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 5785
Tripped by R1 0.721
CB1 5885
Phase - OC1 - 51
1st operation
95.5
Phase-Fast-TOC 3.011
st
Primary 1 Recloser 116
Rec1 nd
tripped 2 operation
211
Phase-Fast-TOC 3.011
nd
2 Recloser 241
after the
At the Primary
Fuse2 246 3.011 Fuse2
Beginning lockout direct
3rd operation-
Rec1 lockout-phase- 1034 3.011
Delay-TOC
Back up
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1522
Tripped by R1 3.011
CB1 1622
Phase - OC1 - 51
1st operation
131
Phase-Fast-TOC 0.928
st
Primary 1 Recloser 151
Rec1
At Remote tripped 2nd operation
F3 Phase-Fast-TOC
281 33
End 0.928
2nd Recloser 311
Primary
Fuse3 2352 0.928
lockout
 3rd operation-
Rec1 lockout-phase- 3070 0.928
Delay-TOC
Back up
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 3803
Tripped by R1 0.928
CB1 3903
Phase - OC1 - 51
1st operation
95.5
Phase-Fast-TOC 3.011
st
Primary 1 Recloser 116
Rec1
tripped 2nd operation
211
Phase-Fast-TOC 3.011
nd
2 Recloser 241
after the
At the Primary
Fuse3 246 3.011 Fuse3
Beginning lockout direct
3rd operation-
Rec1 lockout-phase- 1034 3.011
Delay-TOC
Back up
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1522
Tripped by R1 3.011
CB1 1622
Phase - OC1 - 51
1st operation
95.5
Phase-Fast-TOC 3.011
st
1 Recloser 116
2nd operation
211
Primary Rec1 Phase-Fast-TOC 3.011
nd
At Remote 2 Recloser 241
Bus 6
End rd
3 operation-
REC lockout-phase- 1034 3.011
1 Delay-TOC
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1522
Back up Tripped by R1 3.011
CB1 1622
Phase - OC1 - 51
1st operation after the
At the 94.4
Primary Rec1 Phase-Fast-TOC 10.533 REC1
Beginning st
1 Recloser 114 direct
 2nd operation
209
Phase-Fast-TOC 10.533
nd
2 Recloser 239
3rd operation-
lockout-phase- 334 10.533
Delay-HC
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1277
Back up Tripped by R1 10.533
CB1 1377
Phase - OC1 - 51
Primary Fuse4 16.7 2.238
At Remote Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1749 Bus 25
End Back up 2.238
Tripped by R1
CB1 1849
Phase - OC1 - 51
F4
Primary Fuse4 10 10.533
after the
At the Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1277 Fuse4
Beginning Back up 10.533
Tripped by R1 direct
CB1 1377
Phase - OC1 - 51
Primary Fuse5 10 1.818
At Remote Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1974 Bus 22
End Back up 1.818
Tripped by R1
CB1 2074
Phase - OC1 - 51
F5
Primary Fuse5 10 19.248
after the
At the Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 50 20 Fuse5
Beginning Back up 19.248
Tripped by R1 direct
CB1 120
Phase - OC1 - 50
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 51 1277
At Remote
Primary Tripped by R1 10.533 Bus 3
End CB1 1377
Phase - OC1 51
R1
Relay1 Phase - OC1 - 50 20 after the
At the
Primary Tripped by R1 22.802 Relay1
Beginning CB1 120
Phase - OC1 - 50 direct
Figure (13); TCC for Protection devices at network without DG (Case 1)