LACTEAL lymphatic vessel in the wall of the small intestine that carries AFFERENT ARTERIOLE - conveys blood to the
the glomerulus
chyle from the intestine and absorbs fat
LYMPHOKINE chemical produced by lymphocytes that activates
macrophages, attracts neutrophils, and promotes inflammation
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY immune status in which there is an ability to
recognize, remember and destroy a specific antigen
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES - complex sequence of events involving
chemicals and immune cells that results in the isolation and destruction of
antigens and tissues near the antigens
LINGUAL TONSIL collection of lymphoid tissue on the posterior portion of
the dorsum of the tongue
LYMPH NODULE small accumulation of lymph tissue lacking a distinct
boundary
SECONDARY RESPONSES immune response that occurs when the immune
system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a
primary response
AUTO IMMUNE DISEASE disease resulting from a specific immune system
reaction against self-antigens
EFFETOR T CELL subset of T lymphocytes that is responsible for cell-
mediated immunity
COMPLEMENT group of serum proteins that stimulates phagocytosis and
inflammation
MEMORY CELL small lymphocytes that are derived from B cells or T cells
and that rapidly respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen
PALATINE TONSIL one of the two large oval masses of lymphoid tissue
embedded in the lateral wall of the oral pharynx
CYTOKINE a protein/peptide secreted by a cell that functions to regulate
the activity of neighboring cells
SPLEEN large lymphatic organ in the upper abdominal cavity on the left
side between the stomach and diaphragm
PHAGOCYTE cell possessing the property of ingesting bacteria, foreign
particles and other cells
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY - volume of air that can be inspired after a normal
expiration
ALVEOLAR SAC - two or more alveoli that share a common opening
VESTIBULAR FOLDS - false vocal cord
NASOPHARYNX - part of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY - volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a
maximum inspiration; equals vital capacity plus residual volume
TRACHEA - air tube extending from the larynx into the thorax where it
divides to form the bronchi
PHARYNX - upper expanded portion of the digestive tube between the
esophagus below and that oral and nasal cavities above and in front
EPIGLOTTIS - plate of elastic cartilate covered with mucous membrane;
LARYNX - organ of voice production
BRONCHIOLE - has no cartilage in its wall but does have relatively more
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
TIDAL VOLUME - volume of air that is inspired or expired in a single breath
during regular, quiet breathing
SURFACTANT - stabilizes alveolar volume by reducing surface tension and
tendency for the alveoli to collapse
MUSCULARIS MUCOSA - thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of
the digestive tube
SALIVARY AMYLASE - enzyme secreted in the saliva that breaks down starch
to maltose and isomaltose
MASS MOVEMENT - forcible peristaltic movement of short duration
SOFT PALATE - posterior muscular portion of the palate
PAROTID GLAND - largest of the salivary glands
PEPSIN - principal digestive enzyme of the gastric juice, formed from
pepsinogen
GASTRIC PITS - small pit in the mucous membrane of the stomach at the
bottom of which are the mouths of the gastric glands that secretes mucus
AMYLASE - one of a group of starch-splitting enzymes that cleave starch
GALL BLADDER - serves as a storage reservoir for bile
CECUM - cul-de-sac forming the first part of the large intestine
RUGAE - folds of the mucous membrane of the stomach when the organ is
contracted
SMALL INTESTINES - portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and
the cecum : consists duodenum, jejunum, ileum
INCISSOR - one of the anterior, cutting teeth
INSULIN - protein hormone secreted from the pancreas that increases the
uptake of gulose and amino acids by most tissues
VISCERAL PERITONEUM - layer of peritoneum covering the abdominal
organs
MESENTERY - double layer of peritoneum extending from the abdominal wall
to the abdominal viscera
SEGMENTAL ARTERY - one of five brances of renal artery, supplying a
sengment of the kidney
PODOCYTE - epitherlial cell of bowman's capsule attached to the outer
surface of the glomerular capillary basement membrane by cytoplasmic foot
processes
GLOMERULUS - mass of capillary loops
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE - vessel that carries blood from the glomerulus to the
peritubular capillaries
CALYX - flower-shaped or funnel-shaped structure
RENAL PYRAMID - contain part of the loops of henle and the collecting
tubules
PROXIMAL TUBULE - part of the nephron that extends from the glomerulus
to the descending limb of the loop of henle
DISTAL TUBULE - convoluted tubule of nephron that extends from ascending
limb of the loop of henle and ends in a collecting duct
FILTRATE - liquid that passes through a filter
URETER - tube conducting urine from the kidney
ARCUATE ARTERY - originates formt he interlobar arteries of the kidney and
forms an arch between the cortex and medulla of the kidney
NEPHRON - functional unit of kidney
ACTI-FEROUS DUCTS - one of 15-20 ducts that drain the lobes of the
mammary gland and open onto the surface of the nipple
DARTOS MUSCLE - layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotum
EPIDIDYMIS - elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the
testis
PREPUCE - in males, the free fold of skin that more-or-less completely covers
the testosterone
ROUND LIGAMENT - fibromuscular band that is attached tot he uterus on
either side in front of and below the opeing of the uterine tube
FIMBRIA - fringelike structure located at the ostium of the uterine tube
PROSTATE GLAND - gland that surrounds the beginning of the urethra in the
male
CORPUS SPONGIOSUM - median colom of erectile tissue
INTERSTITIAL CELL - cell between the seminiferous tubules of the testes;
secretes testosteron
CORPUS LUTEUM - yellow endocrine body formed in the ovary in the site of
a ruptured vesicular follicle immediately after ovulation
ZYGOTE - diploid cell resulting from the union of a sperm cell and an oocyte
LUTEAL PHASE - portion of the menstrual cycle extending from the time of
formation of the corpus luteum after ovulation
TROPHOBLAST - erodes the the uterine mucosa during implantation
ARCOSOME - cap on the head of the spermatozoon,
UTERINE TUBE - one of the tubes leading on either side from the uterus to
the ovary
TESTIS - one of two male reproductive glands located in the scrotum;
produces spermatozoa, testosterone, inhibin
OOGENESIS - formation and development of a secondary oocyte or ovum
VULVA - external genitalia of the female composed of the mons pubis, and
opening of the urethra and of the vagina
DUCTUS DEFERENS - duct of the testicle
BROAD LIGAMENT - peritoneal fold passing from the lateral margin of the
uterus to the wall of the pelvis on either side
nephron and collecting duct - the smallest unit of the urinary system capable
of forming urine
kidney - urinary system organ that removes waste products from the body
and helps regulate blood pressure
hilus - Blood and the lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney
through what structure
renal capsule - layer is continuous with the outer layer of the ureter
adipose capsule - The layer of fatty tissue that surrounds the kidney
renal fascia - layer that holds the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity
renal medulla - The inner region of the kidney that appears to contain
striated triangles
cortex, medulla - Nephrons are found running through which two layers of
the kidney
renal papillae - The apexes of the renal pyramids
glomerulus; renal tubule - the nephron consists of two other principal parts,
the ______ where the fluid is filtered and a______ into which the filtered
fluid passes.
efferent arteriole - drains blood from the glomerular capillaries
glomerulus-glomerular capsule-proximal tubules-loop of Henle-distal
tubules-collecting duct-renal pelvis
podocytes - cells called that wrap pedicels around the glomerular capillaries
adventitia - most superficial covering of the urinary bladder
ureter - transport urine from the renal pelvis into the urinary bladder
Mucus secreted by the adventitia - prevents the cells lining the ureter from
coming in contact with urine
urinary bladder - structure receives urine flowing down the ureters
urethra - small tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the
exterior of the body
- the terminal portion of the urinary system
trigone - In the floor of the urinary bladder is a small triangular muscle
external urethra sphincter - composed of skeletal muscle and is a
modification of the urogenital diaphragm muscle
anuria - condition called when a patient's output of urine is less than 50 ml
1200 ml - blood enters the renal arteries per minute
Glomerulus - the first step in the production of urine occur
proximal tubules - In the kidneys, the largest volume of glucose reabsorption
occurs in
proximal convoluted tubules - the largest volume of water reabsorption
occurs in
10 mm Hg - In glomerular filtration, what is the normal value for net filtration
pressure
blood hydrostatic pressure - Filtration of blood in the glomeruli is promoted
by
loop of Henle - The concentration of solutes in tubular fluid is greatest in the
urea - derived from amino acids and can be found in urine
creatinine - would be in the highest concentration in normal urine
renin - kidney secretes a hormone that triggers a cascade that regulates
blood Na+ and blood pressure
Angiotensin II - hormone most directly affects glomerular filtration
levels of antidiuretic hormone are low - Urine that is hypotonic to blood
plasma are produced when
liver - Angiotensinogen is produced by the
diuretics - increase the urine flow
If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then - more potassium is
excreted in the urine
parasympathetic stimulation - increase peristaltic contractions in the
ureters
500ml of urine - volume of urine does the bladder create strong action
potentials to be sent to the spinal cord for micturition