SE,(..RE ~Aj~iA DE ES1AJJU VA !.alUC'~9.AO Averrrl(~ a ~U~ V,~ tie. 2.

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re~ek'he (QXX) 41 J34Q~ 1500

BUZ4U-9UU CURl! LBA - PARAN/~ WW'u'l/. JJara cJ ~ 8,'9 d u LoB ~ u. ~ r:. gpv, b r;

Jbul·

,AUlA. :~ .01

• Pmado, Arcai,co, (VIU s.C.- '11. ,a.C. ':. pm C~'Jt;~ da eSCUSQ:7;' de "terr,~s· ~'Ult]vd'lifeis· na ~(6.ci~ ~s gTegQ9 partem Pm;',at ~exj~ll~~O ·d~ SU3i$ .f~Il.e¥l'aS d~n,dn ilJ!:u:io ,a, :~egpn.d.a d:bupo[',~, ~g~lI! tambero fi~$,ne, pwudJo q:rm ~_o_n1Le~~ a !3£U;''lls:~~Q. da -Pflmmpal ea:ra;c:::teriS,tlica eta ''Vida Pfj.]jt[ICat gteg;a: a .forIt'lLS!JfJ9JIJi das pulis .. ~1.il S~:RI as ,cidlldes-Estado a1l.1'tQli!oroijl;~,~

'.' 'P:e:rinoo ClQgieo W .8.,C.rW a~G.)~ A .8i.u;: 'wllomj~, P ollti ca. ~. eeonOmi,c_~ gregg ·e re-

~uJtWJ:W' da 'iJrg~41~iiIO da ORcm ~m cid~~ dE~:E~tw:[o. ~,t:E!J, - ,fui:m:~i pode~~ ruzelt' q:tle: fiB Gr~aI1 fultiga ,!illS .gr,'t~ ~Jfjsti.tm:ranJr 11~. ,m.cl;i!1utm::t ])ot~ '~iJ:ll1'J',e:ml a mes,rna U:~~ e ~alwa:tem Q'S, m~f.;"FII1~)~ de[!;llse~,;

;.-; 'Ifii.n.""""".. AI~, Ie l," . j.,.., ..... • ~,:..,1 ~ jf'iI.:i

,1!]j,.r::...aW: ~ Po.lLII:,~!l:.CaIl;]Je1l'~ ul\-I',[w,UJUIS,. ~a'(la

,p'-O& oo~rmt1 dil:e.mnres-f'OOUlU 00 ~v'e~·no b~,~;d~' em_ sua [Jt.;pni~~~~lQ i~'nriom]e:lil! _~' soeial, o.~ ,~lffig malcres ~e~ptos IOO~ ,ditere_Ji],~61 tt.~'a!S ,esm{!l :pr~e:III:tes nas iti,wi$: 'Ab~~ ~ E~pma" ]j}l;JftrGtaltt[J~ n~Q :e C{j,ftefio ~,Ct'--edi.ill::at::" qliJre a ~l:i3J, :~esltm.ta~se ,:3;, estas duas cffidad:eg erlando a ta]S3. .rli,oom~ mis d~1 dJMIL'1n-CI"(]lc[a X mili)tm~.D. _

,1.! .. ille;irJQiS' da' d£t.lmeTaci~

A, t1l"ifu:de~e~'~dC) d~. i\!~a~ ~t;,i"~ ldividi~ em, t~~ grup~ , s.Qci~~, QS c:i';!hij]dli4,~." ~~ :lil'n..h~J'[iI ,a ci,da,d;~:ni~, Cf:m]O di~it~J d~ ,[lIiMcim:fm,w;, 'M met. cus- qn~ 'iii'Xmrnl (~'5 MtF,R3!ID~h"05 que n"i!lJ pO-B.;SiiLlr:nam direioo$ e,i,vis e l~i3Jga:varn pID'8. V.~\f'~' 'elm .A'bei:iL~.s: e '!J)S ,'e~~""ia,V~;J1~~ qrgB, 'l;t-fUi11I. -2;11 l)<.&t~e' de .a.oow'lIl.b~ao d~ '~J" nomia ,B.1Ie.ni\e.n~e. Estes f~zlm.ll. DS' nunis m,Ve1f',Sa~ tn~,~.itJIlb:G~" '0 asaim ro'WfJ OS m'e!liBOOs~ na~' p~nitua~. dlJ,"~t:k~~t+

~n:i' MsnrHS a a;tfjvidaoo ITM:;]i~ mbM' de:iSe]]"U~~ vida TMil* lim homem ~a. a JiI@l'i~i(t3". P'fi(ritffl:,. :s(in~er:wt~ P?matIl re·xere~E3:. ~ lcitWil8..os~ ,~ aJ:PEmH ebitas lest1llr ~-fltpli05 ill ,det':1rn.]r-' de ~ pO:riti~Sl palo bo.n:li 19,e~ '~e/~lCJ,~metlrW :at A,ter.l.a!a. '~'$Ut ~, o con<:e:itn ,m~clo pe]o6 a.t~~:,wrt5l~~ _ d~ dem,ocT~ei.al' q,l)J~. sigllLi£i~

'iI'ilI'~"Hb;- .... ol ... i'fIfi- '~, 1, - _ .,':!:~. " ... "jJ ~. •

bV ... '~-r£hJ' ,~ ,I?'~VO .' 8.S m,wlI.lel~9 'if\1;riS11.1l"!liil ;;1, a'lJj]]jfiiil1l'~

tr~~8J~ da l~nQmiH dom~tiC~j on 8ej~", ctrliliaf;' ,da ~'r~'GldflJd,9;. escrilvliJi$~ ,~ da p:JL'lo~ilFu~'!io, i~fllMti,[ltdQ\, dest,~, ,~~onal g~ o_ h£lm.em. ~tiv,esse, Il:odo. II) 'tempo' nece~io lfa:[f',~. iscliea:r-.",ae an ~stIlLOO' da 'pclb]~[,eB ..

_ ,Fo:i_ne9'~, Ofl\ll.te1{~i] que risL$ceu,,~ fi]O~llfia g~ gR ,Pr.-em::~ailla: e'm e:n;te.n.trl'.er 0 ham'r3ut:. ,ffiBi3e ,ifIj,'Billa re1a~:§l'o .~O:~n 8. Rl.'Oil"al e' ,COll1 ~ cids.r;)ama (SOC~".8l1t9.) j

,4.7:.0 A"e,:':'9:9 A.C~€ru 0 elllilte:ndimenio dp qlUe' ,e' iQI r-eall

IS: 'c,o!mOI ~5, :idela~; :lihlll bUIlfU!n1 '0 BltingeID tr.~j\, "'A 0' 418/ 4,21 A ".,C,m, S4£1A.C}:!,:ou ;iI'in,d'iil'~ a: Id.efie:sa: ,dla exp ejli,;.elilcj'ill eiien,fjifiicH, ,pi3'[,iEI ,se chegar ao 'eo:nheci'lm,entlQi (ART S ' I. 0 .. -------------------~ __ .. LE.IH~~:if2AD,~fBDsQm5 [9lmUos....siio re,Si '

Gricia_

'lhi:[ti'r;i.Qn~blt'u~[tl~~, (l' ·,~ttu1111 .da f.n~t61'1a da Qricia ,A!9tiS~, estlt aS~oci.aido DJ):'seu perimlo den~-, mina,d~ ~(aaS$icr/'m lsi'ro,' devid{] '~I:'nci;~~]fmm~rw a f,(](rte, ]:te~'c~, Ctdtl<l~, ,de'iL~ijaL :pcl'M ~~~., qtit: ftl"i, conH1IT:'Illl'~ ,pBlrD'lJUl.K~:r[['rrH~J:lte, n~~ mom.en '00.,

't'bda:.\t~:a) ~ Icn:mrua~ elm tifi~,dfu~Si_o ,gy-ega ij~Q:l"I"e1l. multo tempe Rr.lJ)tes, CIDP3ta 'tier vivtd.o .~) sell

m_~nm d~, maior ~~~~~~.' md~~ e·polii.iotl. A '(~f.1l~m d(~8 gT:e~o.:s e$!~ bgaila ,a d]:""'Ie'h13a.~ :i'I'JD~~~900~ de P(l!,VOH q~,e !.a~,mn parte 00 gl"Upn- ~gW'Blti(}Q de~ nominade: inda~'1fIrOpelil~ Entm'~. eBte;~ povoa dHs~tI;t~"'\Ba I!;?\B :~uel~$, 'M Id6ri.oS:,t @>&~ri1i!Js, e_osjiJlJi]O~,

Em resumo jpiCldemoo rn1V;ilM as fases ita fu:tm1Jl;~~o d!1. ci~Wio ,greg~ ~11acleomdJ!]1 a ~G~ime eronllt~g~:

• P'eriod.o 'I?J:it...HoXIJiri,co (xx. :Bl.C. - ,x]1: a.C~; ~n.Jintim0]1to ti~' pim'mm~: lJUVOO~, ,cuWn) a Ic~wii'z~~iAll' !ill'1etw~e. ~~l~Ma .na ]]ha d,e 'Cretal, aOIBuJl dj]'n1ffi"-·~WE'!I.l; ~ tU~

-vaiS~~1 des :o:q:m_IHlS', 'I. 8S!lUi;!iSflV.e·:!s pella q[lJJ~~

U3 d,~ Jponder de. Crat-a :bl_:I. regia;o. A, ba$e d08t~ p!iJ11':o: ql1J8' h9~b~mva, 0 ~ din peninsula ,Ehl~in.ica, fbi a ,~hiooe !~, lMie~as, JDl!mand'~.,~s~im ~' ~, civiillizaJ~;a,o, .ic@'ni~;: as d6ldms OC;lilparstW ~ I'lsgiifilo ,de. fh:mnlf1i ,e,x-, 't.r.e[l~am!en'~e \ii,ote!'ll:~ .. _ 0 q,n,~ ]le'~oil 'a, di~lu:Il"'''' ,8~O,~ 'q.fu:ia~ .,~(m~~ijLE'9 que; !est~,vam. ftY.2idag;.:nal :re:gil0 ,pti~a on~rJs jpfli'iL'l/o@ 00 max Egeu e rID AitoraJ. Ida Asia M.enor~ Este lllO~ meJri~J' ,e conheeido (li;irmLQ '1'1~n1Gl11"a ,.aR~ .pilll~a ~,ep~

!jj :Pen~iJld.o Bom~co rxn ,a.C.,.:vm R.C.}~ car-acie:nzaa(t. p.ela. Ibrnla~cifi O,aJ8 oom1l11'li:d~ geI1Il1]icas1, que iF;'ram peq.n'en~ uninad:eff· ,3grl~rial9. :~;U,1t:O~·S11fici~]l:tt.e_s Q,ue 'r,j,~, tl~h~.m, (l'lCm:u) c"be~ .um jJcd(f-r.: eu 'p~,~,~ea. A cmtmlh~~eio da eOQ'IJIi()'[oia naJ~ ,[!I:lth,"idad,G5 a;grio"Ql~~, oo<i uma bnp(Wji~i!l;} dos d6.ri;QS:. ,,N'Q

:a1fJl~roj ~,'ge0g~ ~~SR nao pos8ibUita .. ~'a a .w.~fl~ ,s, p~sse !~le ftirte1s, Fiopri.ed~de31. I:>eco\li"II~ rl;e8'~!p t,~w uma grande ~dH;,p1Jl.'ta p~i3!.9; m..eJ!11Q{["e8 ,~,.r~~ de 'tel"ra., ~UlIl!I::im.dJ:o 1UUl8t m,1l,i;isau da soeiedade eill~: M I~ande~, PIf'o'(,1.rietii'r:ius de OOT"f.4t rie~.,...; perten~~"tiC!!!' 'W~ slUt '~ii~. ,iJj --r~lllrjJ'ia d(~ ~JfJtig,j)} pa~ tel~ ~D!QminadQ.B· ,C[lnt~Q d.e '!I;upffitrida.s ~OB

·be:m~ffiS~,dos,)9 '05 'P~~QS ,~gliculll:m~ 'conilh.eerid,CiS ClIJm6 g,£f:~'''C~i" En:lS '~fue' 00,0 ,O'~~' ·'S.ut~ "iberr,a:s ',e :8s5.hm :iEicavanl SiL mca:rg~m ,de ootiei~rl'a~ iei:l!aritaLd:M de ,U;etas.

pUll gi,v.Qi~ pot idifj~ [~flJ~ U1fnUm:'l,!\~i~m ati ns diu. H'h1i:Jli~ :I!L. fOl('ma. oom.O p.'11:)CU]l1':£tmt1S desefivo;]:ver:o nOSl8tl!:s· ea.fuudoa. sobre. 0 h~ mas maiB dJ'li.rer-sSlS mas do, '~Qnll_ecim'l~f\nJro·.

A- E" _IiiJ .• j'= 'J"",ji ~

»:8pa" ,'la, tiv m~~if;f.-i(;j,n-;St~~o.

o C81.l':a.te:r HJLii]itar' o!J:nfeIddol "a e.idade de, Es.pana da~a-se ~o ~~m de t~I'Qfil. side es d6ciJog: 'amJI!9iib~~ desta [~6Ji[.S; A soo'~dade· eSJPa).~ta. div]dia",se sm .geB ~l:pO~ soeiais b~. dLm:nntoB: ~atria.D.os:j\ rlln.iOOE; ,~, "~ mr~~l'fJS" ~QULieo~~, ,e:lraiL'1 des,c~nd.eute,s dnJ~, Qmtlg,!l):!;, doxios: Ie

-uti1iZ~VDri1~~~ (lu ~]?i;~ 1fitlf~JLi'l:aT pa:ra milll'~l' gS ':se~

!if}T"n u"'l,d,m .... l!".. 'rt1Iii;til,r;j!.,.,.~o.:;; vivi ~"m' ~I..." "'"""'1fYI',~~;GiI

llI'"'l..~ !I, ;r! !I! .'Ii.7I:i'!!!!I~ ~J!'I! JE.!'!' ~~ f_ ~~ -. rnt\~ .~ ~ 'Il ![~ _ Uv' ~~-II'RI~~ ..... IAI ...... IIII

uii'vid!;i,d.e DlJL~git":~H:mada. e'n:1: :E-sJP)Lrtal hmntava:m, ·,a .: :perifBri£IJ da ~.dBlJile. mas pmfi.Blro p~]j.'iI;:iclpar d.o ~wto~, desd.e qll'iEl no esca]oo mferIDt'i hil.ot;as~ Bt,mn servos 00 EStwg ,~ de ~.~: IWoprlmi~,@~ • . Assim,. ~d.em d,~ m:;m 'po.$~11-1ii'rem ,di~{_~t$$ ~ai:i'tt~o$j' er.3rr.n obrigadj]~, :3 pia!gar: I!lDUli '~axa. anual pel 8 ~oou~iio ,~grieoIa e 1100 pt!:driam ahand~'Ji[L8Jlt a terra,

A. .0 Hg'3 rq ui a e ~ p a 1- t; 8,1:1 a. e iSt~ '!I a.

fu:ndame:n:t.B.da )JIB 'f~,r:'Ca 'millwr ~__ercida p~liOs. e~'p'airt~mnSi' q_u!1El' -m.iB'~f:lI!il eml rmil'Il)[)l' [i[TLUmp.to ql.ll.'e perieeos, e lrilalt8S ecnseguiam .. manter e pOO,¢1i' •. Oai a i~nport~, rna e~ll1L~~ D;)iUtHr ~r nma ~(113~hilj'd~.dedo I~t~~ e, J~O'j3' ~!~a, s!JJp"ro~cl~, ben.'col~;aJ ,e~:taJti.a a s9blID~e'~ilil ~lulia ani :p~de·:v.

.aristo~atioo e ol~~ru"if:lw,~' e:~n Es~ta. .

.'~'.:""; :D"I·I:e .• ~a' :~

~ til~ I~.& .~

I Ai ~ ,rr:..~'""""IT . 'iiI· .. ...:I;::i'~=,~ 1..i'92 . . n A i'7n. n),

.. ~: ~_ ,_~ ~Q:euu,;.~ ~'T.t'. _:_ [~""v. - ~l'~ a.~.

As GUieTl!:",aiS Mew.cas fnram -1,.lra:?iI'9d~s cfulJt;ra n~, ,persas qoE ten:t~,Tc~ j~vadili' ,~ G~cla ;Se'tL nome d.a~s-e: -ao nome de um. 'aM ~QtQiV08 pBt~, .sas, 'os mGdo~.. E~m gue..rrtl. obrig,{IIlil ,~ ''l~ijo Ib:fu'le. as 'Vru,1 l1Ji 'pa,lis ,gFe~~ .~ Liig'~ de ~DelloiS~ em d.,~1f~~ ,dii) ·~nit6d;o.

O~ membms da, ~i~ p:agllYElLUl impmjpo~, ,qu:_e ~ ~~o9i'L~'G:lCl3. na i]h~ de D~l°o ~ Q cibje·tj.V'IJ d,~ :ti:uao.'eim" o· contm7at~uR gD:·~ga" A ~imr,i:a d~5 gf-e,go~ deu-se p:of defllriti.vtt ']'lI~ 'cll~:m!.tda, :8awlha

'~illIl -ftlil,-I"IO'!iB, .. ..,!lTo!lI, J JlI,ifl,.{'iLIIi, r.) I~'" 1I"IIi'. I!"II;d '!"Ii 5' n~r' A' ·'I-·n'!"Iij n;~I1-

• ~l&"" ... ,iL·~.wA:iIl_Jl.-~~~I_.'~1"~ ~.~ ,f,~ii.JI ~'Ii! !I,IIiI!!Iiiiii •• f~~,: 1U I !r'~ '. ',lIiiiii - iD:l1 "M~"IIIiiiii;

'P.p"QVe~Ii!nldo I£lel Sieu lPoderlQ Rlllhtar paSSbU iii,

Bllle.iiI bey~rr ,iii: Uigiill.,

II ..... ~." -"""" -~ 1m'.... j'" -;n.ril:,,;;Ii.... .,]ii'"!I ,~' ..... 'lTirfil..,.,..... ii:ii.I',~~..".., .... • [OI.'IL,1La~'l::' 6;u~iui "",, P'r;:;;L.L'4UU U;'" .II..II!I..I!.r:~ .!Lalll!llc.u!Jo.u'

,~,teuilew;el no qual ·Atien.5iJS paesa a admirustrn'r es 'l!'~C:llr:fflo~ lEilJl.~J.U.'tJ'inJ~ q;u~ ;sio d~~ii'too!l}s. na ilha d;~ D~D8 e, pr,i:ncip~~re'l ,St: iotrn"Bm' n$it vtdn 'poJiti= ca. e ~o-ci~ru. db Q~t['as l~li~-

,A" :i:nS8)tEiSlfn~i~) CF.es~e '~Il.1.Te' as 'O:1;ih~'~~, cid'acl.es-,E~bdiO ... 'if!\ftFti'Ct1~,er£te e;m Esp~rl:a" que. li<ill-~~~a. e:]].Mo '~nt~l. '~<D!~~:~li~D:n~Jla paTi:l Q[l'l:[IJba,'ter ~i ~b:ilpErda:Thn(HJ; ';a:~e:mense~ a dh~~d:8t Lip do, ~Pelcgl!l;lnes:'O\,

.. .I" Q~nw dQ Pel~~' (491: '0..(1 ",,·4W·aJ}J

'E_m 491 a,C. CtHn~~a e CfIlm;"OOlto 'mJlit~r I~t.re -as d:u.a~, Ug'al~, 'S\~n :~n,DIS Id,je, ~o.ll~:lito~ ulJEeYleaJada\H ,e:om f:re~JaQ<, 1~'O'f' fun I' £ill] ~ a.C.! A~MS e S!ln!lii"'~· sueu rnibam Cl'1) poder ds Ligfil do P~](jlP(}tI,,~~ Q qu~.:~,~nni.'i;;~, qoo·:r.t 'h~g:eil:lJr~)n:la. d'~. IG-r.eeia seja ·e~.eFaidiML :PuT' l~!rpma.,

.Nr:f) OO~[t,a'f.]ltO· e~:ta h~bnia ", efen'];el:',!:IJ; e OllU.9.$ eidade8~,EstadB ,~gM pa'~filam, a, ImsPut3l." ~]J/tm'lL~~eu,t~ ~ 1]!Oder, 0 que- c-ontri'bllu paliEI a de-cadel:u;ia! ClJa. Llt'~:ni:ta~lo cffi~ i,1lutlJ[W'i~i~ ~~i'~~, d,M~W~~.

E dE.r.~trQ d,e;l1I:bB' 'oott~t,o de :~n"'~ im'M.:rn~s iC[UJe ~I G~e.c.i.a, 9;11~mnl1e ,~o d,m:u:i.t.:tio ,~t~b~[) d(~' hnP'~ciICll. '~[ace~o eheit13~o ~~:r Ab:~xaD.'dre.I~ li'lIl IG~a.d,ej (39,6 A .. c ~32 j'J\. ci,

0, ~a~~_o; ~JJirhio ~L'liO .. 'ft~lD p~' A1~xa'~d~~~ se Ies-tendtru ~;~. Am:a~. Emo;pa e:.M·j.~, ;e :~ .. 0, :gm:u~de. responsavpl p~la Im'!lllillgt].~aQ da [:luilll,-Ul'E1 gii~:gitl1.. A fu!Sio dla, C'ultu.rn gr\~,g1i: '~Qm !']I do ,QrieIDtoo' ~,iJ\~t{l1.iilto:n. em 1Il[(tSL nova e,xp:~~~ain' cid.rural d.eD,OmlfurtadaJ. b.eleni:~Dlto.,

I!I! A Gl~~ 'tbf ib'mlDdJ& .P~t >VBXrrog:- P01li~a d'.e m::iJgem ~,j:.im h:ill.~!lt~,&h: ~eus d~ ~,oic, jftriru(j~ dliur.~

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'iii

iF' 'i ('nT.rc 'pn DT."L!7 iF"'Ii,(H<~:E' ~. r? '.. ._. ,e: . - ,~lI· .. _-

!!;;I'~,;.' ~~., - .. ~:,~'1. ... ~ ~,,-.!'!;.~o;i' 1 1li!91nm~~ ,I:'&flna: g~ g"Ql11.1W'"

'1101 es:tr.EVTI.1ill±I ,R A~ :e a ~S'partR ,R'S ~uS8 :piincipfli~, :!;lo]isll au ,ciclad2s",est~M da Ei.:vili2a.,~,

~Q~g~:,

aj MEhllM'IiYi !~'8,-dig~'m3 ..

.. ~~~. ~

~J ~ l'i'afam~;

e 11 Te ocrael a, til ~m~(;~;a.

'e), O'-I],~"

02,., {PUC.-=- .Pl~ UEmDDl5} A]~.3!S (.iviliza,~1JeSI cla

,ood® An'ijP! emJ.,ora bdlllta.lltH, IlM :fOlimB:'",· ram" ~,ta."Ma, wnm£atdo.sj, 0'11. B~ a, se:mp!llB ,mr3lll 'pg[irtiC31rtH!mj~ '[i-~f~ta,da~il 'mositrando n predomfuio perirldieo d.e ,a]gu_mas cidad.es,

S!O ~~,ltfr:u,:pw~ des~' ,et:nl:tiJci~o ~ ci:~~a;.f,;~:: 'a) 'pema l[! e:gipa:a.

h~ :'l"{)(tn9Jl:), e h.e'bir3:iea., !!) ,sumru.im'Ja ~ ·rnllu~n,a., ,d} ;"IredisJi,a ,!:l:' persfIl ..

oj. ~.b:ra e' t.'0[1]C]a,.

00. ~P"UC ,_, ·PR DEZ/20(l4" Os we'gQS aLntlgos @]o-, e';,~.]:',!UJ:l, ,y E~ta{illQ . .<$~iCroil da "r.eUglfu'ijl-v.,a']~ri~~ ~s. mBW..s d~, ~jihe(rd!ad.e lnzmana e gionncaJ."am, Q homem ,~tmlD a mais fltl'lpmtil:l!fi'te ma'LIn'a_ do universe, A]jg:L1Jis~ aa d~9.ii~ ,S[khte ,w civ.ill.z~a,o g;regil:'

L ,,A vi:t6r.itIJ do: g\~gQ~ ~:bre' oS '~r ~~, 'n~', 00- ~liBU(Et'(lfo ,d~lruieii~ clas ~llirH:u5Pllas!: dan ,~ ,E:sparrta: ilj OO,n'Lto,Je: ,g-obre' t~ a Gl-eda ..

U. & :r,!i}f01L':n].~ de 8610]:'] fa;V01~~1'am 0 su:rgi·, meum da demaeracia em ,A1r.ena~' ..

,:m .. A ci.vilj~~tio he'~emsM~ ,~urgill·dai 3nl~ga~'· Uil ~ itai tlIvi.llza~a~ tll~~ 'c~m' ,[iii, 'rmn ~~

W~ A IdemoC]:':EIi~ aLte.m.ens"e ,etca dlreta ;~ nio.: ,se.

~1Je,n.dt~ a :rod~, ,PUp~~1 fIle ,A!~$.

Sf].Jj ,al'5.~(o~ eQ'l1)~t;a8;:. ,3) ,fl[p.ern~ I,~ 0

bl ,~pma~ [I e IV

e rn em

d)o ;:ipeiOa~ If e .II] 'e). rtrn e'IV-

04, U:.~L ~ ',2~ .FASI1 OE.Zf20~5~ Uma ~]l\~, earactm~ru; Ott ,puktm:-:Sii PQtriLtfua gr:e,gm e' ;81. ~,(l~.ao de itiidadao:iJ$.;, Tal liI,fi~;lil]i d,~Ft[],~· ,~, vincuht~a,~ da p~Ob ,at unsa det:e.nrrnljrl!l:9 d's, pt];is,. ,wo" ~.;)l~~aJ ,e$~ enei :a;l:m-e~:te. f~:mHia;l',es,., e:

.,,;.,,1- ..... 'B.. ..... 1i .... -"""'1 ........ n......",m1-·tLi"Ii'>'i-·.,;.'mil'ii1cliif .... · ,"", ·n· .... ..,..,."'·.,~*\i'i" '!OCII~-IU~'~'3l ~',IUL~U.' - • CILIJ~L~.t ~_Ja~ti-- ~_l!. "IL~-,C\L-LLl\i!II.-.l.U.:lJll!j;!'!i:ii:

,o:br]g;tit~~(1t d,e cltefesa da. l-id~de,· ,aJ. e~ilt.riJbm~io [~~I"8, sen bam gemL" e 0 ,me,ito! de: ,~pinl5JJr sebre :B~Ui':!l, d~iI:,h:HJiS;_ Foi :em !Vi.rl;tlLd!~' desta 'tt~tlm!a. oop}'ica'~8:0 do comeim .de lcid.ad~ que", e;m 's.e~.II;j~' ~a.'oo·, I[_[uase toda:s as ~;dild~s g~g~s te:!rul~c:mmJ a: ldem.oliiraeia: As· d{fereuy_as: :!ie. fa_:ifJcm, ~n~tit ~l1JMl;~) ~, f(l'r,{rfH.II, de ':PiiJ,wt] cip~!tau_j' del' edd.,adao, Cilm' base- no te:X't~i ,e .0108, ~!l.e~~:[:lIl~b.1S ~[jhf.\~ ,j:f ciibd'ani:m I~a. e'

,t1ol1t'etiQ' afinltuir: .

aJ AB. tefu~s ~. 'P~'l.cl:deg bl~1",aI!D'1 entre' ·outrilJ..5J eoisae, ~()'tporar 'tm],os os; ~d1iOJ3,. talO pri}~§D d.eru~:r.]il d:a. EcMsillJ e dos' ·tmibun~is'l m-a;a;IDn'dto, '~si~1 (,I' par~tl~~io '~\::I [[];e:mOO' abastados, p~[' :mew de mtlde..~'I:a, .remmj;et',S!l~i£h,

b N:SUa, 'p6lis II!J:U~ ,se' manti:hb.am W!~l'~i.tn-

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IC] on8.11 IDGJJl~ OJilga'rrCJ.1Lll,ca_8~, ml SU~~l'~a~ ,f;l

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:MUl::LtILIl.lutlitre,iE: ![;J!]j tJ.F,8Jlj2L,; era V~eClaU.Or ·,al,iJi~,

lcida.dios eemuns ~rlm~a.r suas QiJ,J.:]n:iQ0S ,gObl~ ,13:8, de~8k '~Uhli:C:$.

,~ .

cJ A~ mu1.13:eteR, :l1tttIDtJ ~ul'i.l];ta. ~patna:r-c~J ~ltu~ mOO1~ava R 'vida pt1lib].iJ~ le~clusiv~1llleJc1te' 90:S

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b,r.)!men~.! l~r~1I$! C~ ~_a,d~<i!31 par't.f.~~p,~~ d~3;

IdHellssaa 'polruica~ tendo vo-z atlva IE!! VDm u at

'IL]:A,· ~SE;m iji~e~~·.

liU. iis tl.fdad.es g'f'~~~ 0 ~a:trlilJ:1ge:iro ern un1!

M~ped:e d~blnfd.o .ella citl:lda1]ia~ Le·nrlll! ~ !3 e't'lLs d; irB'] fuoa 'P rrvad 0 S . d,ev'i'!d.am,e.n t~, assegurades, sem l'ie!11l:Ll",i.~l5e:B qU:Sktirto ::§,. nrolfl~i'.ID~.ad_~ ful!liU~ e aes d]re]fJto~ ·rJvicos.

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11' '.)'.'!I ,. • .11' ..11 , d'

'~J:a, 'C~'U,~!~:B ain~ ~'ra ho'1r1m'~Je]"'~JI,:JO r~~1i1n''par:i'i::G', ~,

ICiMlTllmda.cle '"e, p'QlI:tml,~~ l~iRimlac:ftM,o . a opi1.uu' ~!Obn· I~ ncgOc~£o~ '~li£~,~

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05. Ul~ - 2 I FASE DEZf~Ot}'4) _, Ornn IQ· 1im ilb cl.o[[uniu ~ii1,'tmt:o, ~'O'[b;~'!B' a 're.I".['a~, 'o.~ par-e]J,'tes, msr1s: p:fi6xi~5 ldo pater ~f~l·{',ilpr.faram=oo d~_s, 't.el":t~fi ~s: ri~" P.M~ ,3., geT! tlfinhe.c3di:Js cornu e,y,p({b~'rla8' (os bam n~'S.clcllosJ.. 0 ll['@<S'bu.lt~ d;~, ttn."]I1,~ fIJi dj,~ ~;dldt) I~rrtte . D~ getJfg(j~' ~~grirul~~l~J;, o~ nll~is ~Ud]Clldo8 P01l"· G~a

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w,~ ,~.~U .~'l.J\L ~lL~1 U~I ~rr~~~~~ I~, -~'I~-.&<.Ij~.~~~;J~ ~x..\;.I,U[!U!I;)~'

da partilha, Os illovQS WU!PQ~ JBo!r~is~ 8 :r.ll',opriedacl.e· pnvad.H: da terr,fl e' '0 ,SiJjrginH~:l '~[J dO::ii d~~IDS marearam '0 ad.vlBl~:tQ as, pOl'i·1i (i£:ida:~ ~3.rl{a· wep; Sobte ~. ,pou.'j wega.·~ l~ ool!:Veto ,a~a:r;

3) Rm ~MZ~Q da abtmdiincia d.e tel'1t'3.S· ,Ba. ,polis ~ Q8; Gx,~~d~,tei8 'P~p11l1.a'iJ]Oil'uiis b~ l'sii;niilmlS' ,cnnti.n'fllsram, ,:3;, Iutar :~Q:r .t.eD'$ em 'WrlltD; c1Ja alC1,]-,dl'(f~

b). 0 podm~ amp!iad.o do parer J131J. aruni:n:i£trri5i:,aQI a:a~ fli.mili~_ e' ~, !C'~Sa ,enfr.aq;u:e~en 10 mdl"rld.~1 pam h erf:l..clici on, igrudin'~_llte fill~ ~ ~e Ip.~:ref.!tes dii;s'~.~'!,tftree, ·n,~ pa:rtln~3 d~~ 'he-lOB.

i;} Os iJ,e:i!J:rgtj~' p;t'Cd'tlZ:iFam, ,grat1dM n~q:U:M:u, em ::J~: '~8D."aE d~\1d~ as, hos.:S co~hmtM e, 1~(J.in ,~~, .·d~~,pe~ar.am a, oobi~~. dir,l~ e,upntri(IilJ;L

'd'l Co:rn, 8: ,fJiJ/J:s .. iQ' ~dJaTI!() (~m'l8titul1!l .. se eomc n h:Hr~e Ida ~edacle ,e, .s~u, eJeme.n:1ta; ide, ummo, .Ie 'a I '~:~d~~:Jtadl1 p~O"u::a ;~~r lid'~ ... adE:ll por lIm 'c:onl~U:ID de e,[tpdtr~drm,',J

'""'l' o~ dgln:;:.t!l;rg0~ l~tti~~D1:-# U ~.pll ~ocial d,01ninanie ~ eada ,p6:U~ ~ cnmp~:rti1..b,tamdj] ~. ,pooe:r pciUtiJi;,,'{]> ~~rn! Q~ l~lt~I)ri;tdd'a:..~ i

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f:id@de..! o'U.,cttktde~E .str:l~', r.l ten-n!]1 ,pij~Ur.ll ,com I~ qUi'lL l'ii~ Anti~~ dml:i'g~~,Wli.nUif4- rW flluf!~GrL cli!iiEJ[;ioo .. it,f"m tf?stn,dJf!l,~ci m~irit(j 1~: u. il7:i!;ir.[.nn gl!r;;il'men.t~·

·ag;r~paik~1 em tm"ltiO ,d€ UJ,'U) ,r::ent.ro' 1~~1'.b[!;OO I~' Cfj,'4t!i',~l~nilu ,~Hn t'2F',r'itQ',rif)' reiCli,f~a:ni~t~.l~ este» 8 Q,,, A cidadec-E' st~riO' erct. er:~ta,{~'i a fbrnKl' .poUtica' (:(~n:W,~'(qiSr1iC{;~ ~g Jl'lro"1;!';r~dO' gnE,gtt} ~"."'

lMOS8,E1 CJ.a:~ldf!'. Didi;'l1li!ifrio d;lil, Oiv,.iII;ki~~o G'I'¥ .• RiiO ;I'll'!'

jEE:fiflfm: .[:u~ Z&llar :Edi~o1;:~ 200j.~ p, 6'0.)

S'(~bl"(!i .,w; (1!l~S prinbipajg cidad:as. 'g.r'e~, :do l1eliodo e]'M5l.C0~ e,. ro.r1"efio mmlM:

·,i::!iJ Em ~.P~rt~'i ~ -sjb.uiJl~fio d~sl ID1g.1h€Rs. Q]',~ 'bern. 'me[h.o:r dill qu~ e.m AtePlals, t.;anb) Ique:

,~~mI(m:n p1eno~ drr€itos .:polrei.c:O$.

b} Em, ,Ate[Jlas~ p.~l,~ ,L~i .d~. Ptri!cb;~;~~ de, 4 ... .i51 ,a,C-'I' os :o:retBcos,· (~l!'MgieirqS,) '~~]t':am ~ guz¥ dG dl]tG.i~·~ t) ~isto, oom1l!m.j '];lois, p,'mel.'125 linh~, IOOITI.l0 e~,p~s8. u:ma hetaira. d.e CtOl:in'f?o, a ,rie:~,Ie..,

'bra ,~_5ia. .

~} ,Acle.n'1L(J;O~a~.1a 'li~tiJen5e '~9;',~ d&r~~a (case) di!IJ,

. Ech~~siw e ir:u:lirem p-ara ·[u:n:tms t~,.a:es:: (ieaaO ·dJl& Estro,t~glfJri. ~t}'1" ~'m:npl:,o ~., o,s Ica1b7Q~ eram pre er.lleh.ldJi) !1! .~ ele:i~Eie:i;, e por. SlOrledOS. P'~ra que ~ ddimOO1lil ]).{)ilres: .tmri.l~em, .p~rtici= 'Ft~sser;: 0 Ilb" '!n~tt:i'l;wJtt,:- 0 :m]~,r,u..ic]~ [,~al;i< )

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,pSJi'8. 0 ~:'Cfdio de £i_u1.C~~ 'f)lLibl[ea.s.

d~ Ihn ~~.p'a~ Q5 ·pm~s' 6 q,iJJ~' :Q~l_jjl'trol.~~m as libu~1JJe!!: [puhlic~lSI, POiffil, 1[11$ egp@J"cia-CM d.eidi~, 1~v;~ml"'\S,~ e.;.'«bJs:i'lam~nm' a. gtllEUTa.., .

ej Em, ,~.eI"18S~ a ~~,maC:jf."$.e.i.a· [a]j :m.stitriiltla p.41;:r P,!.~.str~, ~I loo'll'AQlliti'a.aElL l~le~oS' ~U15 ,(ulbos: 015 '~~JlOO tl;,nn~];~~ e ·liipj~s.,

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:h:Uotmlno era 'ele.rnenW ~llliS'Wtet;l1ilyo ~e sua

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m;gam~~.P!iQ '~OC1la • ""u ··m ~, ,Lii.:JLJI:Ot.~, ~8Smwc 0

qu_e. for Clj)r.a~m,!

0],) E::ra-n'iL r~spd"~sa:~eJSi pelQ' OOtr:J:erdl'). ,e ~1J;il'te.sa~

narc l(i)!i:~;!lis..; .

102) Ern':,am._res:pe.ihtsdos ,e].a elasse ,di]i)]liil~;t~ eiS~' partana, tenrl,~ ,a, pos~ib.UilidaB~' de: .!u.:rt:ml:War.' ~~e~ ifoo;.t11Jn~$· ,00111 a~, qruai~ ro,niip~,t)o,

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~'1~p:ra~~ao ~ ,~-te~mt 'pw.-~ 'iimpliml"· 0 a~Ie\Il:oo d;emogr,aJic@ e :re'be.lilie~,;

'OS, a~.mstitui'WD .. ~ '~i;lm,ada, ~lCW· ~u~j:~~;a, eeunOnD~.Ill ~ poUfi~Rnl~'llt~ e 1I]J"€f11m1~1 ao' E~tMn.

161' Eiram,eEFO_pri,al]os H'l[['ave~, da c€)brat:ll~!,1ii, de h;r~lioo e:KW:r.,s.i,lJ,ro.s e ~,fi'iam 'vi;oifu'llicias .par ~o:trte des esp3LndhltaJ.:S ..

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C'o:uiteeDDi segmndo ~a CJ.f\Ol1fjl~a, t~l.issk·~. ·P.-Bi~ dir~'iaiT·. ~ Jhist6ri~. de ~ma.h:J. __ 8ic8_mA~Tit@i mm ·tfilis :m~):m:MtQ;~' ,t:Ii~t~:Pi!t'Os ;

• M1n1tarq;IJIla:

• ~,p1ih~

.' Ilupedo

Monru-qu~m de 'l5\3' ,~:.C a 5()9' !Cl.IC.,

o lU:.i!l,(l'"©O initial desta L)i.:!ri~do est~ [1111. h1$OO= ria d~i m.tM'J~~aJh f:la (iiid:3de .(Ii'!,llottra (,! tod':-a's, 3,~ '~:~]]'-' d~ qlile eeream este ,aQT[rt.ed,n:u:::n'oo,~

o m'iiiil' des 1~ ooS: Rli:o:u:u~ e :Re~o valida 10 ]nt:e:re~ilile' de tm"I1~r 'maig granmn~:'ih ,.'!iL. :hisbJria, c]Le:s~a ~pcde[~a civ.il[m'v~ do ,~n.tigaHdad.a'-qU!~ tflLntpl m~' ~luGJ1il'ciou. a fOlfllla~u d'GF rn.uJll,d,(j ocid&1i~~J do, q;m;JI] _fa:z.em.os, ~arte~ Es'~ ·,~.dAl1[( e· ainda ref~~ vel~ fst.{), de q;,ue a maimia das :mrOr1lUL~ltes',8ce~cR Ides,te, pmQdJ~ ~, hist6:r~a· :.&e:f\tHJ1 ',~Q;nhe¥i/d;(li~, ·~tmv,m\5 Cth~l

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F~r~~s [:!Oir' 'U,arios PO:Y,M I~ue, ~q_.\l',iru:!1 na 'heLtll'liSmat :n~ eeme etruseos ISS"hln06 latin@~

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~goSl' OS f:GWtlD08 'Vhr]a~l ,~db 0 poder de fi:ds ill cleO ~._.li,_

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,lkpirfb'l'kxtl~ ik ,509 a.C~ a J7 I~"IC, A.l·m.pof~,ci a di£g~!te, period.(i!' ~iSI!:;~ lUll) $~gur.irnte e[:~e:n·to~ 0 :i:m:~iiol.d~ -eXp~~.g t~rntQln~,

o Se]i:E!;cifj' passa a ~er ,itlI. plmclpaJ ~n1.lStituri~ii'~ d e '[lJQde:r na .t]'u~:ll ·il,':(J!'n'~G'[i1JJ]:a·va.:m-~e a: adJn.i:Jri~tmfiFlo d9 E~.at~o e' :Ei. ~:p'0rtanbal Itarem ~ ·did,gir ·a, polllitiiea eX:pRI~list~ de '(1&JllquiE!~i!il.

A ~ad[J[ aillJQ 0 Senaclo. eh~g1a dij}js 'c~nffiLl1~~ 'q:a'€l' d~s~'mnBnhadQm 'funrTies niilitnl-est... ',ajdliDii:iiistndi~

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c:i'pa.Vanli. 00 goVe1."l'lQ romane; I~' p~nres~ ea .q ues'tONS. I~ t.-e']1S4)1"'8S liB! !]S. adls .

Ravia, ne ~tan:~;:; 11m eargn Q'l1It3: ,e:ra tlImps-, 'M' em eases de tJ.'lllse' :puiifi.i.e~ I~ di-&adore.s.,

AB cFiRes, I~ar:m_ :tafll;m:oo 1~~n1;i!!il'l.S: :lllfi ~J;:~nda d~.

ReptmU,1Jj8~ 0 prin~ci.pw. m£jltiv,p ,ma'V'3 ,[':eiOOG([IaiLo a 'oon clistribw~Jj dss :WITH ·~tie pg.Ei~ ,il ',15M cD'D:~' quistadas 'p,eio$ ext;n~t(t!~, iE'(](rit~.n(lS t ~~culC!, IV' :~;.C.), To1[ss u~ :b~a5 'dLe~-e~l\eBI' da ,~,amM'~ territorl:~] ~rBJ]Jf ll'ep~rti:dE!JS eut:n!' ~,qN'.e'I;es lqLl.el ja' er&TJ] i~;aud.es P.Tti'lti'e'~6ri03' ~gt~:O~l J)5 pa'Ln,cl~ •. frtC¢'Rfnut!l:aLd!ris ,~:i:n '~al siWi1!~M es pIe'~:L]~ ,p.~al"Jnn .B,

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:p~~1id]l~1;[)' pol·i!jc:a. ~OOnOOllCil ,~ seeial,

E[rt~a..all jmEj qmJe :prcnn1l0i~;re'ram uma fJ!~el;1!:te parti.cipa~o des ~I,~be[l1Sl eBtsN'J! a Lei ,(198 XII

mi'I '''-b 'if .~. ii!'"'i.,-,_,-_ 'jl~!! if .~., L~ '. ~ '. . liOJ,iI,·;:'

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a L~~ OlJgUma, e: 8, L~ii; Horb3M1lJ:±1fI ..

Des vmOf! ,~om!Eff:i.'tM an q1..JiE .lffi.i.'t'aJiu[-e~' g;[);= il'eI:"lillram BornEI!., dGliiB El80, mareantes, es;peci'WmeD.:-· t~ rO]["'mlj'~Ju loontllribw"do para Q Hm da.·~lJubl1t~a:

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Rema f~jj .cl.ivid~da em t.~S partes e. cada. 1!J.ma eS[;a'v.311. SJt1bQrdin:ld.a i!IJ.o pmler ,de 11m ,~m:.e'"1'1aJl ,'Jt\]i:o .c~"iJ]"; Pompeu 'e CraJlS&Q). N Q el1,!auJt.o., esile ,arra..rijo 'Mt~ . ~1!Jl ce.dQI dervi do a W@iP'l1tflliS il']2te.¥~,. ,Apos a mhl .. te: de Or:HU3'.'3~. ee~a:[' vence Pompeu e ~ledara. -!iile Dit~clilir l~·er.,pet'll;lQ~ o 'fJ1llH dnra ate a. sua mot't.e,. re@u1tad:Q. de nIDa. C~Uts,pit'a~8;o ~enato<riaL

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-:ttro~ t;rfu; ~[',:Fl!;ijir: Lepidg. Mln'co ,AIJli~:n:in e Ot:1v1.'~"· Des~~. ~ ~ ,Podffir:; eUiiT.! wW a\poio do S:G na dOt ~as~a PEll.J[l"9, ,~. mmoo, d.e O~rio. 'que' e ~l\€i~ado i~~~uw~~ ~~&ra]~'lllp'ft'!!mO ),. ,r;n)w~p€$ '~p~jI,fO Itwd !fld~.Q). e fUJ:guslu8 {,mVill.O)", ES':SE u~t.iuw l:l:Qm.e 'O~a-· "fi,Cil' ~dn~!a. 1~:iQ tO~[laT~a .lJ'riluelJ;fJ illlpt;11'a£1uE" de ;RmaJaf~J' A,~iC)m

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.A' lmp'ci~ e Q :wom,e:n'~o ,dDlDldXhn I] Ida ~ ... , p~.~io bf~I':I".i'tor.ial. rom.an.a. lMui.t~s ~tr'ir:i.Q.~· Idat~,]1:m:O~i!L .Aflo;jlfla. Ie ~4..sia: for-am. anexados ~ l~o:m:at ,_

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1t."Omfri· ]uU'1;o CIa ThmlJti:'~ ~~s]IfJn]~.t~ e"Stava t~mbem aJ. @~ra;aV"iza~OOI dns, .PQ~'Qs l(t~n~t.ru:llD8~ U~lt~ fnJL:MSi'Ji' Rcuma .slem de ba~e81~ sUa ecouQmiEt ll~:~n-'

q:ui~ta_f'U_D,~ri~ Thl~m ;~. prod"Yzir :fUnd~'m[i;n:t~t1I~ !IllO tmbalho· eseravo,

Em. IdeCrlf'tthlda ~ii$.'W" O~~ uma ·.wav,t::: ~i~e social resultadn dQ IErntr~quec[-m~[il"m do'S :pequ.e:nJiM~l ,p]~-u1)1!1tnr-es, que na6 11t.i:lilh);lJJ.m ro~m.'o

i:!ml1·~tir cam O~·l~ttU.tris, otigmE'ldoo daEil -r,agiaes c,Qnq;iliil~ad;aelt nem ~-um 0 bru~ cu_s'1;.Q [].QS, ~Lld:es. ~ij<]!I;ne~Sj qua receb,mm. B~~~~O$ -~o E~tadn. Desta 'fd lUD 3.. ~ ~id.~d,e$ ,p~ijjJ:~T.l ~ :re~ebeiL '~a ilnelliSa l'e'Va populaeional o·]'~~rla do eampe, 0 il'itU~ i!.s i.£lefiete ne e.xe~~i',to m~ -c ,i!"~~~, .f,~ ':t. . . . "".' .g" :j!p.r.DliiW.'O!

:P'J:.'iE!pobder,gJ.nWrn:~ pOl' essas ~go8i' 'pequeIrQ's ~Pf:t}priet~rios,

• M~,oiffi ammmo ,da, rrtmn~m·. -0 :~ e:l"B eil;'coLb.l.tIb pl'~ iIJt!Ill i!!8,:n,~.elht! :d' ,~m'S~tQ.

._ Impeno: ~ ~fi!(((kd'l!l' de ~de leK~;IDRt1 Cl t~~ fM"t8lfijf~ti~' Wi e~~, 'e H1tmifaWD ~~o [Je~ :m;

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OL P " '~C - PE. DEZf2004f) A imparurn.rn diS OtBvio Augu:~'It'O e:ft'il :B:o:ms· ,Wl'~B:. eonee:l'!l:&l'a...se jlri:[[i.et:= palnl~ltt~ no ~1Jl esihlto I\!'~U'!ar.:

aj solll!,eim:1l9J~ a Ici'i'S@ a,g.t1!e:ola. d.eco(rretllm, da fal. tEa; r;w.. pt!~lU!'tlt95 propri~dla~~L

b v~T:lu}el~ as guerras pUnic as, ''tr~:z,enclo ~a!Z ~ra ;f.i, 'aoc1ooad~ rnmana,

-e) :es~~-II!l.rm"' 'urn ~.pe1'::i.o eem ,go"ilf~i!} ~cen1..Tali'~ '~do, Bp~]ad1] em tlmti~es, ]"ePl"lbliMnas~

d) ~pedir :~1.1.1~ ~ :retOO--m1aa In:i4Jod.milidas, 'pek19 .Gr.H~co $twr,~em, :a: I!l;!~~, ,SJjgttlri~ de RO'Dj~,

. e). :[a~ret'ie"l· a. l~xp<anlSjO do, 'crsia..nismo I eeneiDi:atllri>o ~~G~ 'pii:ncipiou5 rom a Jil~:6 at, 1~'UU1'"' JtlJi!L

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.IL A priitlmplll heT.fffi[~. lila. divili:za~ Jf;·QWfllal'lat. 1Ptaf.,~· o. mtmliIDo Wi. ~I ~eU. 'sistema ~ ]eis ..

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Rrnna. ,atj.DlglU a 1idadlB ~ m.,;li:m ~"-m~dmp&· ~radn-l"e£!l. f'(]!["_:CIllalSe d~enms, 81'W.s· 0 ~l!.tl:uIQ m~diteF!r,ineo desfn,d,iOlU, a' ~~ ·11'TJma:n~"! c'O.'mJ ~dHm,. d.{rtIELnci:±t p p1~f3l}?erid.ad€l~

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( 'N'a :R~pl~bY]ua ~~nanil ,1m stiwn pou~s ~\S,i~,aVd~,! e, p.OJ" leMIE: mnH."fO .:~a!lJI ItJCOT"lt."e:ram . i:'I~,~,]t:~oo, '~ro:s:,

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luig,e:fJ] g,Mg·a. eea wt1]i~.;;id~ ·pa.~, a!~~~u'" 10:5 .,ea~-g~nJ~ que "TI;i~1 .l"iald:~.m faJa r eQ'ni\lfjb1!llf;~irbe ~; lingu..:a .gt7(!gi\, Th·ml;'J ellS d~~ois os, rnrnanns ]1~~r,l'nD .~ ap.H·ca-l~ .ab)dm~J a'q~]es' qQe ~o p,~_1MJ:icipav,ElJm .,

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qJle eEitEq,VQ J..ipda a. lUUimJ. via'9 mms urbana, eem urn Iborn tle;seJlLvtihrlmentlu de eom~re~i1 'f!!. (l~_8 Qr.gBDiz_a,~§o !CIa ~:oder am "to:rtb!o de 'l[l:D1; i:::.he,ta~ es ~lal".l:Irdl.rucQg 'ba'6{ea~ra.m aUR _ e.@]1€]fnd_8 .U3. .f(g;L"];cwl1"W',a e p~N1arial loom at j:H'edCHnlO ucla. ~a . m&Jo-de-~~·br.a. fkwn.1Iffir~ "Q,Ill.811tO :3. p,olitl!Ca~, dooeo.uheci~:rJlI a nO~MI d.e tm:JJ, Ee.{'ad.o tl~an-izJ.tdlJ

,p~ir- lew. E ~nst[tuj~Qe8 pootiooE;adnIirish'uti:'vIt!!il;' A estrutura :social 'il1!~t$n~ m1;,lruIt1£tda et:ri tome dO!E clija~ IO'U f1eia,.·.a. lip~.o ~ S8~, 'Hr.alli1n nn tope da hier.mtJJu~ ,~ ~~s~ que: :OOm.t.~am .nrna assemb 1 ern,. .R'IB;hgioS~:al[IIJ~!!n·6~ ·eultu,av am oa. elle·IIu:H:a;~.s da .n:ature:za ·EIi os .~6piJ:"itnH des guen:e'inls.

(i[';ffilF·e O~ varrrio,s' ~PQV(H~ b~i'1];ri_ro~tJ· I!i;[ue' oon_ti1blliiFm.:mr para a [ragin~J;1I;tiil~a(l d.~, ~'Jp:clirio Romru:m 1esil:3til' v.jgMo~ os:ttl':~godl)sj' '''irtdialo~~

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A ~p~nsio des u.anms OOhr·e filJ. antlQ:.S; G~ ldi:vid~-E!l@ em dum mOJ!1JJ'e~j(ms.~ 0 PIl.mmro· eom c preti01:u(niu;d_a m.oasti,a metr.Ov.~~Ja.; e It) segllndlClij I~ mais bn.pllr~r.!I:te;. eom n pE;,~]]i]nio da. rlliiDa:st..iia.

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iC1U"O~lIISllcll. ~·m 80·' 0- .gQ"verool .:,~ vall":J:OSi ~'m

Iq:u-e :se VJ.Sl~b1XfllIO ~iJ)"]~eU::.(J,' relno :feudal ditw~rtQ eom os '~I1ten~ em'8.C~ ikl, 'F'eUd:1lliS'mllt:

I~tr.n')ui,~eo ,de I~rfi!'.?ila, e:n Ii;re es fiob~'\eBt em mllSUft de. :aJiH~t:a .P'-GU'l~.i~ ·e m ~ l i:~ ,rej~a.~&P de fi[leliidr~de le:iI:'iI'l!I'e .~enjl{]I~'.es fe·udai,: {Stl1Ser',i!ii;I1CS-) tE! SellS· fe1;.li.dtal~.:d!~· (v.t~SS+3],Qsj~. ~:!..iU:l~_~ dn 'tr..d:.dh.~ smri:~;; tl:niin ('.'i·n;1n "E~ta,;fio e, 19;reja- incUrirl~i.v'e Cillm, ,ii . ,~~am~() de' C3t'10$ Margn·o ~m~. ,lmlJen:l.d:f)r d(iS R-ont~nQS,. com urn :rO'r~ c~.'.trii;b;:1' ()ri~Ul>.Qi

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A ,iliviaiEw dlQ, In:Jlp~o Rom~ ~m dE:Hij~, p:u'be~, uma ,ocid(J]1bd com- a C"~;pi,tal ~!n Roma, e a o~~b:':tt Ori~lLt:'l1 't;~['ldo l(lame t~rpital IC'O;iIf_S,'bmD~ino~pb 1~27,2,.,937l tnome dado ,enb 'll:t~,en,~geru SJ.1]' ~n1pilf~'~.dm' C.eftll~trujj'~i;']lo) ooli, uma -ml0did2l_jj t[U(! Pl~iO'i!.lU,>O!;], p':r[a:'S;e.~h'a.]r.' .9 :p"a]!"~~ ltlaj,e rJCiai Wjl a:Ei,ta,~rO '~'omEllmo a 'qu.e 31Jll1da :DJ.i3i!1 havl·ffiIl ~enUdiJ' ii, F['I(NS'S-~' aJas, ItiigTiilj~~~ b;l]~}1\aJra~.

o ]m;Il'~l'j:,~ BiY~D:llii:nH)' [Dnnle, df~r:rente mla fllfitlaJ~a{jI' ga:"f\g';a. da 'I1iJn'liia, ~Jclade de: H'idntin depcis ,c'tl:a~m.ad:a. de Ctif:iistat.i:Hn~p,:I.a" e hoj'e cofibecida, ,~OUiJJJ ,wtanil:ruIL" 'T.I!.a_ 'JIrm\q'U.iat)~. 9o'b~vi~,.e'ia, 11:l"1"''O:x~~di::ILmel::1iOO' l~OO B,l1O:S, a~s, ,ii, 'qil,tecla da sua -Jir:m"§ [f.ciden'l:.~]_ &JrJfia~.)3 que sua. eaflfio:rtlia ,I.'iiao ,~oi nfetSi~::' l'a~to p~l!BJ. cn~e' no ~s~a.vi~smo" q;t13:1ltlO ,~ela:g_ U~~~ eeTr:rm~~r v"]sto 'qne' ,f2$'ta.. havla 'e.stabelee;l;cl:o 'Lmr:lJIIi ,a:mlP.],~ .red.e d~ t.'m:~llf~j; ~Lo que ~1Itstent8v,a a e.eOfin'rma in'l~~

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Dcid~ntaJ e ~:de:m.at ,!:lIlce.n.tlJ1ara.n1.~~e ~tD ~cha1.8 qum:lt~' mB. tra.m~e.El ~ ID.F.f:Dlfl ~ie ,Ol'gaoi2:3!;BO' do '~'U.i.ltQ de caLu !L:I1.Dl8.. d.~ ngreJa..s.

o pri II cl:p'a] im.'(H:!rard(l!;r bb.antina: . f6i .

T·· I~'-'=' . I J'l::;QI"i" '-c."",; ,.,iI 'C \ '. . '." otFriI,~, 'f' "., . iY UiS'l-JIJLlJl8.'O.o rt;_,ii.l!\.i::i if _,'D.utP._ Ud. ..b ~[!Jle COTIRI!!o"""""U Ii] • 'eI,,~i'j

de :recGnq-uism:f.' grm1Jde -pwte; d~, lm.peiio oci,cll.e:nit...a].~

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!I[J.CJ.U5aVEi ana aDiiJJ:g;E!i 'iJat]ll'lLotlJIl .lI!.~ma. ..LiUi.M; V]la~ ,![Ii ~u

,gI'Bljd'Ei 1qad'o ,est~ no ,canl~ d_o dmEi'i.tOi) '~oJlll jI.' ooD.tp:ila,~o ,(!! a.mali2Ja~iil dID aThtiig'D IWlU1tn: 1ii1~ r'Qma:nn (] ClDrpl~JS: JiJ,ns' C'ir.)'iU:S' (Co.rpo do.-Uirejlco

Ci~l" 01ll IC~gQ J:us~m;anl1'. que ~!;a" PUI" nbjeti.v"'Ol u~gani-?:..a:r. a :~d;min:i~;;m~ag do, Es:t~do IE :~f~~<i!fr u pod~t rl~ ':imti~etadOl~j

iii. ~ . .iI :'It. ,;Io'~._". rm- . ..i:.., •

,(,1.p0a Ii) gc:)"'vemo ll[~ d! ~tilliulMILO~ g , . ;. p~'"l:O

,~i.z a nt:iJllIl e afrrn :J]t qiI ,g-ranrJIes peLl'ijika'Jo!S d,e. del~ad{l;l1d,a b)'t.~n;'Ca.l8cll!ofI 'pOT tnnm.er](toB die

l~ilipe'l~~ Fb'm1~nrCe~ no ane d~ 1453 •. a leidade de C~ui,~,t:.t1J:!!lU.1LIi.opla ,e, 'tom,aa.~. p,e:los: b:;l)I~~~ .... O~pm;;tf.ll.lo.$., qllJ~ J~ havi am. ('.():n.qtmls:~~~ es ]It:ilc';s e :tIL .Asi~~ ,lV]e.11{l,:r~ P(j:,[!3J ml:nioos, hist~i:"lado(re~: l~t~ e (i ,mm.1::o H:nilLl ICIa, ]illad.e ,MEd~lIl e i:rn1cio da.~, Jdade ,MQ~.al.

kabe.:§l!' e 0 .l.~,"a:nd'Smo

A cjrvnb~Qf~ijl arabe' d'8senr,Voolveu-se [il',~, :8~1i..1hJJ. Araltit8:. ~giiW ,o:udce iBi J:mLbitav~ 'mUlto, ,SJJltes do luid,o dB Er~, Crista~ No ~ClJ,tlo"Vl Il:tO.,. [e'Sb~'~1 d .. Ivi didDS em doo15: ,grup09 ,Wstiildns:: 01 des S'edent3n~H; que fi!:e. clledi.ea"l.:ra.1lI11.. 'a,' agti~ttlT:a; I~ ~lQI O.o:m6t'C,lul" e 10 -e,.n)-S h~d~., l:liJm~!!lcl~Bi q~ "'''';'vj,rn.'IF.IiJ! ., ,.,. ':l,"" s."...4. ..... , ':i"l1ria ;(;. ] .... f"tI 'II1.J..,;, ." 11:'" .".;I; ;(NTiio.,;"l i[ ~ . A fl111"'"

'IJ'~ _ ~~_ !!!,~V "~~.~'t.W ,V,"l"l'!.P -~~~m~ ~'Ljlj !laP .r"~'!t'-~~~=-I"II ~ .-1.J- ~

,[h:~ruIDw ,~~, 19,ngm; pmotius: ae ~~~a ~qt~v:am - ms.

'p!lJ:]1u]ilIl~O~$ $0[1'~:lr~Yrias., _

IO~"'''' ,.;t~;'", !iTii"'i,~ ~nl(;:r-.:i!ir"iili ...!.~ ~il-i:d' I..,..". "'"11. ~ri:-."1"'" ft'"'i~,

.. ~ Il.J..UI£Il Elf' ~r""-!-~ ~~"'·W.aWl W·~-,U,JLlL.··_ ~EI 'i.4!. ,U-.g~B '~fJ.ol:..~.

'pI!);9S~Blln .eR.da IJJ111ill urn. ¢h~ (slieibJ. N~· hiiVla. liEltl'Lm' ,00 ru:m.es L;mlil :~. po1l~~ en l'i~ligjjooa .. Mww pelo contrru:i,o. este!3l adoravam ' vhias

..J~ •. _L~ .Ji~ .!':.;il .. .,jl. ~ ., _ .. :~' .......... ~_ ~.'. 'D.._~

,[JJJ'!i'l:q~~~) ,I!W;J'J!.QS~: :m~ Plll!.gpl:llYU!!llRl$ a :w,~~

N~~ tOOo~ estes d~d.Os n.gl·'t~mplo da CBnlm~ ~;~ada !Oa. cidacl~,d,e Mee.a, allW' ([e ~rln~!tJj !~. l('ertllOO, ~ &. :Pe~tllb. Manic:9J_

N~' aerula va 'run ,h£l(Htem cl:U1l1tl~iIl l'daoDl,le'j. ~OObm,i a mis(£M- d'~ ,~ttr a ~nn'll,a~ ~'.AM ~~. 'Mll:ilico Dens ,e !L':l'it~di[]~' (te '~lm(} £1, qrtiiJ.1tl e~.ste~ d3ndo

origem 9.fjl hii. "1bdavia,;" 8'~a, PI\~~' IDond\tmSt.H \Oio wi -aooiw ~ n~' omILarciOO'~, qUG du:mliD~,vm:n ,~ '~{i.JJ'.~ Meca '~o' que rogIT ·d~sta._pm:,~ a ,cldl~d~ d:e·.I1;Jib~; ~e .'mill' ~ Mnh.ecirno COlino 11.e,giral e ~elil

....... 1I'ij I!P'P""'" "'1 ........ ,.,."t9.0l'I?W'1 ~.~,~ ."....'I~.;IA..,.;"" ;._:a:,:;.~ ~~. I'-"'L .. ~~WLIJJJ. ,~. )!..A..ll,~ '·_;~~II..1., lUll ~_ IULJ;tll:lI .. l...Y lJS.1G1J[[";EU;;IL.I!.

Em 6@O. :M~m1'lJ~ .. can8Q,gu;u.~ 'm'mma]; :2ll1~f.1.

I~."KHB '~llltl'itos adepw.s ·(].IIJe dle:Siltrn@iDl os tdc]os Iq1lJ~' !~t~.vJ:ilJmI na C'~noo!. pw.~~od,~ 'unic~m0:nto a P~d.ta: N'~gTa. MGc~, I~J~¥~"S~ it c'mdiQiO! 00 'C~JillwJ. d;QS' mU!~lmlau~! qiJ)~ :Vru5Sfrm a t~]!r. '-lml~ . ~nidilii~ :~]_it;ictl e reliigitJ8a,

'0 k"1[p'm.Q' klinuC(J, m'aS(!~ mtJJi.M .ap6s ~. mllOr~ die: ,~~11L. p,m&l~ M~.om~~ es.]!.l~'.dh~JlclQ·~ prirnei1!'8ul:e:nte pelop 'lte:n'tdr.ilM 'l7iz:i:l'rI:h.o~',,, are IcllSig;ar ae ·:nmf.t~, Ida Alr.lca e a. Peninsula ~rl.f!BJ SW;d,O'io rLO ~Jl~[rw\, b~,ll'TjJi~ 'peh~8" fi..n'nC9!.i '11 ~ famn~ batalha (ili~, p.tlli.l,.ia~~. ,~~._. 73~.

10 islamisme [Uj, 'rort9m~tfrlt@ ']n'tiloo'~;)cia!dfJ pelo

• ~,. j . ~ 2.i .JI - ,,,:]

IJ;:TIr':]l ~ II;,]A31"II~1 ~nl Q I~ J ll.u a:I."~r.n,o j, iIJI:e-CIO:r~r:"'~'!Il t,~ IUI.(~.

intett~t(h ~cmlO:m.tii.ro ie' .eultntal nra. ':D',e~i'J. Manrnfl ~ ,~ 0 ~pl'im~;pal '~f~·b. .0'0 i8hlInig~~;, ~"['!i1G I~ ~omo ,fuw;rw ,d,i!' rri 0 Co.liiio~ QU Jdcil},:tio~ ],i-V;OO· ~~d;f,) des m.~u1m,~~. Cllm.~ 'mt\i'~ dn JDt.io:F~~ lOS mn~m.n\8IIl:QS . di'l).r]&Hm-~e em, \1'llrkllS· ID,"tI~055 diveJ'gentss, Roje os ma.;i~ IOOnh~@S aio 0.8 rAlDibt..1J,. que daiendem.ltl ]dBi~ ds ~ivre es~o.JlIia, d.~· S~Ei Ud..eres, e 'tambem nos ~inmJl1el1:tO:5 !ita, Sl!mi.a" Li'V']il') qlJi~ t.'o nt~ 'OS di:b.q:s, ~ ;~'I.rls d~ Maom~: O~ xitii,hts:, "[JJl.ii,2 ,a~dUan:il qil].0 [] llgd.€1" 'pl1Jilf:tf~LlJ e, leaml1!mjc(!! d~1fe1.ia, ~OOI~:tl'~ftse· .'n?ii·~ :m;iM de !~etlre~rl:e:nrtM ,do p.r>OiEe,m. ·OOar.ome ..

to

•

01.. -l1:ArnmNZIE m,NHb 2l1(Mr C16vts- (4Jl~ - 5U ~ dle,S.bilI,'l!']U:",Se'j, n;in Sg, p'a~ seus ~il~9 J:iE!Lii]..i;IJ~~-,. mas ~;mb~'m P. t:tr tar ~id~ cr ,pjl'1 meire !t'h,~t6' Uitb'buo 1Ft 'B~d.!lta ~~' 0 if7al:tilbcrusmal; fa~~D,do~'5e, ~b~t~~::tr, . j,U1'1'~'fiit1er:t1t_e eem '~S m,i] gnerteiknl$tr am ,4r96:, E,s:t;-e fa t,g :m,d.lttl@u mui,ig, i(l :f~rtal~rottnto de ~--eu. pf}cl,e,1" .. ,Ate a se~u1if} V; 0 pow 'f1:~nco 0Sh1,'!(a. divididc1l: em ·tt'[bn~ q~i!JG Jm'"~. !llmfi.~'a.~ P Q.lJ: Clnvis, dando .knfci{li, :lI,

.d' ~ ot!' 'b r..l'

trma U].n~u;£Ji, q:l!UB :reoeL~ei[jJ. ,(]I nome 1lI.e:'

'-B '~~_..l~ a ~·IL1;f~IilJLW:B!i..

lb) M~'vL~~ia ...

c) V~tl!e~

d) C~]jttp8., S 'C ... .,.+,1 -,'~ .

I[!) .1,,,,tlp~,...;]"ngu iii.

O~, tPUQ' - .Pil, IlEW_J)Q~), N~ ~·ecn].Q Vl~ ~ :rr.~iio Hiz.a.r.ii.i1m~ 'ibi glovem~d,~ pelo se:~, maiSJ_cel.em"e: ]m.:p'~Jl:~dc_D\[~j' .. luSfinrlZlfI1,Q.. (Jim ~G,glJllu" illnl}X~r' 'V.trl.M ~giGes .M' Strut. t;em~&i.o p:fa~i~1h.1 0. 'ce"SaI'ITp ~ pi smn, ts:t:Q' e". 't~a:zia '~Ol~,~lrtnl'il:tEN5r -:m,'lierl!tem~-ije:s, !E1IQS, ~s~untos. J~IBUgiQ,2l~ e '[[[a;.uclau. edifilB8l" :til suntuesa mgI:aj~ de. S~Jat8l. Baua. h1.'3li 'cultura i~di,c~.. o:rg..an..ioou. Q CQ~" J·nris. ni'~~. no .: fj,ui5l~ ~Q;d.e~s del &1! a car:

II ""':J 11:-'

~',. Urn oodigo,~ ~~ mn'tmilil md~1 Q, ·I~·~]~~fii~ l~, ·ftem~ .d,esd.e. oj]l nnpe1".iflJdqr Adri-,

ano,

Il, '0 D,~~to ou 1?~ildect~, 'q.~ mCl~ui~ ~m g1.i]ID,m!jh:~ . dla jurl.g~mdenciHt 4UW}a:nS.

m~ A Bel)[!Jro.eMa~oj que L'e'lfe 5:U~ origen~ no antigO' Pa~(nlwtij ~~m8JtlQ~

IV. _~ liru,titlIta5! que ~~tW.Bllllf, IUJll. :te8t1-, tt)~O' Ip_ar.a. iser' ':u:WJzooo ,~elos ~~blldh)go~: de, )~mt~J.

V ~ As ·N.ilJV"elM en Ant&:lJ.clC&8· que l"e[mifSfl]], !B(El ,[)r@"ii.'3_$· :I;e·:i'! (lo Im.pe;r,ad'O(f"

V1. O' DQmhn,]!B N O$ooJ; h]sp:ira~'o nas MotILat'-· "qt'lia~' Despatic.aEl :i:l: Th{li~r,'tica)HI' ,do Ori~nte,

·W. ~ Leis Lieifil,:a, e Og:ulrni$~, ,qtl~·. !1:';i.:3:talli,~ de Q:s:~r!:m~il3 m@!rBlIiItes aQI lAiIil~iwi' C.ilivi1 e! M' ,Di1,e;i't~, Penal ..

aJ It n; IV" te' "'V.

b)' I, Il, III ~ V.II.,

,-,), rr m' TI'J"

II:: "L.lIl..;j,. ~ .1. 'V •

d) r ~ IV" V1 ~ W. ·e) I'll rv, 'V ,el V1"

IO:l {P'UC~ PR D"EZt2004 . O:t A J:Hs:tnria, aiOI bn:pm~ B:~~o 8br;~eu UJ.D:l pe·ri.o~o leg.mw]:elll~ ,m. g,~. rdad~ ~f]ma! n_.pe~('lr· dla: 1,uJ3ttdJilidndD . '~o~alj .de_(~:an~e.nt~~. <@:11.tl,~· (iiU't["'t~ l:'a1! .. n:'M;

a:' des 'i]'\~t]l1!Git"Cws. c~lJm~ il'[i'~ o:~ ~rlgmado~ [XH: ,e~l:l.m)¥~r.n3s pfil bc~ If! ·J1ili.~m~as;,

b,~ d~: e:xcs88iva ~oonb:-amit:!J"aOi poli.1U:Ca Iql:le' 'em:&aq.~~ia Q$ -imper,a:.dnr,e:s,-

'e) ilia '[IDm~~o ,geo,iJr'm,cr8J .. d:e sna c:upit~~ C'(Mi)&' 'L:an'tinfi'i'lla-'vu1~w oI':ve]am~. b~:!l"biiilf\O$ .' u~ ,,-().U1I

,VlI?'._'" _. . a. __ .. ... a. q 10_"

&ciUd~d.e Q. invadiaHI, ,rreq_nent-elO:EliDte,

d.l IciL'l con!i'lt~,n:te' :illtu}mis::;;a,n ,1i'i:£!Er [mrplli';f'a:·itlmS

de' R>o:m~: em, l.5Jua polltic;a. .

B~ dd ;(wt_~ de' l!ID1 ,f)rd'c'[lJam"frrto Ju:ridlj1oo ]A!~:fa ,bon:t{lol!f3 daJ. ~,d.a social,

t I

IiI'rii,A' (_I: 1l1i'!'!I' _D' D~if!!lllllfi'fi!!!j," D, ~ - ~ _om 'II Iii = .. - _I "~

~ .. , , 'IF U~IFn.'~;~"u,6,,1 11,,.0 ,ll!IlI;~lo.; 10, IJISJeil, ICr,eSD.e ... , iii,

cus,I,iI do ~m\pe1rii\O 'Bizaniina ,e do hnperi:Oi IPler,s:iiIi .=- cenfl:e, ainda '.[1'0' Isl'il """, as, ,dlliiiiS, ,maiiDteS,' f*f9i1s do O(rieide Media d.lll'iiil:1I1lte 10 p~ri'Qdo die ~PiUll

,~ .... di ....... 1;.,.III .... m- ';:""'01' .... NJ 10-' .... ~_ ... ,IiI' 'po -'O"':;"-L '""' '1"liIiIlne·'n·~-

.;aJ!iI:iII,... . - ._l _ ~lIJ-liiiii.L 1!1!-3 l _ ~u..J t.. ~,r-~~iIII~~!i ~_ .• ''''~I.LI_I 'iii! - r'" I ...

MU9u1ma1_ es,t:endeuFSe da E;spaliha, ate ~ ~n

,d .. ··, . , .. -, 'd'" .,,", ."",. -., 'I'd' .- .. " , " .~,'

-la,1 :5upe~n,. a _esma D pD 1iI:O ,e leXP4lnsa:a,

m~imal dim! Illmperioi Romano. (SteWillIl"il} les m.adl = ,AniigD sl,a, ,Jose Dilyrdipia, RiD' "~k~~ neimll.Bllbilim,tJ:!.callJlfe, '19;r'!,.,~ Ca_lba5e no l~~o 'e Iliis:S! '~anhecimel1l1&J,!S de: His;biria, iils:siinBle a op,

- ~ .. J'

~aQ IICl00r,reiLd:,

.,~ A, [iionquisbill da,Siriale! P,ales,tb"lla iDC.'" r,:ell ,~itrldil:l: .:5.- Db Of IB~.:I'IIIJ de M.' ,il&II1e,1 ~iJ:C~.dIJ' nO. ;3no 6:3:2;, ,d'a, ,Era 'Crism~

II,~, as atabes, a;pis ,ai, luta, Idel ICDIiIi"U !!iiJta"

. . , d 'I I'd

er,a •. genera&Gs PiUSI IICiJO;RI! os" om nfli ' os,,

i~fviveIUih~t lern, IPu 'coml 1~5, 'venc'ido~ tluer fosse.1 c:r:islios, j,ud'eu!5, alii!.~ IOU,

~r~ r~el~l:io.e.s,~ mi~,af,coll~~,.~~nda,o Ir,a,~mo.

Il~.· -Sob la, dina5,ila! '!dos: IOm,~adas O£OI!"l'eU iii:

. -,. . " . - ,-, I'

conqui$ltai fda Pr'enil'l'liSUlla ~be"dca!ll que, 'paUl .. 'Iicarmente .mI!'IIUIIV'a: a 1!n1penCil' Visigoiico,

- em' - - - 451"; ."

. .. .... . H J I . • .

eKi,O ",I as, '.' JU'liiiS.,

1,\& EiJ!Iq,u<aD:ti:" ,D!ii; Cami!fa~, Pedei,to~ GQ . _Jel~fjj,.. mas, tiVeram, ~a;pilal, 'eJn Meea" S~D)b ,;I. Cnmasilia do!i Omiiiild'as, eo Aba$s'ildiliS; ~!i, ~alPjj·

.,', tae: ~r~, ,D_~.~~asca, " Bag~~~" '. .1,"". ~

\Ii, 0 ponto de 11'II~I_allexpans;a;o do ,I m~enoi Romaii!i'i,OI, ,all1dido DO ted'a, DCDnrelli:·. 'ob D gOV'eFiIitD d~ ,AUjg;llJIstO\iJ

Es,tiio cOflr:etas:'

all l,.llr~" IV e V

lb.) nil, ~t, e IV

c) il(lJ:eiiilill 'I' e' 'I ~ II

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1:2

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. '.. .·~~,1'_'&1 . _.," '. I' _', '. ',_ -.,"',. . . .. ·~,lD .Ie] ~!l.).&.I! ' -"

CO:Ditexto~ d~n~''Ja"llSe feuilai.]iqrA].'t:J '~da. a ~~mru'a ~(fie~., ,1?~lf~illc,a.1 seeial e ,!ffiIj]:~Ul·,~. q-tll'Eii ,I1UliMJ)U a O'Eg&1r~z;acf' ,aJ, Ellbr.0PiEl "Odd,rc:n;tal ,3, parti:r.·da trise' do :al":litigo ':Ristema e~~1L",~¥ista, :~omalil(tl, pt) :sel;;:u]u m d~C_,. A, b~~ d~, feud,ait~~m!,J' ~iSl'ta, :laJ31 ii;Mi&. de q.u,e -a, 'vi'~j at~ ~il!ti!01 di,ridh1!3J e:ntf-e D mundo ~ibanQ' e :ruFwlm 'PM:t500 ,~ ~e~ re,gidu p(a~ uma 11'1I'~~~aJ:EiI'!Ha:;rn.'iIo.,. ,!iI,~ . .,..;i!~ "~;';~.'I1ltad,(:~ i;Ji'D ,~,'7":..lI-:l '·,·I...l..""r.:'".i'iI ll'r[U:~

~w.t~~ _ ~ ~ !,II~~ ~Er~' !!f1YL--~..I!f.!I .!:i ~~ 1,;",11 ~ " • ~ ~I' !bJj _ ~~~~!!d ~~~~.!~J! ~_

~8ol'oo ,;~ ~gii5~ q~ .[aziart1 ~~rt{jl" ~! m~\Q r hl]jj.eri-o ~n~) d~ O~id~f1!,t~ t'a'u:;ilad"" ,~ :nart~ '~, 10 b;,H.Tl))f" q'Ut~ '~, di"V~pls m¥~ocSi hirb~1f'rn8; :p:D;~OV1;Je(1u;',am.

A.sslm,,, t,od,:!!IJci~ as, athrid,adrEH; e st,atriam ~~ineuladlas a um ,[]lu.,m& Nm;-al vivijic~do nos ,!1m:tigQS ]abl.oo.dln~ : O~1fIlI~S chamadas . 8J~r,;a, d.12i' f6gdOSl~ Dentre dos f~IJ.:d.~ I~I-a l}l·oduz:l'I1iG t~o 0 que em neo~~~rio pm"'a a' 8!Qbit'!~vi'Vi:tltcla" de seus mmadln1.~" esws diridioos mrtre "pI'loprietari,os ,~ tr.abRU:la~'I',e'5'.'

:N' ':.., -- db'· '·,'--l"j_,gtacn{p' esrav,·--- os - - 0 g.nIP--~ - - i$1 Pl'Q[[K- - .. - - - -- -- ~ - -- -- ;,m]

D..oDre..s e (ll! ol.ero., Jiormavam 8 troJb:r.eu £eudiM es antig:QS p:a trteius ramanes ]lI--:~prietaria:u~; de ,gr~s' latmind10~ q,UC3' at;n:av'~, ,tle. aliancas po[iticiEffi e' Wl:i,t~ref!' 'GollseguiLram ;~Ss;e~T' a p. of; ~ e das p:r,,~p,rie:d[ade 5 e' (N; g''U!erreiro's !l"iert;~~1.1iiPlfil H nobFeza etas, diVe:l:"!liGS, 'f')l'i:!i"l'OS

lit' - :-.. F

b21.rb$lf'oa, ~,~ti~;a, 3} qur.e de5memb([:a'l:'~ M 'L~~,

at:€. ent6ilo nlmru.'!L8S, e fOOllfLlr.'a:ri:l rlfi'V09 Ml])OsL

Ja 0 ,rwo 'm'a 'fo:r:rlTaoo, pm,;' 'mGn1hJ:lQ\3' (]R Igreja ,CEl't61LLc~, (p,mh~~, UllOllge'~ ,~~,dBS., b].8Po~~, p~p_a) 'lu_e '[bJi a ~ni~ Ingt:Etui~;o ,a, .soh're~iiv~.r 'e'g g'~1illiHrll~ , ~,SJi;s" ,iU.IVa CUlm "a queda dO' lmperi:o RMUm10 do O~d~me,.

O,t!i tmb~.U:mdomE! d'~ncf]n.b]E[dD!j ,s!z"os~ ~~lv,m']] tode 10 '~b9.1bo de:r.Ttr~ iM1j f,'eudns: 1 vbriam ,e tir~":·R'm seu 'E\'l1i.1Ei1lie;~t~ t~;~g ten'·~ cinribeeiu.. 'Cfiit~.'Q _m3~lI) ~~i1 d.e()tt,p~a.u' ;it pt.~d:u:cio. ~' ~,uLbsi.ijt_~fu,da QO($ ~~V~~" P,ar-a UlE,ufnrl.~ d~,~ :Ur.-e.dThg~tJ ~::!un o.ln:1g~1~~ ;:t, P.~iFIT' pesadmji, ~oStn3 ROO, sellhDn$ f~gllabJ' {lom.,o ,8 e~it~eia, r~aba.U~u gi.",aJ,'llil1ibJ 1:t~g, lI:er,["3iSl d6 8,eahOIF;. ,[)S _.JaDSOS ,smhmim.s;Jr ,~, 'ooBta ~]1arl~l1i ,(it]." pTI:'1Qii;;~n~'i~ do m:ru:;I.:=lO ~ni'l 8r,~ cW.d~ ~.o~, .smhQl'~)., 'rfi!JR"io de Ped:nl ~ ~stol pago com, pmd.1lfao ,~iool ~ i1.. ',~eja.Ji~ 'balilaU:i,d;;t\iI~ 1TIi!'~g~mG_uto ~p~'to! '~ dill mowho! 'romo~ It,i~]~ro e dle ~qtii:p:a_rmentt{ls d'G lre~l.d(ll)i, Em 'fGtilurmojp ~s 5D.Jt!il'O~ "~5tarvam p'~~~r;, a "um~ 8~rj~ d'ii!' ,~.ibrl:ga,~i;}es" a~ 800", lB~[~ho(l'~ ~'m b;ne~, d~, :5~gu:r~~a' (JftlU',0m~ f,KD([' ~S~O

QSl ~u.d~, et"am mwidid~9 em, t!I~Bs :t1.'€1l.S:'

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'm,iUlSlO 'S~JI]IU.o:n,a~ 1)1:1: UUIIllliilnJl~'t manso., filCill""li"llll. 'G (II'

~ lC~mltll13il! ,aBita rljj([111;E{d~, por hQSq1U£'S~,

p.8:~gen~' a a~a~., DeUtJL1j1 ~e uma eoonomi~ f:eurl:~ as terras ~,i9illl-.se n principal -r~to!r d,e ,[i'q,ue2iB!J, !;!!' po.d.eI"; Assim" as pwtes des feuitos eram :~~ns:t.uiaa cle modn ,~, garr.,ant]];" ,~ SlLlE!: n1_8JlutBrL~io Ic.onu~" 0 castelo ,que p'O'.MJulia uma llnW1dade, ttlliita:r Ie' eStaV,~ ~t'r:.Elt.e,gi,canl:Bl:lb~ [~ic~onE.ilJdcr n.a parte '~noo~, alta daa .terras e ;(]Olr v~~. '~D~un,~a,dos 'pt3r ,futi;so~~" ,gat':ml.tifidQ ~ ,9 aeglil'l'3i:ti:cs d~' :~eu;s ~anJtea.,

A ,qu~t~~, -1J&lm~ciLa a ~pf:~n~ era 'fum~mllJW .numa ,~eoode' q[nJl~ dif:~~u~Hm"O,W, Id:j] .siswma t;'l1UJ.itMst~ ,gar,001tia,~ pcl&S'ef e ~q1lis:[~R(D d,li! ~I~~' abt:El:vetR dR "hST'81ly~, (pri~mo,gemttu~i±!1,

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m!8J~ .. ~ {n:f\1Bi, ilSPU:;as elTl" na, Ji ou, ,!al:U 90

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C~:;n_'ti',i3ito ea,tabeJeci,(to 'm'l.t.r~, dfiis, ~"nhONS I~O qual 'l.n:mi ,~ Q,' V8Bi5;iEII1-o~ ,que atra,Yes de ,1J1IllaL'

O£JII:~bDo':ni~ (bi,lijlilH;;tnli,gem)i re.t~~ji.\ do 5l!iuSeJ"3,r.t~ il.m re~df) pliJ.'a !.1Suin;ti, ... ]o '~plie:n~men:~e, Em b6~~;

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SOOS, (!txeilt!titos aos !!lllil8-~t"'~~nDS a~ mementos de

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fendl3J.1 ,~rJiB1, a deSCie.rJltt,''8Jizacio do ll"Node'l·., CMa feud.o

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,~ftss.wa sua pF.5:pI.'ia, o:rgani:za~i'o e' 1.e.[~ b, qtEI~t[f15'

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ipl'~I';a~ij@$ '~1 e ~~od~,~~ a didt=~~ ,aw ~~u. 'it'iriI~QI ItJ,lit~' ,all:niga'v,~ o~, m\<~~(S9~ feoo~~ fo~dQs; 'pn~' Se~[S ~a~s;:;iJJ,los~ qu~~ i;am'b~' ,POd~ ~rm ~"WSQJra:n08 de, oub,('}..'$ ~m~iJ)t((:S' ,fEiud_;i.:_iEi.,

,it 1l!T:€j~ lara~li,Ca

Ihllc:tIJ :b::wti.;llil.,~~ Ugarua ao "~s'~a.{J:,o !~ g~lb~vt~ef' M: m,l1tt3fi~e, ~~-;~~:~,~Lill~' da .. ~,~~ Ita. ~flciedMe e.&erj:v.M;,iili :~ata a B~e;rinade' f1;l'1Il.dai" a, I.~ ~L Ca.'b6fi~ ~~, ,;a:.:~, ma..is. fw~e.aJ, ,rut. Ida.:d_e Media. '[~~ t~O~XITe't;I, ,p~rque ~'m, () :B'm, d~'iS ~,rHfl:i'h~ u:i, {;:,6e,~ do 00 s' t ~ a:o e' ~.'m ~~, f~:n ~,[):e s ,~iIll_ld;J:,a,'ti'y.,~ ~.!; IgJl~©j~" P'fl::ss~~tlJ, ;a, de~mpe:fWba[' os' tJ>I'j,~js ,tl~1 rrU~js;ml,]\" Prws;n:~ 'e1TI' 'to~(li-S Q~'nfveis' d,~. $ocied~dle' meC;j ~dl !el~~m fj~ p~irll~lS' 'CIUe' P.~l-3$W~~ ,E;!j, ethj,t;rn:"~, on:~t 0. t::oongmia~ ',~ a~~~dlirl' t~J.lJ ~"Ospnido ra~'~@osci~"a d.iy:isi!iO ~ 'ITrn;Illi!:ten~~.!J d~ llII"n'r;!;

iiooi'edad~ h]~f,a:tq:rni~d~: '

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,ij ,~"qu:e oonlba~ill ~oob:t"'®s~',~ '. eBl fl.~ tr,aih~ll~ (~s) ...

Ou:trQ rflt'm~ q,ue' contriibu:h,l pnr.,~. Q fOrt.a.~lE!cimce..l1"tO do '~"od.e.f 4a l~~r~j'~, dUTBIiLte a ld~ ~,~, fmi .: ruem dff'~nde pll~~tig;iD seeial, iT] ~u

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et:liI':il'!rpl,ec'fM!atl':fli. , .' -B;~,~~k:9; a.eD.iIe.~~ tJle[!1~it~~~ lP'O : .'w:ea~

bQ_n1.1dici:~~lldo 19~dJc~~'O'SQiS S~'ilbOr'(!5 :wL-u;l~i~~ !l a ~klllStitU4i'Q dQ CE!!Ub~to ~n::tre' Pfl!dre~ giBJ!h'm)ij,a a .Jgreja ,que ~IiOO08 ,os 'bene;rrtio ... s :d:e he['aLfi{!a ~or.t:rL a '~IJ!tort.e· d~ tlLm, '~M'rigQl 'Vi~k~ ,q1!lE' e']e, nafl terl:a hetdj~ros, (le;giti']'iIi'I~sJ pa..l'a retl!mf] ~1Ilr, ~ ~ i:~sp6H(.~

o Cl."escm'lie' :~\PeW'i' dr~ !~j:~. ,M~; 'ben~; 'wa,t~ii ~s ~GV~ a 'lllm~, WvJi:siin I[U]~, IUS c]~rir.{iis.~

• Cb;1"~' l'I'E!guial"i V:Evi6IJ: eonfm1ne ,00 prega-, ~6eS! d0. c.ci:stiarnig-mo p:tim..iti.'N). e asslm, a 'ft!8~/JU. ~li~ '.s~i~ O£ 'vuiL~ qritle- ,~ nillgii~.e~ f~~:~ ..

iii, (:.:\I~m s~g]a_]j-: Vii'viB.mI' 1fJ1O ~Qld~.liJ1tJ 'lHl ~ea, lte:mtm. 110 uf.i:iLhl1diiJ~ ~l1.do dH arll11i-· mBt~~.~o e ~lp.]oll!a~~ ~e, dqne2i~ft.

0···· 11''''\'Io'i!hi] .;:II ...... .,.,..,...,IFi'I!!I ..... I" '"',.::I' .... li'bb'II:~ "IitfrPf"'" ,...,""_...~-:~~ .... . ". . .ltn~~. D..ciBJ[~.lltLl.lIi:-'.~~W.!lf9.LIlu .1~l.IItt ~....: ~lo. ... 1J.~~lJ.IJ~:ll.,

~ muioo cl.aru '~ eulrura '~ledili,~val:, lei]:nl.C3.'~iQl HOOr.1'LlltM, . ,3':rQll]:lbet1ilrfl~ escu.] fum:"a~ ",Pint.'1itrn'ij lL%.ntt.:e ~'U tros ,', ~'~TlHm ips,! fh r am :nll·g'ilIJ1ifli,i~ il.du~ p~ i. ~ pensamante eristao (~8f:IDlli!m q.'1110 vi;g~v~ ,g'8l",Blimtira,'b:aves de~tag jt]]l!Jani;fP.~t~~s :a, rnanl1'lenra.o d.{tI, sen 'potier p

to]. (PUC-P.tl DEzt20041) TextDa. de IDodQ5. 0i5 pevu!!;., falam do.: e~lS${~· c' ao p€SO de :p~Jn,'r;:'n'bo de' "lI:.rih-1.Ut08! mC[ILliinda: (is ;cantpot.iJe.Ses I!J'U ~e.l"Vru; ,de, gItab~ .,edj:eVal:~, "1Ic'1-G Odd~~~ da, .EuJ!i9:P'~l" P3,r~, IBstesi Me lif,a,ri BLE!ii· ol~'l'~g8~Qes:j eita-sa 0, ~,:a,~a,m,I!~r~~' 10 Qe l'ibuto em ~;~.p.~('i,~ ec ro,][lleci menm de mao~d.e.-ohr~ 'gt'cSttnita para :r~pa:If'.O de J()O:f;if1U~~1i es:tmrad,;_]f$, Cana1S,. tfi!J,F..c_, IDeS~cUv;lllmente com ~8. .nnme8, O!f~~,

~ OOif'V'ci:ila ,_ talha ..

b) CE!j]SQ - ~p:lt8~Q.

~) Uif!'jt):alid~rlle~ '_' 1l:M~:'JLa.". d} talha - cewma.

02. r[~ '_ ~OOal ,_ if!C6mo. 0< :rej~1 ,emO!a· mmiJ, do.s sires f~h ores:) sente-se eillca~ta,d,o, d~ ·ro,~n~rr em 'tiD::me: de Deus ~ pa~. e 'aj.u:sU:!(8,!, lS' tocla ~ re~.'e de ~i.'li(3.ii .: fl- n:u~· ,pe~~' ~p;rit" I~~~ nfJcio 1(:'O'n \·T"E.l",gl! p~·t',~ SI..! u, e a.,:~l't~~, Q,~ Ii. 't.OJ.'l:r~ " a11'Mga.tilLe.me. sm;m,bom da t:idad:e, WQlbe1~,Ma~, OifIL -··-·l:;s:~-d""":ifI a]J \:a'!l9;~"- ":lS:1., -."" (I ,N. -'b']'

maJ~h I!l.~ 'I!,;' ~ ' ~ ..... j, ~.,~-""_1~" _goE'.~1l oom~, 81m. ·al.O

'le urn -PQder 'll~oal,. " .

IDO.RYj, IGBgf<b.~~ 'Nfl JTe~I;!II.B~ Cmed-.;~i"'T iN, _tiB IE! 11:1, I!:~~dad~' l'9ao-l~2m). :L:bi~'@j: Im~~" U_~FJiI;ibt~l~t,

- 19m~p. ,44.)

SntJ:J:,e ~s, 1'!l}1;f1~6es. ~. ,~" ,a,1rib\lit15e:$: s~iai.~ nCI seen1o:~ pe~1Lbd..o de ,p:,]en:ti.tuile ikn :Euld8Hi~ulio. na Ocidrutro, Eu~iJJ.· ,~ C!Jl'f\lB<to mwID1lr.:

8) Os .8e;lThb,m:e~ ,el~3J["ni3l.v::¥lm Ii.'!l p~d:e.~~ ~h~ p~o! im]UlmllQ' ,~ ~:U1l fm.'1~~ m:'1i1iS!Lda' e OE);)l'f;F.o]amao ,,~ ~dlmini~,I'~o dla.· .iu~t'[~, e ,~,

loo'br,an,~ de· iiIu'pogtoi1i~ .

h~ St!Jb-m.~tm:d;El~J 8.0 ~~~irme' ~ ,~e;c:rn,fid:ialfl", QS, servos ,e:T:2I1Dl illl,pedtdos. Ide' tel' aeesso ~~ '~~ ~qo1LtJ~~.

c) A nobreza, sem fIDj~n de/linitis",- paBSOfll .~'l" ,~h~r,~dQ :PI'O~O de <~ese~tI'u~ur~j_i!J, 'qIDa '~~VIOU, it sua suliGti,tu.igi£o l~;l,do '1;:1if:cW' n~ lZod .. erlade -rkt:lda:l .

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dJ A ~~~aJt'J; ~Q'nha, [) ;pagilrn~tifJi des ironO!9tOt'il .~e~s. g~n:ru gr~de ,~~mgenw. de: e a mp,;on~ ~,e S! de,s e nt"ah'.:.'ad 08 t qu e! ~H"!: lD:r~aT:ti~3"l~m, (mil l~~dQs o'!Qjtil:irlI:~]O~ ~. ~",go, d6.El Q,ltibJre.S, ~Oirffi.tr-Mioij aID IThlftic~!O, oLe 'rnud~nza~i

,e) ,M eldades sim~on:za~am (I ]i[)d~'r. dos, 08~Ol!.l~ £lBudEl:i.s e su:i;Jmetitmru 'i!l!. oob:~~ ,e,i S1J:,iii!B Legi.s]'a{;iE) .t-e'l!l,tt'a.Uud~)ra,

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:lbnu1· de '~lO:VO p:[,~tada$ 'hQm.e:r:m;b.~.s !jUJ. conde" 'as qruais ~ra.m feit~ po:r asta m,\aeml em, exp~~~ de Bd!?!Hdad,~: 'e' g;;JLf',rnn,ti.3J.: P]i:nrmei:J'lD pr.estar.~;m hon1L,eniflge'm, d.~sm D:liilJlle]l'n: o~oond@ ~el['g.un', ou (ao vassalo) se ele de~,eji2L~a !OO'maF',,:~·U3, GI ~:u' I~o.,_m.m-m;, ~Gm reservas, ~l~ reS'pilJ'l1 d'!£!,I!l1: Q,ue1)Ji e1l.)tap, ~11d.o juntas a~, m.8fUji cQJoeQ;u~ elntr:e'-,a.!S 'mao, m(n;uo.d~ e aL]~U',am,-$~ pm;' ~j(!!i E,m se:guIld~,'i'[~r' ,aq'llli~le· ~,e"llllvin PI'eSt~, bome:Q:ib;g;e:m' j1.m~olJ ·,n.i;le]~dad)~ ae p'OI~ .~;-VQ~ clio 'C~t!idelil coim ~'5,t\l.~· 'pa;l!1~a:s:, C,Dt1ilip<~~~tQ-m~ par ~Jtinh(t f€ ,a ge,II'" ftel: -duqut par diiWrd,c ,~, l;-mttU: a:u.~iher:~u e ,~: -'Cl'lU~ifvil' i1ttegrabu211,t_e ~ ~ninJi~ li!iim(lJlag,tn~ tk .'b:od,.t(e e ~m ,dnl(!j~, COiflt,~ i1:J~s,~ e, em ·'tef1filein:D lltlg:D:"t

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. jllJ.I'"Otl ;Q.-meSlrno 84:l1lJre' .~,~ 'mdq:lJ:~ ~ nO$ g;~[~;lIlAJg. ~

{GruJb~arto :H:I;~u'. 'Vita K.a!fcIiH ~miJt~8 W~~ &!:111.'UiMml!lc-._;j_ (~mmMtiiCn .1E!l-isooriea~ $O!l'~[(l!tj)l~, ~jJt«1 ,P'R:rmI.i"'ROi.~~ 1<1.. G. Hi's.:.(~ri:a_._ tht. "ld~{le ,M£<. dkb 's"'1.6, P,'tntw~ ,iEdliim!l'iJ dl.'l' [I:N'1lMI;~ ZOOOI. iP'. 9i;

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As l·e~.~oes :reudo ... v,~~Mc~~· :re,p,f-.E!BJeu'tanl 0 ·,sri atema f~lulal! c~~ilr'~et'~l+t;~n do-se ,peAl it \fi1f:rei1b~L~~ p~a1, '~nh;e; um a~~nT. e SE:llU., vassalo, M'ri.d~ q,u.e., halJI8 m.tl:ml~1"'RS varimlw.s 'I,,~gill)n"ais, ita apHiC,a~~o- d'0,~~'1i.} -mod~'h,l -sooiopolflttcu; fj~' e~~e:lf]!w~ que ~B. carn1Jpoem, 'e a rla~ez:a dRS vin,-cttl~~i59r~ ~n:~j-t:H:~; ElS ;m,e:rntM., S[}h~e e.,~-e1 tIil;ld!cihlj e tiO~'to atlt;m~;~

aJ A:s" re]H¢e~, fetLld'lJ-va-s~ilims,~pJj!CEJOO). U

i]l,~u a'Li~idade8 oomef'ci ais 'e~tphe~~ddJ!l~ eml;;l'e" ~nl1tll''eSi, fe~lais, Ie ,a ~u:"ist~~t~_cia

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·fu~' o vm&i!ll(il 'V~'liic;o, ~tle mllE' trr~_ ~~fir a &1~U vassal» 1~I~nsU:tu.:r mna ·j.nici,a,tiV'~ ~h~l 'e~trn.'bl!r~~i contmle' e un]a:~de ·dkl~ gfiIll;;ffi(~

~ ,.] .,;n.

pr:l'\i'] ,egtSl.~iQS.

ol 0 "8e:nh.ur ~~br,fIj, d~' 'v:aii'€>.&]u fi:d~l!!tki'H:l!e Ie 'i'3ern'~1fi e efereee el")rt, t¥oca, ]p'ro:f~!1(]. e be 1Ji.~,ft'ciQ.

d) 0 &u:d~6 etm£dg.'~ui, rum OO!i!i e.TILe.'f.fienOOS rull1rdml1entilliiE dis. ml:.a~o feudoF'v.'H~ruiC'a e ~t~w~:ali:~..:a Q' l:JrUf;e!iUlJ1U' que -0 seahor efe reee . ~H) vaasale em troea ~e sua ~dWl]CIladc.

e~ As OC'E],s,~~ lB-11l00~~Si5.alr~as eH\f.o]~ 1[M(j, senh ar; .q'~ e ~ .. se'm:p':re: pode'~iQ] d,e 'J:~~1ef~D.ci~ um conde;, ~ 'n:m, vassale, ![:ie~~~ d'E 'se'l.:.l s-enhqr.io.

1041. (UFPR,~ QOO'4} SQbi~, 0 Jl~~~O cl:e ae~ub.,~~ p~~imit,'iv,~ do ~:pit~] na m,gkt~~., ooorndt:)· WJ perfo:d,n ,c:ol·:n.~eBpe!;[1_de,nte.c a tl'lUlSi~ ao do. 1~iJ]dalitnmo f!rnj1fl,'.o ,c~,pitali~mo~ e ,,a]gum,M ds St1E O0F.h6equ~nciaB~ ~ eo:n'e:w, mttJrii'1M":

lit, Co:i:tlf:~d'e 100'01· J[] ~if)d,t1 em, 14:U!~ ,B, Ct~m~, . ingle~ eSiL_g[Jtl'Bll '!:leUE d.am.mi~: para!. o OO'Jl'tij,11em'lllte, :~d]ic~.no~,

b) A 8 en m ul ,~,~ ~,IO de c:a..p,i t,ad d~ U - B e :!FJIi:U:t]C~l'1!f:laI~['JjtG 110 ctJ!l"lI1,pO" ~ fuI1l'~OO d~ ,e1elV.a:l,tao d$ r:e~ld"~, dog 'pr{]lpri.ebiriO$: e dal,

I~XP'~ OnJ,~aD da tet.n!l !&e.ffO:nd.o eri tffi:ioS" ,e.3p~:tali~m~.,

c) Os- ('iel:'&6B]):e.ntos estao na origem dHIJ, :~n'{;]l r~ ]Jwill Gi a [J d!lJ$ ca m p'o.ne:El es ,~ I(LO d,e~.1t13liltela'iil~,eIil't.o, . d;i!iJJ!:IJ fO.l"mas lIe 'Vidat ''inimi~li~, '~nd~ ·-hm:~o na nl.ts.~;~, 'gr-,a,~d~ ie'il:nHrt~e'lll,h~ig' cle' h,!l1m,e'~ e ~.1hei'es;, Essas pe£Slba.i:; foram ,dur:~nt:e, :~rs~g"QJid~8 pl!lL~ 1e,gi8l,~ti()i dQ '~omb;a-tl3 ,~ :mnenrli,~m-:lcia e a v~~:bltlll1~agern!: ··ld:ltl',8Ute, 'O~. . ~riod,oo To C10ir e S:mm-t~

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e) O'Er cel~:c~m:eTl'~OS 11ao foram :!3LCehO'ffi ,[:}fI SSl'V,i_Ullen~ ];iI~'h~, :poPtl'~ ~ 9,atl" Pcde-se mll'tlar,. cam -~3L8e' em,' set'J:[i,~es'; ,e3Jl!~es e outras ,mw~ . d~, e~p::res$fi~ da "e.u];mt,~, IPJ[l'pulav'.. q:ut~ hrIu,v,¢ 11m, m.'ov.a:l[lf.ic[]ito dc, rre'Btetenda mala I(Hl menos v]o[,ento naJ lnW.~W'rrn oonl:r,EE 0 n'i:1!8[:i~~m>0itb) ~' 0.

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~,aU"~iiC);S' 11iibre~, DU!iili3~,'j,fai's" '~~lil!~sM{~[) de sis~t~ma fe'udal, pa68i~U, a partir :do 900ul0 Xl :por ,8~ias,. tTItMf:o~ae:8", 'C'~I.D f.jJ' [l1.,ooee'l~,~ d.e8euvo]fVim[~nto d~, ,~:t;i'ri,[l:?id;~~ uril~11hts - '3nmJ~reiu ~ ,~d~~r'I~bJ - 0 poder ']j)~al des ~~t~nl.un'\$. fe1hldaJ..s .retpl'!e.aent2a:Va, um w·Rfi.d~ ,ohatat'llJillo aos Interesses d_EIi. ~nte blUi'gu~~ia, j31~~'~ dan.Q'O da 8iocrW'~,~ ~~ S~ ~~r.pfi':~~av[~, na Ba:;xa, ~¢adJe. Media_ An mJ~~m,.rj ~1."lri.\po= 1:8.8 de. d.i.ve.r~:s :r..e~D!tJB ,eut:"opem; buata vam :Ebrt8]'ecer 'OB ssus pcderes snbmetenn:},o e UnriJ]tm.1iIo ns dominios da :rn:o'ht-eza e do c'1eto.

t~gi ~t)n~QWk~ qij~ 'vitia, ,~ Sex' oo,nbIWiill:a ~trro IG,~ d~ Ite~quj'_sm. D~,t~ os 'll,irios £~ll:)~ de ]ut~ 11:l.'9l d~'iiI'~lrgo_~ ~(!!~ ~i'I~~c.n~, 'cr:istaQ~ ti(g~aral'n"'se 'em W~~ priricip~£m~te rle ifuli~ de]es, Crulmla le M~\I q,\lG'M uniTIcmll.:mtrav>t.!;ll do CIfJlSa1l1.(];er:uto em 1~1B de Fe:rrnmd.ID1 ,ils M9giio e ]J5ta bHal [~[e C 8.slt[~1 a, rl~ eh amados ~.e.is lCa'~ullicmrJ. Has,! fui IQHtl~11te em 14,9,2, g_ue 08 meures ['biram e\t,l(ul;so's de seu nlt~,mo l"sdnto, (~TEnia~' esta .fQi ~nQw.:St~dfU pelo ~ntao l~fr~oo l~tt'~JJ?t:~tRo e~,:pm::-l~.'lfi[_

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Purtuealense, 'fit~;EQ pa!1"t~ d~' ~i], mfumiEill (t~ 1¢Lan,~(;. ;j}rig~Ul. Q iHn$tis C:3!,petmgia.; ,J\. partR' [~e,

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,objetiiva [~OIm,m'l~ a 1~M:pUM~[ dOli ~h~ da ,It:'~,~. primQirn i1mp[[s:t~ ,CI.e al~ncQ' nacioJlrl] e' ,~w,

Em 113:!9t ll~ Atbl.'llHiO He:M]~e3 [olj)n~~gtiaj II, 1t;X)m C;;El'a:te~ 'paClariJ:ll !Sttblwe'mnd~ [~fi[3. Jil(!l1:mBz~,

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C~OL~(I,w.i~aillJtE'mlen,'~~~ de'~idJ,o - sua ,PO$,I,~2:Il~ l:3iO~~ .Filipe N; '10 lIeTo~ dia, ~Dl1iitinufuai:nd;ra ~,

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COfiElto· uma dRS' principms ~C'a1as ·ua, rot$!J.S 'V,!e.Z os,E':s;tiidIM Ge'~~Jl\eu.rlim.O de ~rep(teBen.mnte~

·W.IDr:ft[~ qiIl~ Hg~va 0 'M~'wniD~ij '~u u~rtr Cl~, d .. ~ tJ~a :gru:pos d~ S'Q{ried~cla ft~~U:1CE!iSa.; ruelF\rcl,

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cantrnlimdor nas _mBO,s de um rm], g:r,iZ~as :6i, ,SJj]lEUrllCa !C:iisJns, Ido, 'Qcid,imd~',[ diy:mali) diEt ,~,u;l1ftrl.dad,e,

ii~~ oom:a 'cb~~ liI.iL~'ntil. Jss~'.!)g;;lum quMdo ~pr,~m~ [~~Nj[aJ ~ll'h1~' dP.i~ pap~;s" urn ern Roome,.

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B,o:rgorilila~ ,mlClf.!:re sem d:ei~ ~le~~iln~:L ,A_, nohresa :aEl.OS\L

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Fmn~nd:ol. rei C;G C~3[~._J, P\J:U"' o'U'IirQ, ] j_{IjdO' " ~-a :sm:llLe!Dte ,~p.6:~,a. vitm:·iaJ, Jrall.'luesa :sobre es :mg],eseG;;

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clln,~e~e,t,l~ (.'Oloc~ nO! '~lJJO .~[ prin¢ipe' '01", J'ni,Q~,. ~].e.l"'n~a [1,m:tgB. que' lleceiS~ito11l de ~p;oio milltar daJ,

tnln~We d,'~ Am., ( ~3S'~.t4ol3)! fila clil,iiI m;ldla ,R~V'. Tl o_hr'® Z,~ '. en fh"e ntou III ~ ])lontos [~h;} iQull ~

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'In ~s ~~ Q' pfiln~~~:'in '~~iil,(g' C'llJNJlOeUI c!;!n'traliado 'pa3s~ d~~'l"Ol$. !(a,5'1 fai eotn !:Ii graude ~Ju.da, e m.T:p~ du

'~, ~~~oo'mrllyfl:r ,~~, ~,'~ivia~d1ffii!!:' '1:iI;l~I.I~~~~];ti~- principEill: [eIV,itmt.e' ·popnlimr ,e~d(li sobretudo M, ~ de.

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d~, e~p.~r:!:I~;io m~fil~tt'l~, drJ".S Set;;woSl 'XV E ~V't _g11U":am explLlfus.a-r. (~S ,i:ntgle...~s de seu telriUrio em 145!~. ,ooElls(Kliclandr) rJ's]m, (]I 1£s rado Il:IlciaDs] ~VlC~~_

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~s'lP'mtUl 'ctu~~,'di$ta.;J rn~so.];V'om, no 8~c1Jlffio :~a :r~':r.iqlli~[al" Q ten~,'t()l:.i;[) e*"pnl~~o O:~" 't"'al~e~ (]fa.

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ii. ,J,~ • .' JI. • A ...... .J oJl 1if.'I' I,~ .i. -

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Ih;ai.ant~ Q t.e!!lJl~O e;IJITII, que. ~tiVeI0:tirm iJI ~ 11Ltfi'raLa:wa!IUl~ :~$ 'PQ(I"&:1LlgIl1e;$~~ Sf!: en'~GJwel'Mr.Ii :0.3 l~iXp:]Ot,m~§iJQ :d,as riq"U~:r.a.:~' l[t3 -r:lg] ~_()., ~~'[}1J)' g,~.u"~'~hb~~BJ mnrfllo., '~~djos" s ttl .. ~n8.S pTItinc;iprnJhrn Bnl~t

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if) iCfim'~iF.'cJj_m, ~ eS--c~;a,VrO\Hi_ ~!lij;(HILZ~ir..r,am, Va::E'lins,

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lagl~ d~ A~Q:r.e·s( 14.1,8·1432). ~' ;s~f3wma (to IC1$P~_tani,~, 1li.'~redi'tari;aSl 'cOm. (ll. inJ~mito d:~ f Uiv~a,-lo d(!Jii]l~n~If!D]"n~]iJdil"~' na, TRg] a.o ,~g[L1;{iUn1Lli:r'r1 ,I]

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N{). h"Ll'h'l' d.e 't6~ ,9 _m_aiS. C~B eXI,~rl!]~io 'pl~t:lgJarq~. ,pelO'~ parlng~e'~l' QO"m8:[l:dflid~ po~'· P'6~Alva]\\esi 'Oaihral, pBJmu\ d,~ Portugal ~~m' ,a, l~~f3L d:e' f~eif' a me~m:it, visge:m d,e Vii~, aft. I~'ma e Tteg:'O'Ii~.t, -d~s;ta, Ver" e'fi"D ].at'ga" ~Jst~daj' 0001; 'Q Ori~:nta'~ 1:li'ijriJl1, ante:;s: dle CR(\1,giiT flIO seu iob:i~:tiVQ. final, R D:1J~, [!j.~gou .~, ,m.re~!BiQ: :80 oet:l,te, e ,~,'fur[lgi,lL!l, ,0 lI:tU[',aI tl~1 Q!1LIl'~~~ iCQJ]ltifi,e:]],tej do· q m:a_], . blmou ll;l!(lSS:e' oflci!;3! L'In~.~ ·t~ q,t1C' na.]~, 'b:J:~>a,e vh:ill a .l5ew' o Br.ai:3i1.

la~, eif:p,~6,i~ e as rofas oJ'f.el~natiiVa8

A 'c~ntrali-Z;~lyiliO 'po]jt~ca ~spanlboh;~ I~Qi[ oQn.m"H:1i'zacl!n n1l" ,ruJi!j de 149:2~ 'dsoorif'~:te da ICllerra a~~ ,Recornq~~., umao de V~:ri'U8 rnj-no~' 'IDW05 msta.o cr:rnn a dit[,0JcloUl'n ompa",ao illiirnb.e ~H Pe~ l1erlc~ ~S'e~1i1lo 'V'JITi .~D Xl\!) " S,e g'f!lin,(]l!:!i ,[') ,m.o·d,e L Oi d,~~, 'e'HI p rtl e,D,d.im euh'imcp~'n6ioni5t~ '~'W3'O; '08 ~spa.nh6i~'il or:g-aJm~d9,~ po[' urn I!:g~dQ cent:ndb.BLdG ,~ llinancladQ8i pe]a. '~rIl:l1"gu'esia, ~,e\8:Uzm:am, ,3f[;raVESl de uma rnodesta le~pedir;~,Q oo~titu.ida [JOF.' ,~p~,aJ~ I~S' navios - :Saota. Matria~ 'P~D.ta, e Niiia - tl sua mWOiE' :~V(iintm;Ta: dh~ a.:S 'l1dla.s M,v~.gErlDdJG IJ~]O uceano AtlB'nt1m em dire~ ao oos~,

Os es:pmi:u1]1~ optaram ]lela d.eI.Or oci:d.eutal id,@ n8i';l\Rgai.~6ft's,; j'a que as p(nrwgU!~~s~ :~t:raV~8 do eontomo dA) 111lonlI af'ri,ca:mo~ :·IDe~liz~v,:!rl1lr. {} ~icl,o !O'X'iental de :na;ve-g;a9iieS. ,Q_:1JleID ~ebeu' eisUl;aL,

~'..:! ,I.':. "~:-' j, ''E" l """Iii,. • t"o'"" •

:i,~'ia ue a!e- ,e..q~a.Uie ieeer CffijJil:.<allfli) ,oOm, ,(j o:n,e]],~ Ii"l:!!.

locicl:ente'll fbi: 0 ml,\fe,gadm: g;en.OV!BS ~it6iVa;!J CaJomhi0 {l451, .. :]UiI6,}.. Chet~a.nd.o lliHJ' fo:n:tinjf:'l11t~ ,a,met,k~a[].'ch Co!:t).ntbu bflj1.~~ou ui9: na~,v,(jB' I(le: '{]1(UM ,~c~edi'ta;ll.'rlb 'fdiir'ltfU~ :reaJme:fit"td· ~!r!El aIgmll pon:M ~em,©tOI d:!~ inmHS. Apo;s, F~W-l.'n~H em 14('93 a E;s,,Pariha e se'l' t'eeebM:o ,OOl'1tl: lajg, hO(jil''&S: ~ q'Ml'U de~Qo;brira, uma .l~taJ ::dterna.,tiva ,:!1i. ,Ash.. CoI'~mb:b©, ,re~]i:zou It'lJJil.-i.S :~,r@'iS "l/itige11~' h ,America aLl'liea de :mUr.re'r ,c'b':end,Q. t.e:r ,mi1can.~ad:o as ihdials.,

o eng::U10 a reS,p'@1;tO 1dj~lS ter.ra's lefl.c:ort;~r.~dajll p'~los "~~$P~ri.lrtrO:~s S[),·_Poi de~fei,lt~ em UiO.4· ~!~t), a ~,p~-

.-, - '" ~,~ ~ YJ':' :r '.

(ti~io dn 1tfIv@~eLd.Gll' flor,entulO' .Him@.F:NJ~~~·p1!lJ,CU.l

n,4I"4.;..lfU2) ~'tl,~ It:mlHrm,O]j tr·a!m~·s~ d€ urn 1tiJ.'rj,tl'o ~Q1lth;UMlIk" liHil 15.07. D e:rl__rlogn!;;t~r ialh)mio: X'amm "Wali1.itm:Ul,er ,rJjeJiJi:i!:rrU!i.l,(:!IMj, til mlln,'lj:nelf],'te de Alirii,e.:ri!ea em, 'ha:u::ne!allgeniidl V~-ap)uci:o.

A. ='~ • ,._ .~'= =.J. -"""~ ~ -- - ,

,a, ,~r)lIJU(w' UV' itlUlrwol iE'.rH,l"e os' liBU~pelfS

O~ ,pmtugu,e.se.s e 6.E eSpa11ih6j~, delfilhmn .. durante as, seeulos XV' e 'IIl.ime-h~S' an-D'S do $ieculo :1':Vl,['" 0' mm'lupcilio ~la8 ~lQ#edi,~oo~, ~·c~~~,Ei~ ,i 'antes mesmo qUJ~ O1IJ:tTa.-S na':t('ieB :cnm sa-ida para, (;)I A,t1.fIJ,uti,c,o (I:ng,1:o:t.e;n!1.":Il t 'F:!l"'8.1~ ~ a, Bola [il:cha I COll\l'~-&BBffi1], a se avensurar os '[bsrioOiS tf.:El.taTiEllm, d,~ dividir ein~ ~m5' 0 nlul'ldi:o deaoo1bmul I~ ~ ql.1lJ~ ~:i.ri$l;,:a se':Jr.'·de$:~r)befb[')~ 0 J~:rimeb~ actJ,.,ilo.;, cih~mado :8ul1;a. bt~~:e(lle'lte'if,~", foi ~~[na:do em 1493, e tm.b~.

m, .,lj· ~o;JJ pl;.;, '" , .... '~ 0

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e:e-te ,ac:m-do 'IB', 9 'fun dB, evitmr 1IlIn:~, guerra, em 1.49'4., ,a,pos :m.mt@!s, n'eg!Ocl_a,¢i;e~ fed le~'tatb.e1edd.o, 10

Tr,at.adllli ID,e TordesiiJhlls., N,egte f~E e~,ti11uJ'aJrlJ8

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uma, unna ~:Il']'j]agnt:laJt'lla. 0 me:nw,:an,'Q' ne !tL~:t)!~.lli::L~.

sitlt~]d.o Q 310 ld~8 a oesta dQ' ,m"q,uipeil'Jlg9' de Cabo Vewdel< klsjm, 'bJdu' M te:~~a~ ]oc~jiz~d.as :a oeste does;te :rn,~ri,dlauu p~Ile::;'lloe'dam.~ mS,panba ie as terras f.Il ~eate- ,5~;am_ ]lOrtll,gElESB;S.

,Um ,!V6VU ,~;nul.o,

Qu.M,da (IS ,e1lillil!\Dp~ Irn8~.:llIl1 a ~r.i~ escta j,a ;~ti±9;VH ,ocupadla por' v3rio~ e dif~rubeE, :povlri·a., 'Ge11,ffij.came~;re d'~l1,e~l~ilSl, nl~Q;sl, M, IpQoprL,ta~, ]]H~V~ do 'oootm.mIm ,Bmpn.~·sal'll:w~,m:li ,Co1l:-mitui~~ seeial, OOgf.llQ-rniCtlj l\~lig;im;~ i~ polfLica muii~,~ dilv:e~ 'Nlo . .st):roet1~e cmE" ~bfed~Jide~' l?H:xd~ eirmn_ [n'l!:OO.a.das, :FltS. 'Pi:'i1ptii2u~ne:iL' ,;,.\]gums p,~vQ'.S. t"ol.nm,!EJ.D] gj,gallbe.aoo5.~im.peno'S OOIDD, os Incas ~' oP Mio~'" JJU @:nlltio wa.n.dio~~8' cldadgs...E3ctOO,(j1 loomo [):ii maiag. A :maiuM dessas (-1l!ilii'.~~' de:sap,areoou, em, 0_'rjI11IHeq~Ufnda, da ,oolO'Jliz_g~aa' ~e,xp]lu:a:t~.ia, j\1!l]cisda., nri ~'C!;1l1a X'V], pews eLn'Q;P81llB.. .

lbbitml,t.es cl~ :f~gi:&O qti!,8:' b~e . f'orre:spoo& 30' sul do 1'Y],&x:ie:[) :&'te ,S) Gua!l'em~la.1 ~ m::nas IlQn.~tnrlr.am ,ei,~dies, -ql[e :re:presenm~ 01 ceilm:o' 'reli~ij'sll da s~CJh:!tmd~ e truitbim po:litiuo j~, que efnn .dmnin1.ad.os p~~ wnJa ~liw ':fe]:'~gin~ e mili'tar de· ~'al:'a,'teF h.e.w.ediit~l~b~, A, eCi{'iulum,:~i31 e~,~"!(~ Ir~ndiillDle~,teui~ 'OR -aw'ic.ul~,~ Jl,ririci]Ja1:lO,ente~ de mtlho. ,~ 'por' ]:s~) :Ei ,mmur .~~:t'W .dB iP:iJ;tnili:~;\:iltl' e~N oqm;~~;t~, p01' lb'"-aban';had.(r~:~3:· a~f~~lL~r:.~:~ Tttm ~~n :p~ults;n~, ttr:irl ~p'[,u cnDbeclm,en'W, ~ai~t'Gndm~oo~, IPJr1evl film e.cljp6ieS e eriaram 'IIIIil: ca]_e~miQ SQlc81': ,~a!l]. '3;![joi d'-L~. DeEimwl VBf.am. um 8isfema d,~ ,@_~mw' hii@'~Jmc~l ,~'ua rtm:'mII]itJj~- ul~bwtel;'Uram Ulll a:inil'iQl0 ~~r:aJ, 0 ~er-o,

Os ~: eriaram e "ril~E I~OOe:r(iSO im;riI~fj"

. .l~ I~

Ida M'~m11i~'C~,_ eem ·c~,m-tFi!l] ~m TmI!)c.;h'tilt1J~m -

:ai'~~ (::ida'lEre 'do 'Me:deo. 0 p~ {OCn1{:efi'ttav~,~ ni.r,;.S, oo,~ do. ':inlPer.~,~, qu.'e"~' tW:l£9., aJin.ta sob ~ ~ll dn:rwll:lio 'oodJiiL ,c~ta dle SEkrenl>jJ:t.e~·11~:tiil:u:1l1dQI Q seu ~",~tfl(t dWiB!IJ'o A fro~~ i!tUJihu';. ,al~m -dill ~l1til·' U _~~e'~ de t?rib~ws e~ ,~, 0 ,~,~~ ~ do

-&,!~,,,":,.,,,1..,, ,~""ik=,~ ""'"'il'1 I ........ m'.... "'" .. I =~l" "'" 11T'ii"I.g""r:n~ill';~'''' .,:11.... ..lI,"", ~bi:tJLIti iUL_~~~ ~lJ.I~ '-A..! j II.Jl l!i.JI lL_iIltfll!tJl!~ :u trr-!..iI~la!W - ~ l!-~

;a13{1e:Drler B.oelabne:nte pm·a a' }JQPw,a9ii!C! po'bu;'Q loomnr)';l;tta em ~~' ~clJ~ 'm~,lm',ia, per· ,~gricultoiBs.,

p~.:!", ,e..'~'~

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irn:p6ri)i]. qr~~ "te~ seu, au~ l?JIU;rC' ~ ~~'lifu ,'XV e,X\l1 .. is-en .ianpe~adQr.r 'OO!f.l~d:eF:~d~ '~j]" do sol", ,~a 10, ehefe (~e uma' "i:li'oci,e d.8.d~ axtre ~namen.t."€ hi~~'~iza[lj~ ~ f]tlJru 'vigt9f,,~va ~ ~rtdio e9k~ti,v'a. 'Um~ dlM 'f.mmQ de 'e:xpl't"Jrn~u clla Tn_i1o-de~bti3i fOd, ~ 'n:W,L; (q~~' "~"a 'p~~~a d,~ 'nJndho, tJ~m;p,1i]J56:rio'

1 - 'L'~' . .• j'''''_.....lI". r.:.'

'llQ ICi 1':i~~ Ie' 'oonas pnl.)~UJlC~.~)" '~:Ile mais LoU'~ ,:Q(!I,

adntada, ,pe lo,~ ClQloui~ad~G!lh'\E! ~I esp~:uJ:u)is L'U:at explor:a~~ dos !t_'].ativos~, A, eELl~ibJ]. do imp'~' in~ 1~1'i_11 cidadi: dt:""~Ol (;i.UC- ,tih~y a' "te;r Utiil~ ~'[jJi~;n11~f~:F 'Ilr. 100· m~l ,]~hHat'iil:ie£L 0 ~m'~at3

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1Irni,~8..m a.LL:!it.t'wl~nr.a e.u.u.. .. i.QJi.~ao a Vitllili:lI!!:}s,~fi\!\:OS;

e f~ iEIJljs.im ,qu_:e taml::iem Ibtm:o. COr1rqWstaoo~, I:Ie1o$

. ._L. "'.;;11 ,;I...,;"...~, '" • ...n n "'h';!:'. ~1i"i.'\;M~;!'Io·J"im ] i=i:,I1f.!i) !~:P~IU!iIJEfl qu 'Y~N,oJ UJ fn!),1 il '!i.l!' ~'!d!' "'c1!-!<!!~ ... ~ mv.~ _ ,!lo!I j' ,t;/;.

-(>:1,. (IJEM: - 200~() A" !ilc;up~~1io e ~, ooLtmiz~jQ lillo, ,AmeTicB peklS eurnpe:us. foi rrm. ~~}Sl e:v!Itlnros mals ~i~cifica,!lJrvm;; ~.fi '~PW:'3, M:{)i~ern;a~. A les8~ ["es:pen:tt.,! ,aEl6:m~8i]e a(:s,)i ruml('.ootivatel C(HTeta(:I13'm

len! J AQ E1ieg,ar~m. ,~8i A:tnelrlea,S., p;:lrl-~ses.,

espanhois, IT El_;nc e s ~s. Ie iug10 15 e s se d~li't'm.'taratn. teL~1l1 pO'Wl~ ,lt~1!ii¥~ - 0'9i fudlq~ - q:UJ! ,~ e:n_atKJ.'dlf'B,V;mm en]1 1l];'iI~ 1~~t~JI) _ &~. '~.dB~n,V1Oi[~eO'Jm liltx'l:nlm;~ffi:'ii.te pttmi,tlvo. As:dm.· SE1!ifild.o, 009 hnyiia ~ti]l¥iiQ 'wt]['~ u furmas Ide o~~a]j.i.z,aJ,~il,o IS 10 C-l,a] ~ d,e

tt!:l III

'~,V"!JlViim.m1'oo cmItliJr~], dDS' p11'in~'E!(iros 1mb,].' ~:ttl!l,fueSI das ~l~dcaa de No.r-~,~ Ce!-ii,~al

. . .

'e3 du SuI

102) ~OE p11metro:~ ,MOOg !la, eonquisea e f:Jla ,~gl VJili ~~:~ao d(I' B~u:iilr d'[[Jf.rQlli~~ b;iI"ew,~. J~eri.od:o; :~5 _mtlim :furmn' :tTaia~ms' P"el05 :pUor.h];gue~e~ . '(:f~Will F}~.nr6i:;J;lrl'S !t;nm.,~iaiiS, no ,e.seamM -do pan-brasil ;8]0 ,[ou,go da eosta,

iIl41) A. dii.visa,!;) & 'be-rrit6:foh] enOi '~-a;pibillliQ har~],mITQ t~oo uma f;bl1llia de ooiomiza'f"RQ u1rUizada IUH1W perI" 'PoItlllgi!fh:l Qtl:i!l'rtt1r.U _pe1a· ~'gb;l;elT,iIJ. a t~ri'jtj]rio bra:s..lJe'ko :foi m.v~.da 'em. 14: :fiffii~as: ~.e telTa !t;j,tI1e se 'm~ndk'inl d,o U:WIr~ ~ parBi <0 interior, N a Am,~d~ do 'N"H;~~t ~. ,~a:te'lTa, divi .. dj.u (} 'tenitorl,l} e:m 13 t"Q~o[l'ittS;1 cad~ ums ·dlel~s ,~~ttt~tle a urn e~p:ita{l, don.,ata.'I.":i.o oom os· mem)os diiFe:;tQSii e diBV~e:;, ~s;t~ledd,~ R~S' ,~a.P'~~~e$ clnnat8F.i~'S .:0,0 .Iir,~,.

08) A. c.o]Q,n;j:~~~~,o1 e~;pa.U1hoI~ da ~6riC'~ eOI1UlM.'t}:~OUrlSe :e~~lt'miv.mn'Bnll~ I.UJl f'egi;§o t!f!I.iul!:r414ur~ .an' Mtipla11~1 .?\:llailJ!O, r.e,gia~

,..4.~ 'k~N".:' 'III ' " ',_ 'II oIi;,'

ebiW ~mtaijJ~a ate e'~l~M peios n~ttecSJS.,

16 ,A (:~Q'[.o:ru.u~MI ~I .Gmsil pfd~s PrO:l"~u,gu.e~es, ,~ a. cQJonimfaOl lngi1eiS.8!l ria. 'I,'e,gillao da'S tre~ ,!l,:.olrbni~ s apre!9 ~ n:it;a:D.] ¢.~l!:f~c'tel1"'sU.'t:'ag. S,;i3 malhan te'B. A:m.'b:HlJ is u:t:[ H~ a ra m ~ :p.redo:ml~item~ote , it ttr.aib~! eJ:~~f!a.r"(Ii de· .hegr~}s .~fr:i,G~lnEJ '1I1lIl J1fQ'~u.yio de ~~.~;ca_li' ,e::.~Bi:\' SLmen'[';e ,~w.'U, Q, m~~d-tl e:x:It.e,I'lW~

AlILA.····· :, N!I····.~· 10·····',:-

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1\1'0 see'IJ..lo. X'VI.. a EU:E\[~pa PIHlSl!1!lELV,::l. POll" ~d~ tSansm'm1Ja'~es, coU1Q P R~nmMoo.imm:t~ CUH;:lU·~.l e Cjren,Hfico. - -f1~rsplons-"V",el pell a dis ~·'emiiil.a~.J'b de 'W,aJ. [ol~e·~ . bu.m.,~.i:i!it,as. e ~n.clli vidl.ualis[as -', ,a f-om'l8~8o dOlE, .Ea:li:.adas Naai~~: ~cri~ndo_cm'll~ e:nb~ [) puder do~. re~~ e 0 p~"]dl~r P~,llal -, au. ru:rlllia ~ de ur.tWm snel a:l-,ecf:lnll:m~.~,.Q ~ part[ e~la·fment!~. I~O m 10 engrerg,IDlte creficfmJeo.m do ~oder. econfirrn1.ro, e :fucd1:~w dB: b~sieI, :niB ~O'CieL'1de iiB'm'opaiffi6

Dentru ,oJe;Bte rOprnItext]) de .mu.dan~Th'i' 8. l1llid~ da r~a CatOlim fm; J;"Qmp~" N~'

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·6nL."t1:1;t-o, de8dl~· 0 ·~ci.)i ~ ,YJ~~:' i~UCY;la ja ~1t1;V]_~

'qw;ml ·d1sDrnrdasg.e da ~~a . .E e.s~.~ 'p~~~a~ ~ram: d1(!a:fIl~.adM Q~ biere~~'- Um h.erege· n~JJ er~; arrll'tiQ urn deserenee, .mili~L ttHdOJC!S ba\li.a ~~m:ldm~adn ·;!MaJ .. lefi .. ~l~, ;E(lg~ie·m que op-tav;i3L '~~:or rum_a, reU~~o I[Hl .simp lcsmante -tT8 mf:brnUJiV a, I{l. ea t()! 11 eismo

1~l!JItn~ndi'J-se .as-sim. subversi v,ti $~luI,dlO~ O~ p:!\e(!eft.o~: .n~ i~li.gj:a.O el1.B'ti ;me~e",a::t. ~tm~, qualquar er "1t.i.ca 0;'11], ,clJ~svt ~ f,e1[girU3 (1 er~

id ,",.~'"Il.. "

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0.81 IillbigmlLS0S' ou ·e.imI~os~ [a'lstBL1a.llio::1r .11~ 9W d)~ Ff'?J;m~a~.· f~J.ffl1~.ram ·~].m des mais e(:(nb~ci.d.(l~ .g.ropoa lleret~CQ9 da ldia,d,e A!fe.d~a. por' ne.gM€m, val1;os do a, ·~Ckl~e_cehii.m~ ca~,]fuo~ ~fiU'D:O Q b.Blitisll:te, e._os Gruina'Htellto~, _d,p V~LhQ Th8~tO" m[llle 1140 e tt9®, g~;~ha[',am m~lI.;ri:tO$ ·~,d,~]too~· ,~ 'toi' DII;U:Cr::siwia!. a

im.'Le;nre.nfau m:illi;tam." des .Pr.lucll:u~[!ii ~ob 0 eemando d~ ~ial pfU"a .. ~onKr. ,0 .IDOlWmel].to,

Na ~d8. Jrh:!~.de do ~e.cul0 XIV~ !£)'[[l;nos doi~ lm.polr'tanrtes ·wwim~nto8. de l~jJtesta~a~ :ft';e,li;gio.s;a f,l.tlf.giw~lll. .M Em.1J[Jli!lJ, 'iiil." sao ,ommidw:ados Pit~~cut~~s;·d.a R@([bb U~. ~Ugim'!.a do S~lIr1D XVI; o

" ... " id;"~'" '~'::''''i' "';11 ~.1·_~ LlIi..~ ill ~.- W- ·u" ... l~iG'{'"~

l~n'[lr.IJ~ji:l"t114J1':iL .UL!,·e!",itUD p~ ~a,~~· dCiuD.· ?'I;,';.I:iLl~wt::'1

(l.S20~lg S4),~ ~;_t[e: ~;t:illt!a''l1".:l .$f:ill.e·:r,a~]]:~ o ~SiM~, ~dw:s:ti~ ~Em. de 'ter' m~ga:ni.zad'ili. 3J f.l,Linl"rir.8, b.-atlur;lI'~' para o jJl;gl~~ HaJ Blifh~ia.; ja, ~. se"ganm~ foi liberada pur .Jau .l:Iu~s(]:~6£1l",_1415), uritftM'Y,::Jj .11;an ali 0JwdeF' ItempQ~ ,eta Ign:"eja. OOQltl p~:eg:3Jva :IJ, :ftttf~rl:tf..· m~.a. '~oUt~cai:-:niUg]os~ da ,~i:l[gij_o, M. Bf)~:m~i!ai p~[:,~e' do

c _ - I" -.ct. .!Jt[t, "'" ,r!:;t. ,., ."' ,o,.;.::! ~l-~rci ~ ~ I!'it .. ,""

,~:il.'e:-ro .lr:L~,'e:r:ll.O .MJj,llm8111j}~rl'll:i:1D1,!:!Ii]". .... uu;~~ IU.~,...,;¥ .• -.

m:ent®~ foram durante :repri:hnjdj)~1 :8en~o 'qJu.e ,~.ilu~ H Ii]fifL fOil ~Om'ljlngad:o, condlenaM e r:ple.ima.do vlVO em. 1415"

_A B'f!fo~ '. r.tt6~an~

A.&rfOif:1l16iJ Lu~.~na. 'i3om,e\'Ou :tlEl .~m~lS.~ '~AAQ 'pm:te din Sacro lmpetif} ROmitmg;.-(iJ~l['Jl1IIDfini)~o no 8~M~ xvt Sen: id'Cltdl~dJ~;r fm] 0' 'm~\Il~ ~gQ<stinw~nD Mar1in_~o L~·t@if'O (14B3;·'1l5~46).

'[tt]!~.bl.\"Q Id4 elem 1_' p~tlfe~p'r' dr~ ~fJl~.~~ .'~.' Um,1lI'm-a;]dad.e de. \¥jtte.mh~rg" S~;illl!i)l;' da d!.n.J1;tl~lml. de: SaJ1.'Iii:Th .~~i:[1ho ,qU!e' P~~;Vi:p . .9J. ~alv.3..t,fi.o' peta. :fe- Li!1j:~'nJ,erd ~~.~rhiD an ,oo[~i1 q.Ul' vi~l.'\l",!3i!. 'lIo I~ia Ie .£H:lo;ta:db p·rinclpil11mel'lOO 'pelo al~ij icl'~L"lQ q.ue. Via. nn UVfi~S!rh(,tH(J1 ,~ nas bDU' rib~:U5 Q ~mmh.o p'.s't",8I! 8 s31\l".a~\'

0" ~rim~~opi3l~~\jj, .P:B!.T.a 0 r(!fiID;p.~.met'il.to de Luter;fl o(}',m 8 Igr:eja. Ca.hllli.ca 1000n':e q!uando eiiiEe Icri'tiea. p;l!1'blkeam,a~:te .a. v~em.da, d;a;s; indnl;ge:!Dlci,8S. i::;w e. 8l: venda do P'e,l~~.o dos ·peCROO~ 's, BI(!l rediJtjJ' Q deeumanto que fiml1 con.h-eciOO ;OO,MQ .M; 95, "-&eses.

Otl'lZo$. p~. iw.p.ij:r.t:~tes de. l~l::i't];Ca d~. dO·l."l'bina, 11l1,termm. da .. ep~. i~a ~e;Rlrnla: .sao~

i. Liv])~ J~.j:n,m~itll da BJLb1i!ill~

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,It MRnuJJ~'~io (116 ape~ eLms ~~ili'amBn1los: 'haH!:!1mu ,~ (:!lii:lici:~l1is{~l:~.:

~'1l:1pre~ao do de-jf!il ne,g1llI,8!I'~ cl;Q ce$ihSi.to ~l,erim~ e· do eulte .as imagerm reIfigioE~~" . i~rn1 ~~};;

,~ N e,ga~a~ -dia IwaD;Sli1jjsta;uld:~A~ U:.ra.ns forma'~ do -pao e ''rillb.o .M! 'WillP0 d~ tfJrlsilt.o)n, aem'f;ElJ~~Q dj_a QmlSld]8ta..nt-ia~ {pio liE ~nho .rt~.~sE."tiitB!m (j f.:~111?D dl~ Ori.Rt.n~;.

'$l'1l:1'1in1dfssaA) da [·gTej.a ao E~tado,

Elm 1.520, 0, pa·:iPa! ~o X 3Lm.e~~(ru Lutero com .fa! exoo InJt!li1:lbao C!8i5Q nai,o se :ret:r.:fl;,t;:BlS'8e.· i!:!tficiiIDlEne.nte·,. Em resposta LlutSl1'O q1lleimoo a buJ,a. p~,paj ,~W~;;JJ.v~ndo (l~D<i(l. m~.i~ ~. 8itu~ ~io. A '~:,~)k~a .alel~.a :se ·(li~idi!L~. filA;:'m'ndo em '.so~ :v-)],ai(uia :81'o·larlto de, Luteeo .. fust:tli~ou....!se B~fjim~ rruTI;a crise· -po,ut;iCEl '

Etn ] 52:11 :LUj}!2:1'(J 'fm OOMid~l.':HdD h~r~ge rnnna a:8:se:01ibleJa oomaTILd_.adla. '~~)I .imp:ai1td:e(l" ICar],Os;·\t :Nu e.,TIlhi~w~. sob .~. prnte;~ OO~ prin_dpes, ruenlJiJ~, Luteee pi5d:e ·~(Jntljnu~t· difOOlltiinclo 6·U'~, d;g,u:lLr.in a, A .ooma. ~: partir d'~st-.· :~TIr:1f!] ento passa ,~ Cer nm sigFrdtJlica:do :~li'Ili,eQ ~. e;tontkW.eQ.i ,W~m de

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J.l)p6~ 1iiIn:~: 'IQ1ll,g.o 'tellL'[.p'~ de disputa~' '6.n::lJme]l~ mn 15~QI H PiaiZi d'e ADP1tN.!!lr~ I~si~b~lil/;!coo' qu~ iC;[ul~ govuffi_antu, d('!rr.t;:ral d~:r 'Sa~; boo.:p€dJul RQ'm~:~~o--Ge!:t::ntlltrito .Pd=de~~;a, es("01!bi6r ~iI$ ~elj~.M !~, 81., ,d~· aeUifi t"i1:ddH.os,

.A B,:e(o.rnl-a Ctdviui,,"jt#

A 'R'fb:rmlJ rnlvn1]sb; ,~o,mJ~QUiJ' G_m Geneb'ra·, na, S'mif~ mao db(!!;li dEl ]\'5~(~1 e flQi liieif:'.ad~ ~pel~ oo61;~ :b,nces d ,i.Q CalviDlD' ~ 15Q~"15~4\} ~[Y.~ ·ha'v·~.a ~er J~C1lfi·"el"'Ud.C!i· ,~O ltr~,e ranismo. ,O~ ~bnimmBlitoiS ,c~].~iJ1l]:.st$ eram ;n:miiii ~ev:e'!.'D!S qUe'@s, l~u.W'nlTIiO-s e'~' fund~_m~:o:t.'EtiIJ] na t~'nR criM~ por C·aI ~no' da '~md~,ti~io abs~],1:l;to3 nu S~i8~, lood!lJS. !~st=:imu~ ~~;melrid,Q8 '.~. von tt;li~ de DC;t18 ~ ~ ,pe-aS~U j~. f.Ea~[5aD.t 'pj:e·dMtmadl~·. ~l SJ!Jy.~do· 'I)'l:t h eOildefi~¥aOI. Um dJo~ sina).m l~lt! que ,~dlaA. pO'r.;eja ~el; urn dat:i!' I~OOU1:.id08 de DletlllS, estfn",:BIJ .na 5lIia '4edic~i~t!, ;ffU) t1rab~lUl~ I' nill ,~ ... paa,~dt" d ~ ~q,u.ece:r- fi'O(f: in:l.iH!'[f!~di.o d.e~e...

'D~~~: .. ~'ortrr~i' 1ii!!. dotl!ti.hli"l.. caLvilDi8ta! ~[ta ~~ car,a:dm.sijc~ ]~.vid.u.tH1lit~ t')leee8Saria~ as p·rtti'~aJ.~~ comereiais; r1;gQr. da dis:ci.p1m:a. 'va1;Qrl:za~i[J .lllO'rsJ do ·tr.n:balh~l e cla ]UnlL'PB!Jlll~. Centro des.~ conte-xtQ ~, bUJlr.gl;le~i~ ~~Ui~a a ser ,~t~ndj:d ~ ,~piri'tufjl[r!'~nt~ e!lq_nWl:Tio .~~I!J.:PQ Si{lci~[,. algo ~yu:e :l~,~Q eillliBollif(;ra,y.a,· ma~' doutrlrtia8 'eif.rt6Uca Ie 'lllt.e1F9ll]_U~ Bga&~ ao ~plb.-t

Pede- sa asseetar q lle· Q mentatid.8tte· ca I V['!L'.ii'Rst.a, ~.milmb1_Uu ffilllrn tt ·m~~. de W1L1la Mn~bJ;ta qlU~ 't:orifl~:¥.a It] b~Z!!lbalho £!! 0 mr:ri!l:PlJ~(,:';:rnl~;n:~Q ~':alo:w.e;s pl]'5!.itl.'~j\.us_ N 0. e·l!111am'to'~. a. zlquaza cOllseguids.. pelo .fi.el 118.01 (ley~Jia nunea Se'l: 11:I:an&fu~,d:b e?I osmlIDa~ao~ ']J]DS :r,ii1dn'V~~tID]_8 .w~n·~. '~niir TmlitliJJS. .pto$:pftn:d 00 e·:. ~~sa, a:htudEli Ciuntri.bu:tu j!oH[Lr.~ a ·ex-pa:ns allOl dae ;a't~.'V]da:ClBS :mlli!l["c;f.l::otj~: . !iii' :nn:¥lLlluifSiJ.ti]Jj"eirBi5 onde lhCiuve !O creschn·enw. do '~mJ.vi:rd8;m.ol"

Em 0011 :pa:fs·. 00 Eu.r.:@p~ [!.nde o.OOl~l~~ a. ~'et~H'Il1 ,~, .I~Rl V] nl!5 t,~ 'I ;egi a ·t.;~d a egmid,E;t die espeeifi ~id:adif!lS ~a:~ pcl~'l \~F~~i~ ] @~al .. ~sin]jil'i' ua In.glrde.~:Et 09· lea] vi[iLb~'1t3fi!i, eram cb.aO:i..ad'lDIs c].t}. p',tu~i:hul08'j; :na E:$e~ ci a de .pm'~~'teJ,:lan(Js. ,~ rt§3;. F.1:~n9~ d, ., 11.~.~en,ote9,

. A llefur.ma; ·Jln;Rilw~

:Em lfi:2'7, j) :Iro-ei da. l:J:igIat~ai .l1em-iqn1ei 'vm rt.491r1547)~ dici:lnu 2'0 papa .. a'UtDr.i2a~.~ :tJ.:Ell.ra ,~iE!r sell. ,c:tMil~.ento !00111 a: Ii3Spanhols Ca~ dB &a~~' ( l485 .. 15~~) loom a ~ 11ft·vis t:ido sir~m,,~:m'h·~· u:m,r,;Ji, :f:ii Illi.P.:L,~ tEo:m till ,~·:a.u,.ae co:mp:ro.:meHda, '9 as~i!fIl in~p~a p.a::r.a SFl"j~ sua ~rlll~~s.orn.. no ·tInu!] Id:st .. tngltll.1ren.'ll.

o .DU3(Da:l;'~a illgt~ agu~d~:\l'3. a. ~utQT'~~rA~ d,[) e~r.i;t~_Cl ~a:li3i CJ.eme:nt~·'VU r14!7~=15:3·4.l :~ra C3.SU~ Mm, Ana Bolw.a {1507.'-15S6) e lI:"-eSQ1'velr'1O ,~e:o IjJl'Qbl@,mn 'de- S;Vl~~~o.., 0 ~d]dID"noo mi a:'Gei:t~ '~\31bJ Ql.~e eiIDta~~, ·sra IIl.ia de' C;tr]O.8. ~ ITil1J n~iJ !lll'~ .atw]lia~,a, Q _I~ja m ~fuj':lJb\l~ afJB. ~.'Id'I:oe.t:an:if~. "Em 153,1 IIenr:iq.lm' vm "tunha, .'!!II j]]iC'iai;t~.lila, d9

divdrdo ~ ~b:ri:§"~ Ill) :P,~:rlall11~nb) ,~ 1WQ.tal~' uma ~6ria de leis qu~' (".a]Qt;1;l a Igrtja Ca:b6lL~a:. ingl:e~a !!'Oh 0,

can~oo tW "E'&tadlo.. .

As. ·medjda~ .: :..-e~Ii~Jje:r.~. a:l'JHio ella n~.lbl"e~a e di~. bmguoo.ia., que h4 m;~uJ:1rD d.&iir.;d~'i:ii:l a flffi do "iP'3gH.tlJ.1!m1.to de triJwtns R [gr~'~ '8 b[lllb~rn suas l~ncl~s 1P~riea,~d~~ ,~ bens,

.Etu.15341 ~4 assmsdo ;OJ .MD !Ie. Sg:'irem-a~ia lqu~. p\l.1lcl.~v8. ~ rrefHenriq~ Vll1 dle:1ie iS~m.o lil~. Igy,eja da fngtate·:rra I 'On .seJ.~J i1 ' ip"tej',!i!;, A ~ gIl can 3. 0 a ~.g]i~;;;t iti.:s m.~, p!l"~~ $l,,!i'fr'iIj'IOtil i3u.bs:t.~nclal~.en:~gr-anrl.e "p2I!r~ da e.s1!il"U.~'l!lr,ta: m.e.~.a!r-qme_8. e· ce:nmoma[ eot6Jjoo~ .An mesmo tempo. 1lID) ~u;el ~dotin.lJ1I' princi,pa.1.:m;oote no 'ii"n:'Il;~Q d& :t.'I~Linha EH:zt1t~,t::h i' e]_'~11:t~.1J~ do le'Ji]vi'ril.i.51mo·.

~ ·C· Autra .R'~,,fAl"JBofiI'·

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,~.m ·t1E!~PQsm, i. I~ GIgO ~.S1Wi abatsn so'bm a Ig;rej~ ~,M trllicaa fOmilJK6Jd.as pe·~!o..'\$ ']l~Qt_Eat;aLn~~ 1Q;S ~·b11ieaSi 'reBO-l~m mm~' .~Jgu:tir:uriS. XUIBdmas. ~ntro elas '0 .rUl"bTh.ecirm_"'·:~do da hl_q_M·i~ao, 'ta~:bem 'Ollln.heciao ~oo:nljJl Trib~m do ;S:~'ti4i 'Ofi~io~ ,!l:.t D'F~nt;t,~u·.~m 10 'CO'PLdIlb" IP,et 'TftlUl'ti4i It 154,ij-151~8).. .

J\ Irul1lim~ii!Q ji ·!iI~stia. dasM' Q\ ~~ulo XI1I! g, trttba eeme cab! e'[j~Vl!fi .~ .•• l:".ar· as be.1('6I!!1i as, OS'

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dennueiadds dB 1~_a1 "pf[',i1ica eta Tn pr-.e&':ns e~ub:m;etido.iE :i3J um p!\GIDe&SO,. 0 '[nt®tt"'Ogi9iMri~· loonsm'Stia [liti -rrHilio:t:p~f'oo des 1tt:'tJl.~n~, ~':m . ·li:tJlf.'turas p..'"i..ft:it :mZ"e·:t Cllm qu~· 69, ~QS COElfessamem, os sens atos, C'atm tOBlSert1J: j'ru gados ·e eendenades, 0 'h~g-e~ e:i",a qUteim~do vivo em ce'l'immiilia piL1.bHc~"

e(~m. a r,ea~a;~a.o· d~.lli.bwiru d.s. Inqru:laj~o, ,~ ,[gwJa lP~sgro,n a 'perSlElgubr~: ,aC1o[1!eOOr. ~ ex,9(luhu· 'tCfdQ's "(J~ 'Q;u~ Iq.~sLi'~n~~~lll:m. ,~s ·dQ~ ·~;'l.tldJ-i~;s; rO-l1l.'

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lwbilL8'~ fbi Q' C~mct;lr1o d~ "!]j\!!nto· ql!.l~ ti1J:UEG 0' diefinilti.ro ·pos;d .. onamenta da. ~gr;~ja :ft~.'te· ,:3:!!l crftieas p['ote'Stanms. DmtTe~ ,as. d.scisoo£ m_a.[~ il'1fl:portEii.nt;es d·~amr.~m"jsa:

'. llfi'.i~~ .. !;:~o ida ·Virf~d.~ dasi .mdwgin~j~:

'. 10 hr.!gatmi.edarle dna. ,c~.'erig:d5 :fr>!Bquetlltar.',e.m. eseolas SendnHJ:i.O~i pm-a SUR f]n:nla~I' ·~n~ de :s'~re~']JJ erdena doo:,

- pill~oE.bl~af' da venda I~le aJt;~s e..~.go.s. ,~1esm'S~e~s (bispoE! . S!l1~~b~"pg5~ c~~jSY;

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i. m[tnmel1~~O d~ ceHbEL·tn '·!CI,eIirnj~

I. 'Wah[lA¥§Jn dJ(lS .~W sacT.~ml~'t-~;. '~u~tlsmlJ'j, lCanrb:m. alit no.i. enea.ri.9.'tia ~ iPe~ni:t~nci8.. ,~teIll£1-D.Ei~io~ Mdem -8' e~jLID"

Fo~ ma{lfD a:hJJda Q IndftX"" qlLl~' C'GDs,is:tia 'ID::o.ma:tJ"lis:ta de, lh@JS ,ptt __ dbi,~a pel~ I'greja, C!}.WJica .. .If a.:Z.ham '~)fn:'te d-e:a:baic It!:r~a l:i"v:r-q!s, :f,"!~~ligj)o~(Js F~k.~:tSJ>1ilte.s., ,~ B~lia t:r~duziOO p~,~, '~a .~ ID:EJJd!l)nais, !IP! 'btm:nbirn 105 tr~dos ·fci.~Irtmcrls [:Omlq

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Lo,ro~.Q~~it91:I-Uiji5(U,a OJ[':d~'l1l1 doa Jijl"s'llJt~s estava o:r.gooi zad:!ll @::D] UIDllI, 'J['i'g][Wt hi{iiJ~!ELrql1j ~ €I diflcipUoo ·mili'tarr t1.rnn~[td,o' assim JP,\~d.D~g, prcfl\~l'1f'a.dos -par~ 'com.lla,~~:r Q6 '[i1HJ;~,b:lll@!nO~ --~ p]'ot~ti'JfJ),t~~.I:k )P.-i)!I' nu~lo do e1f11 ~jino ~ ~'MJl!~J18iQ cl!iJ!, fa ~~a,ton~ 12,n l54"9~'Q:m p:l!'m1!ll1i];~o' gJ:lJ.PQ j'e5l..~i't~ desem'bafQlQ, no B'f!)ll~iJ~ (lom,

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A Cenua:·R~:fm:~.nan~{] ton..~eg'Uiu, ~m,p~dir [g lP'jr.~0'1:,eg~an'lis.rnl6~ Im..aSm-.rl.it-Olli1. ,61:1!1a exp'81l~M\> Urn

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campanhla ~1±nJ1 a eOM .. o fllll~.aIn' i?e.nd.e.r ,iiOs l1amltean.te.s do Mar..arnh~o proeintM. im.pm:1:ado's ~\J;inhol a~ejte·· J1a~s).e die:le:.s .. fJOIfIPM·['· 'bud·a 0 ~ae p.I"O~:b_l¥~Se:[o- (ailgoclaf].~.~1l£m~ 'n-!Laa~iJi'~:i ,tlro~: de ~~;i!ij~l)~ .A. cnm.p~hia '~~bem. ef5;~ retfi~~ve-U. 'f,le]o ~~~ct~J I~' ·~s~~r'i!(J~ -.~fric~.rrl,~. 5~lO po~' :~:Dltii,; ~._~s ~~udlltOY:~$, 00 -reg~.,ill,. '~Si~ esta\~am. :iJ~:p~dos dLe e~cr-a-vili~aT.· r,;~ ~nd:ige.p.as (ilie\id,~.~ ~c!i.o j~sm-tica p~ ~ii'\~i,~ nu:rt~.

Otl·m o~ ~,e!:J~d~_.d:a ~dm;rI?ra1iill.~ -looh~a'D,ra de iH:05: PJfI~S; :pe]os pT!'D;du'ta.GI. r.:tEportM,t:i\S ·e 0 bahro p're~Q p~,m WiOE;, artig'O;S rnhlm~, alem do I:!l~' ri)l'~lne~[!j:tu ,de es·~m"l{js·_ QS l1il1[f[lJ.'0s um.:1."a:m.~e e. 'tintllaf1.31n a. eldade ~:lhnl Luls e·' .e:rJrv'llU'-am. 1hm~ :Be-(:*tm_a.n ;&to P(llf ... ~ti~tl ]pSl:Dfii. ~re£O~5.F ~1S ~~itet-eli3seli.; ooar~:nhenses!. ]b,mas tnJi 1Pr.e~o ,~ '~:pa, fhr~Ul, le;(~;viaa.a:;;l a~) k[lo~d :P!;Ij]~;~ . .5jllr~~.'f. a :~",~l't;~ i~.U~ 1t~e~nllboo ·~l.O. "tim, ,a~ '~tKmpfd'nll,ia mas "tam bAm. no 1~.nf~lliilIento Ide' 1[1'005. d.oo ,seuSl 1'~iilel'eS J~'

SfJ'!'!tl'P:~]a .~' Manuel ,Beclana~~ .

IG,uarliff 10(i9' B~n~ooblas r( l'ilO ~ 111'IJ

Disputa d!~ paul]$ta~ e OWJllP(!1ll S 'p~lg lC-QlJ1.t~~"rO!l~i c:a 're,glaliJ de Mn"J;-aS G~~,ais (Iillildlu ifni d:@'S(l~lbe~tt) nuro. .r{~.SU]_b)l~ 1li"~ sepa][i"a·~ao 1liE!, tCapitani.a d.~ S§lo Panlo e MiniiJis G~cd~ da !e:wji'~l1]:n de ·Rio. de. dlS'LDB)l:ro. Oae Jlandeirante:o !dirigi[f:mn.",~~ itID8i . .arums !i!~tEl.d~, Id.PI ]tbrm, Gro~ e IG!o-ias, em 'bnsea dtJ m~ jQ~das -de rnU"lJ. EI"lri.~u·eci~ O~ fector.:m:a:r,erO:ilit ~fil Sail· P.a·u] Q e dedic8TIUll'lli.-se .R ativ.i~8deB. d~' :aba~ecime:t.'ito eta :m'e'1"cadu i]I~~'l,no mm.eim.,

~ ~

TV Paul'o, Fn~:ire

(hi~"~ dQ,sJ' -MQ-9C"te~ (:1 'il {J .~. ,17)1)1

Oon:W",ndE'll. ,~m· es ] atiftlln~'i moo' briuriJ~ir,QS' de O]ijJu:l:~, ~ ,'O~' cU!m~;re;.:'iJlJ~e~" P(i.l'l',tug1l:e9iie$'l r:noffitlll:GLdoB' de mI8~aiOO$1I d:a vfi1~ ae' ~cffe, :'0 wotlv'l] '~~'. msml~u lluan:do o~ 'holru:ad~E!l6 f'~(['B!m B:Ii:~illsos C],;ii! 'te'bi]~J[)' T,I~8ulttlUJ.do niJ;m~ cri se en;.u~h.niiaiilil: 'par,;ar, es p~cluto:r,e.$ de a~~ d~ OH.lut~a' qu,e pa;s8a:~~,:tlLm, a l~lelPen_clte:r dos 'BrL1,p]'eSml1uJ;! d~: rr1BSt}IEI1~ die RedfB. Com fj,

l3i!;"l~mlCi:J.*~;,!i~ ~~l:itic-a de ]If£c'i:'oo IR~ 'Q1j nd~m!S'e_s n iCl' :podeTi am tna;l'fi;i .ra:ze.~'" ~~ 'Itl~) r~(~r;h:.'1" 'iP~:~~k~~ que aL~lda.: POIH31Llli,8.Ht sob':r',[" a,~,' eemerei a.ntes. ~t)e,nt~ o.s 'oliind.m~tes :iI:Mci:ara'~_ Ii] . mid1.tto\'

.Acabg,l,:I enrn a pri1J:ao dus ':f~vo:~ t,oso\1,li ~ ;;I

1~:t,a,Iis f~:r"&l.\)eia da s:~,d,e: a,fimi. il'! a:tJ~a't.i va d'e ,P'e:ma.1uh1[:lc~ ThlID'S .a ~[]ci,acla. ~

,Betral'm I~e Fel'ipe ,.€loo' ',S€Rittlff; (17::10)1

Li d er ad 8 pel (Ii h,o'pe li:r,@< Peli pe ,do~ San to£!, (~'~~O-11BO)oj phJvlE'61",f}'h:rl1e'rute "j i,g;~,d_Q :rJ.Q C[llIirt,~Flh~[jlld6 ,dJ'l' fti!;g:[~ r:!I ~ lI"'il,gi:"fuo d~. MiJlllJ'S iOat~]IS~ . l~lSt.'l, t'i~:'!lO~ t:a 'COl!1I'~O'\l ~Iom' a ~~ a"rtl t;]F! a~ in de 2f~(lIO' hd'm,e:!Qlll :a::rirHarlo~ q;9.'~: t<]ThIh~ ~~lrtn'1(l:' su:ru~ il:a!l!.IS'alE iO 1i:."filJ:i'batig' 3~~S' i:";t"c~~qti!'~;s' t"tij,hl;:i!:tos eolnr,:~:uJtlis ella,' col~J]f]a- ~ lnstit:utlio[[uiB~ao' ~las ,~;safil' d~, :f.bnIfJI:~:!t,iO- 'r~nde ![~ r,l'IU!.li',!J]I em :po era ~:r-oiI!n~fo:lt!:D::ld~, q:lLiLtl1iL1i:ad,a, mea ida: is a dot ~ll';[~, 3, e o'[;('~:r"B, !)] c,o n, t T'iab, a,D, d, e.

Oi.ri.gimdo.-se &0 ,gG,vefl1'8!dol"r 0 'eon,~1 Id}e_ .MHI[mar~ ,aJ,pr,e.s;e:.li~~ !:liTIS lIlsta. d~ ]\e]vmm~5~ que' a~itafll llf!EID1, primeim I'i1fmleJilt~. 1f\~ull!laW',i3rrlt. d~ semanas ~I,pg~,~ n~ inv~~~u d~ Vila ftj.c3. ]If(l'" 1500 SOI~S' Ique :ll~'tm.der~ os envo E.viOOs.. Os ,p~lll1.icipantes, min'Biros 1"ilcoo, garrument~ pmrt:ugn~~ ide, 'm~cimenwlO wrun e-H'vi.-adflt'i; 1T1.(ocv:a:nfuehte p,ll1;',a; :P(l(f"~ug"d],. i)fl/i. os ,~b['rEl~; ![Q'l~am, oond,enaJdoSi .. ll :rnnJ.'te, e :Fe1tp~ dl)s:. Ssrlt061 '~~~i e:nJIH.""€acl.o. ,ecStfl1i8.rt~J[Ij.do e seu ,ornll~' Bl.u~ata;[;8!Jdo ~pe1~s~ russ d~ "Vil~· Rica ~oono ,c!e p]'~_Ji}e- R~S ,~~beUij~' a:m.'~.~" at eorca,

,;1,. ~;:[~~es: ~~ :~I~:m.p~m_eJl'm ~~' iit ~ru:po'~',e ,~ 0 ~pacw' oolon:inJr,

l~fitiilmcitJ, ,Mineirft, (1"'88 - 1'189)

TId,a emno a ~5 wp:~ntoo)ite das .[ e¥01.tas ~lont~is hfEl;SilGi.'r'a~il'i; elf.,8J, fm]n~_a "pl"inci]Jaltpl~_nt~ ·Pilrt' m~'trl,htoo, da e1liw mine,1r;], qJa,~ '~'ip (:UIlOW\6I~l\'fO cOm, ~ abu.~ e pl~2$OOf;1 ti~\:!11 iL'lilm:aHdtls, :pei,tj go\f'e_010 p(jfrt~,&i.;r ,i';Ofi'l;O a [dJ~, - coll\f.'~t-1J, r1eo 1!mposto~: ~aJ.i.zadrrt de :fm11[],at 'Vih[,en:ta pelai '00ir08 ~a qual mO]l1sm:ve mivadiSIJ:..se: easas ptuti,(;'Ubrr~8).

:Oec:!n'i1tetf EMU8.1'lJcipac[,oum'lta. e'·· i t1rf.luend~da, peil'i:l8 '],dLe:rus Uim:JllrnjgtaB e peh., IndiIBpeI1l1ie:lJ1lciEl ([,Oa, Esll~~'f:lus Uri] d OSg, il; ID~Q11i__fi~~a, d1J~jav~, r~1':t1Gt d;~ I\!rfula~ 'Ge!£'ai~ e do '~i(Jj, de ~ilaneiro 'm:D, [llUVO pai!fL

El"~m to'~::]!tr:a 0 6lil da K~n'p~t]:di,g mas ,estirnuJ ~V&;m

o dp~en:'il.f,Ql vir.menool d,t) (;Om e:r.c.i 0,. .

Ih!~]at~do~ Poll' ml~bJl'~s, do m,QV""i~llto om 'klI.l4ii!:, do Pfelr.d!5![Ji dfl: SU,~ d.i'vi~dt.n..<t, mi} i'oll;o:nfide.n:~~, 'fo~a.m j wgOOo~ J.elo, crime d.e' leg:a-fIlaj-oot~dJe~ .Ang !que' pmeo:eianl a: aUm-o OOiS~gO lm 0 ~e~n:ilo ua. Afir~ e~.~ ,J'g 0 alferes J~ J OiiqtlLID1' a~ :Sihm Xavi:cr; TimdeJtOCw, (1 '41~lL"D4evidQ ao' seu _me[.'~a!i.'"' pl'es-.,

I~~ soci_aJi tl'ieeai'It!J, a 'r::lLipa d~ o:rgan.tz:;;~ d)l).lt1Qvl-", mentO e"S%l9J, ~u~ fui·;.~~:ra;1l1ar- p~a ,que Dm~n tm:rum peu_a~~ em ~pital; OCH1:b:» ;mJ CA!ro-E!J,

1C.'(JJtilJ;nI~a~1 B:alu-IJa 1[1198)

.D]f~,te,mell:i.te' da ,:m.ctYo:lldeu!eia. NIm:e:rra., lesre m(fVil.lll"ento, ,e8'f.a,ct~izOl.!i-se 'pe],a l]'jjaci,Q:ill. pntlirip!tJ~o [riJp!]j]a;~i Wxsl brlhltante,8 da I~i[bl(t~ d~ 8al;;.radQ.r.- q;ue ,~tav,i,!l. ~.Jt]ili~ndi) 1;I:m ai wr,~¥t; cri~ ~ocia] ,£'I lIElC~jj£il, &e;Dn'"e.m:lte- il~. eRe~ez, de

:-llI:~~""YIo'l\-"""", ~,'C;..Il.J..~ •.

'1n11uerr.tem~d:o~ :l41e]~i3 :i,deal~ da Revo:bJ;~fiQ F,ra'vr c;:,e i!i a .0" ~'I jJ,b'e:rr.;d.:ad e - :Ii,gltal d.p;,de reo 'h~id i1 dietl' ';l'ut-a va:m ~~liO -urn- (la, al~i"J1~i¢A,o~ ~ro~h~oorr~((.'C']81, l'[~~lmaliZ'll!~ajo: dO oowe~,do, dkeim ,Q u:m e'm:plfsg.J'J Bern. 'ha'~et ~rap'a Ide ~~or e' ~mlmvao, s~'a,~ enfim, clle"sGj;llvmill irrstaurar '~ ~.publi,~

,Q'CUI_lmo ,0 mOv::lmsl[i!lito fm-6~ p'''~lioo a1J?'R''les. dft patn,Hel:.£ls, ,em, 12 de' ~pool'd_:e 1'7Y8.~ n guwmoonr' I~ Ba:hJla rei£iJgiu. ,0 ,de:sUno dOcS :pa:a1dpa:n.1tes f:O:.l: 0- mesme daque:]~B que' in.tegtaI-ru.i:. ,iEit !Ll1i~&tcial IOO,W,',O tlI;,~,ifJ.,~~, Ida 't'{lndh~~o social dos S~~ Ud-0:m~. .~;rn. '[(xr.an,]' ~ ro os.. ,e:nfl«~OO ~' [e$qu.a!riJ~.iado~. ,oom 'Qi CasDgo ,exen.'II:,:ia:;r·.

oi, (P{' ;(~~PR ~ ,DE2J20~3), ,A COll':ijum~,i@ Baiana '1798 difeFe:nch)l1:~:tl-e da OtJ.~·u:ra~~iJl ,l\fine:h~a, '1789t ~Q;Ue cutros a8p~W3j 'pO~'ik't@ ;ljqUi~L~J!:7

'.8.' .ffi1V't)jv'e'lJl ,St alta 1bmrgLle.Elm dB. soci"edac1e ,dOo N,O'['clGs,ta,

b) ~etr,e.~m:a, ,8, r.e\r~~,j<>·M :rla nr;ll:ft~ea ,fii.8ieaJ dOl

~~ II.~"""~ - . - t!I!I. ... s,". [~.

Mrurqu&s- ,de Pombal,

[l). la:g]U'tU'lcrL!! a ,nHcia]ida.de 'bl".iBileim .m~.'tiB_:~i-,

. ta com, f;;~1II ~o:ldo. .

if) ~e'le 'U:~n, learM'&er.' 'pi!)Pbl3r~ ~l_ p:rlecielr1,pa¢e~: ,gQbretct;;m~ 8ocC1ais,,,

eJ Bioou tamb6m 00 Meci[i3i, crmlii) '~~voUa d'O~ :m-arlunetn;d'.

iD~ (.FGV=2DOG·) Anlw'lI1et.S vel.tflll .• · ·.aa l~apii!J e· tbJfl5.lb') e.I'llUI1i1, III',eIIe;liio ern.to,'rtVeIllB~a :senhDreti de! Im~ millfiu iii sells. co.ompil'ld'lleiilfDS illS prQII1e:.ssIs.s. riI.e nliltS d,e' '~Mg.iDe.s I'islanl.e.s, ,dU5, m;aiicu·,e_.s. Iceniro:s

, " ~. I 'I-'-iII I.·' ,_ ·'ta III

,HemdD~, Os _P~uli5t~~, :s~"i'amc I~~S :m~~DS' aoj IP~U) -:- ,~CCl~~I.'III;~ - "IQiI,'=o q;P'e~ n~:o ,~ce~ , ,:~iI,~, !a.~,e_

COS ill d,e;ps:rUihai ,as, ia ..... a~ ,M'UlilDs! nan paSS3!vaUIQ. 9l1JSla~ao ,pD1rtugu~sa Ireie,f!en_ ii1! Idls,lnl!lul\liiiU3J

de, ,tn:enJRi05; auUos ef'anlll. bastaRte velho~~ :5ta d'a_s da.ta e a cobran9i1' do di'rdlill1o.,

_~~~5=:.: .. ::s~:.a:~':'::::m7!eI=it :e~~i~~:~:aI":=::,!;Q~:::=d:

- - 1 • ,~. d M"" iil':!:' "" ~ .... 1 ... • .. '. ... D'"

-dO-,S;1 supl_lipi!liJlldtQ! POI!' :it;gU3 e· iCilO'nlii,dlai.. :Bent:o 'mil ,H!;glilla" as, _' _[~~ 'u!l!I'iIiI!S· IRCI ililUmJllfllllD. iIiIlQI' ~ID

,co,ml'qjue 'D9, P!i1lU~iS:tilS.' se 'rellni~. ~QQli ,d~ de d~ll1;ei~J:\o, a;sI~"iniIJ c,omo ,dal, Ime;t.i'Upol.! PBiri ... 'reiul 'para I'K-~' :~iEJ1Gl 'ie' !IiiG' __ ida,~ 0;51 e$iboa giUeSil!; Ie que':Ieve' iI ~aitic~(~iI'tJ:iiQ ,de'le5cravr05 .. , bas, sai:r,al11' d~:- ~irrc~nyala9aD!!! "mFn1aJildG~,e ~'-'I Ina __ ~iis, i""p-£l:rtan~I!I!' m~:l!DefrltD niJl:hri~tai ltd. t'Q~.n_G',·dD~' _'pr~,~~~n~~lrDSiI' ~ntol deu 'Qme:r I~ ,SiefJl!nd~ ,me&ild,e.~ID!~~e_cYI~'X.ViUl! qu~!env1!J"1 f~ .. IDs P~I.I"tstas ql!l'l! has, 'IillQnetrafIR = II: Yell, mdl!m5i 'cathlo5~1 eSlC1II"3V05! iafncanas e' :pe' flUS,' fORM sacrilii'cadolS, i3 !la~pe.s del ,e,spaHd •• I[Ana q:u em 0_ 5 rnim, eradore·s, ,e:,_ f" ,iI'i's ciado res, co:nlra iii

: . ~ - de d El'..:II!.'_

Mir:anda~, 0. ~10 ,do rei, cmqa,(I! . 35, ' ..• aSlaS, ' - e' ~l!I!ljIal;-aQII!

a ieJWQ kia.ta do! chilmiiula Capao dill, '1ir~19iGl~e)! In;a prime'ira mbeU~iG ~i'gaida .. aos 'pnililc,ipit05, dD' '~pi$iidJilil Ique faz: ·plRrt_e da. GDerr,a. dos .... boa. l~iberali'iSR'ul'l iP~'i5, defelidial remrmfiil15' nSHS, pi'il

,basill qu,e ,se' co:nsl:i.tuiiu ['Iilc;ais. call:-tI{n.iai$ !I! ex;igia, que IqualJuier la~.en,

aJ ,em um: ClOnBit·g ,op.onda, IpaUl.islas. 'Ie ~tei lUI lliI'~S;, !ril;l~~~~' ti~~ ~ ~!ilr~a~'ia ~ de. ti"ie\pre

,r,DS. pe:la IC~G~;re dlas alfeJas de, _:~IlI;e:rapaD Ii! ,!iie;nta~:as, pDllilic~. para, 'BiS ,ceIDnlDS!.,

EJiiIlSDe.s, il'"lela.ciot'l_adas cO.m lO' CtllB·· .. ,!i,l

:pecuila9ao die· artigQS de consumQ.coXid ,a cal!'

lie, de .ul;~!1 cO{rd'Ji:G1ardai 'p;eIDS fQm5tei.\5i:~

Ai, 1IiI.TO··· rIf"IA· . .. -.. . . r.Lil,", ... .u ',JJ.~ '. 'COBS