Shell and tube HX Taborek-method

See course thermal installations + Wolverine engineering data book III

Taborek-method
Valid for single-phase shell-side flows of S&T HXs with single segmental baffles (TEMA E-shell)

Bundle and shell geometries

Lbi: inlet baffle spacing

Lbo: outlet baffle spacing
Lbc: central baffle spacing

Dotl: outer tube limit diameter

Dctl: centreline tube limit diameter
Dt: outside diameter of tubes
o Dctl = Dotl Dt
Ds: shell internal diameter
Lbch: baffle cut height
 Bc: baffle cut = (Lbch/Ds)*100%
Lbb: diametral clearance between shell internal diameter and tube limit diameter
o If Dotl is not known:
Lbb assumed = 9.525 mm (3/8 inch) for Ds < 300 mm
Lbb assumed = 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) for 300 < D s < 1000 mm
Lbb assumed = 15.875 mm (5/8 inch) for Ds > 1000 mm
Lsb: diametral clearance between shell internal diameter and the diameter of the baffle D b
o If Lsb is not known:
Lsb = 2.0 mm for Ds < 400 mm (15.75 inch)
Lsb = 1.6 + 0.004*Ds for Ds > 400 mm (15.75 inch)
Ltb: If the diametral clearance between the baffle holes and the outside of the tube is not
known, the maximum TEMA value can be assumed 0.794 mm (1/32 inch) or a smaller value
in the range from 0.397 mm (1/64 inch) to 0.794 mm.

Configuration
The pitch between the pipes is minimum 1.25*D t.

The type of configuration depends on the fluid on the shell side:

Pitch configuration Angle Shell fluid Flow regime

Triangular 30 Clean All
Triangular 60 Clean Not often used
Square 90 Fouled Turbulent
Square 45 Fouled Laminar

Ltp: tube pitch (= distance centre-to-centre between tubes in the bundle)

Lpp: pitch parallel to the flow direction
Lpn: pitch normal to the flow direction
The simple estimation for fixed tubesheets for single tubepass units without any tubes
removed in the nozzle entrance and exit areas:
0.7854 D2ctl
o Number of tubes N tt =
Cl L2tp
o Constant Cl = 1.0 for square (90) and rotated square tube (45) layouts and C l = 0.866
for triangular (30) tube layouts
o For multiple tubepasses fewer tubes will be used than this expression
 Compactness triangular
Square 90 best heat transfer for turbulent flow + maintenance

Convection coefficient shell side - hs

hs = hid Jc Jl Jb Jr Js J

Jc Jl Jb Jr Js J 0.6 for a classical S&T HX

with:

hid = convection coefficient for ideal case of complete cross flow over the tube stack
2 /3
m s s
o hid = j i c p , s ( )(
Sm c p, s s )
o j i = Colburn j-factor for an ideal tube stack
1.33 a a
j i=a1
( )
s 2

Ltp
Dt
a3
a= a
1+0.14 s 4

D m
o s= t s
s Sm

o ms = mass flow shell side

o S m = cross section in the centre of the shell for cross flow between two baffles.

S m=Lbc Lbb+
[
Dctl
( L Dt )
Ltp ,eff tp ]
Ltp, eff =Ltp for 30 and 90 tube layouts and Ltp, eff =0.707 Ltp for 45
staggered layouts

Lbc
 o c p , s = specific heat at shell side at MEAN bulk fluid temperature
o s = the dynamic viscosity at MEAN bulk fluid temperature
o s = thermal conductivity fluid at MEAN bulk fluid temperature
Baffle cut correction factor Jc (typical 0.65 1.175)
o Jc = 0.55 + 0.72*Fc
o Fc = 1 2*Fw
ctl sin ctl
F w= (fraction of the cross sectional area occupied by the
360 2
window)

ctl=2cos1
{ [
Ds
D ctl
12
Bc
100( ) ]} (angle of the baffle cut relative to the

centreline of the HX []) (valid for Bc of 15% to 45%)

Baffle leakage correction factor Jl (typical 0.7 1)
2.2 r
o J l=0.44 ( 1r s ) + [ 10.44 ( 1r s ) ] e lm

S sb
rs =
S sb+ S tb
S +S
r lm = sb tb
Sm
S sb =0.00436 D s L sb ( 360ds )
Shell-to-baffle leakage area
Tube-to-baffle hole leakage area for N tt ( 1F w ) tube holes

S tb = { 4 [ ( D + L ) D ]} N ( 1F )
t tb
2 2
t tt w

Cross-flow area at the bundle centreline

S m=Lbc Lbb+
[ Dctl
( L Dt )
Ltp ,eff tp ]
o Ls b = diametral shell to baffle clearance

o ds =2 cos1 12
[ ( )] Bc
100
o Ltp, eff =Ltp for 30 and 90 tube layouts and
Ltp, eff =0.707 Ltp for 45 staggered layouts
Bundle bypass correction factor Jb
3
C F ( 1 2 r )
o J b=e bh sbp ss

o Cbh =1.35 for laminar flow (Re 100); Cbh =1.2 5 for transition and
turbulent flows (Re > 100)
Sb
o F sbp = = ration of bypass to crossflow area
Sm
S b=Lbc ( D sDotl ) + L pl
L pl = width of the bypass lane between tubes
for no pass partition lane or for such a lane normal to the flow
direction L pl =0
for a pass transition lane parallel to the flow direction
1
L pl = ( actual dimension of thelane ) or assumed L pl =Dt
2
 N ss
o r ss = = ration of number of sealing strips passed by the flow to the number
N tcc
of tube rows crossed between baffle tips in one baffle section.

Ds
N tcc =
L pp
12
Bc
100 [ ( )]
L pp=0.866 Lt p for 30 layout; L pp=Lt p
for 90 layout and
L pp=0.707 Lt p for 45 layout
o The expression has a maximum of J b=1 at r ss 1/2
Unequal baffle spacing correction factor Js
o For Lbi = Lbc = Lbo Js = 1
1n 1n
( N b1 ) + ( Lbi / Lbc ) + ( Lbo / Lbc )
o Else J s=
( N b 1 ) + ( Lbi / Lbc ) + ( Lbo / Lbc )
n = 0.6 for turbulent flow and n = 1/3 for laminar flow
Nb = number of baffle compartments determined from the effective tube
length and the baffle spacings.
Laminar flow correction factor Jr
o No necessary here (only for Re 100) Jr = 1
Wall viscosity correction factor J
0.14
s
o J = ( )
s , w
o For gasses no correction factor!
T c + T h
o s , w via a first guess value of T w =
2

Effective tube length Lta

A 0= Dt Lta N tt

1.33 b b
f i =b1
( ) s 2

PT
du
b3
o b= b
1+0.14 s 4