Advanced Smart House
Hayato Yamauchi, Student Member, IEEE, Yuya Izumi, Student Member, IEEE
Kosuke Uchida, Student Member, IEEE, Atsushi Yona, Member, IEEE
Tomonobu Senjyu, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract-Since the Great East Japan Earthquake, many
people have been worried about power shortages in Japan. There
has been more focuses to save electricity at home. The method
that reduce energy usage is required but it should not give
the trouble to peoples. The spread of PV(Photovoltaic) will be
expanded by the surplus power buyback institution, and Smart
House with HEMS are expected to save electricity. Therefore,
studies and verification tests of smart house are very effective.
The stand-alone capability in the conventional PV system does
not work well in a disaster. The reason is that conventional
stand-alone capability is needed to switch by manual when
switching to stand-alone mode and it is only able to supply
power to the limited plugs. In addition, transfer from stand
alone mode to grid-connected mode is needed to switch by
manual, similarly. It needs a comfortable and safe stand-alone
capability of PV for residents that has installed PV system during
disaster like typhoons and earthquakes. This paper describes a
disaster prevention and energy management of smart house. The
effectiveness of the proposed smart house verified by computer
simulations on Matlab/SimPower systems environment.
Index Terms- smart house, islanding operation, reconnect
operation, PV system, battery
I. INTRODUCTION
I
T is a issue that reduction of carbon-dioxide emissions to
prevent global warming. Energy saving is especially impor
tant at homes. The method that reduce energy usage is required
but it should not give the trouble to peoples. Therefore, as one
proposal, it could be the introduction of HEMS(Home Energy
Management System) which achieves energy saving with using
ITC(Information Technology Communication) [11.
Since the Great East Japan Earthquake has happened in
March 11, 2011, many peoples had been worried about power
shortage in Japan. There has been more focuses to save
electricity at homes. The spread of PV (Photovoltaic) will be
expanded by the surplus power buyback institution, and Smart
House with HEMS are expected to save electricity. In fact,
home manufacturer has been focused on developing Smart
House with HEMS. Therefore, the penetration of Smart House
has been start in full swing. The stand-alone capability in the
conventional PV system does not work well in a disaster. The
reason is that conventional stand-alone capability is needed
to switch by manual when switching to stand-alone mode
and it is only able to supply power to the limited plugs. In
addition, transfer from stand-alone mode to grid-connected
(I)Hayato Yamauchi, Yuya Izumi, Kosuke Uchida, Atsushi Yona and
Tomonobu Senjyu are with the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa,
Japan (E-mail: b985542@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp).
978-1-4673-1943-0/12/$31. 00 2012 IEEE
mode is needed to switch by manual, similarly. It needs a
comfortable and safe stand-alone capability of PV for residents
that has installed PV system during disaster like typhoons and
earthquakes. On the other hand, there has been also focused on
installing battery for emergency to prevent the power shortage
during disaster at home. The battery capacity will require 8
I OkWh to ensuer per day during blackout. However, the
increase in battery capacity make more expensive battery
cost and requires installation space. If it is possible to supply
power by low-capacity battery at home, the battery become
increasingly widespread into the home.
This paper presents Advanced Smart House that can be
operated in both grid-connected mode and stand-alone mode.
Advanced Smart House performs stand-alone mode using
the PV system and low-capacity battery(2kWh). Moreover,
we also proposed energy management system using HEMS
according to the battery (state of charge). The effectiveness of
the proposed smart house is verified by computer simulations
on Matlab/SimPowerSystems environment.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The smart house in this paper is assumed to introduce
HEMS and the smart appliances which are controlled by
HEMS. The configuration of a Advanced Smart House is
shown in Fig. 1. At this home, HEMS makes communication
with the smart appliances by Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity). By
using Wi-Fi, understanding of each device condition and
consumption power, control of smart appliance will be easy.
The Smart House has a solar collector that is effective to
reduce energy cunsumption in Okinawa with a lot of insolation
area in Japan and get heated water by HP(Heat Pump water
heater). The generator systems at home available to perform
stand-alone operation during blackout due to typhoon that
happen a lot in Okinawa. The power generation system of
Advanced Smart House is composed by the PV system and
low-capacity battery, EV (electrical vehicle). The use of low
capacity battery can be expected to reduce cost and installation
space as compared to the use of high-capacity battery. A
standard smart house is required battery capacity of 10kWh to
ensure the necessary power at home per day during blackout
but this study achieves power supply at home during blackout
by energy manegement which adjusting consumption power
and tum off of smart appliances, in spite of the use of low
capacity battery. The configuration of a simulation model is
shown in Fig. 2. Here, the EV that was shown in Fig. 1 is
not considered to simplity the simulation model in this time.
The PV system is connected to the DC-DC converter which
130
 1;------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
,

:' Fr ...
Utility : '.,' 0 ..
: '., ...
0
1/
,
\,, \
\'
!
'' \
''
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ' ,

...

iil
:' Fr Wi-Fi '.,
/___ \______ ________ ____ __,______ :i

: HEMS
Power Contro

Battery

Fig. 1. Advanced Smart house.

performe the MPPT control. Similarly, the battery is connected IC'

'L
to the DC-DC converter which performe DC link voltage
WJV

I
t
control around 350V. The connection method that connected V =IOOV
to the DC side of PV and battery is enabled the reduction of I
Q /'/' = 2lXlV
P

power conversion. The inverter converting dc power sources t

of PV and battery to ac power are interconnected with single
phase utility of 200V 60Hz.
CB
I =J(XlV

A. PV system
In this study, the PV array is modeled by a current source
with characteristic equation based on [2]. The parameters of
the simulation model are shown in TABLE 1. The PV is
connected with DC-DC converter to apply MPPT control. This
system adopts the SEPIC(Single-Ended Primary Inductance
Converter) as the buck-boost converter which indicated by Fig.
3. The SEPIC operating principle is shown that the Voltage
VL1 is defined as follows:
VpvD = (1- D)(VC2 + VDC - Vpv)
D is the duty factor of switching signal for turn on, 1- D is
OFF. The reactance voltage VL2 is defined by the following
equation.
VC2D = (1- D)Vpv
SEPIC output voltage is obtained by Eqs. (1), (2).
VDC D
Vpv 1- D
Thus, it is possible that Vpv is larger than input voltage and
smaller than input voltage to adjust D.
B. Battery system
Battery is connected to DC-DC converter which indicated
in Fig. 4, battery voltage is raised from 200V to 350V by
the DC-DC converter. In the control system, droop control is
3kW
Fig. 2. Simulation circuit.
applied in order to suppress DC link voltage fluctuations [41.
(1) The control configuration of battery is shown in Fig. 5. The
desig of droop coefficient RB is according to [4]. The power
consumption command IBis decided by droop coefficient RB
and state of charge . Here, acceptable range of the DC link
voltage between 20V (VDC=330370V ).
(2)
III. CONTROL SY STEM
This section discribes the control system of inverter. The
(3) control system proposes the PQ control that is controled DC
link voltage V DC and receiving end voltage Vr by active power
and reactive power.
A. Phase Detection
The PLL (phase locked loop) is used to detect the phase in
this system. The PLL must accuracy detect phase during fault.
This paper adopts ALOF-PLL [51 for single phase as shown in
Fig. 6 that is sensitive to detect phase in the fluctuation voltage
131
 TABLE. I. Constant of PV panel
PV short-circuit current Isc [Aj 16.5
PV open voltage [Vj 195.4
[Aj
III IDe
Diode saturation current 1.94
PV [Aj
!JJ
10-16
10 Noma! state short-circuit current 16.5
current [Aj
!pv
Isw C2 lc3 Nomal state Diode saturation 1.94 X
[Kj 298
/el

2
Temperature of cell
Amount of insolation [kW/m j
+

1
1
L2 Number of PV panel N
PV C1

L ('3
1. 767 X 10-19
100
---1 Energy gap [Vj
S
q [C] 1.6 X 10-19
lL2
1.38 X 10-23
Quantum of electncity
VDC k
1.0 X 10-2
Boltzmann constant
Constant of non-temperature
Jlmction constant n 1.95
Constant of depend on materia! 2.0

Fig. 3. SEPIC converter.

Fig. 4. Battery converter.

: V'i i
Droop control

iJ +
----------------------,

I :,c -I I v- I

: + +
PI, I---..n-- .::..r\---
+
... -+i Fig. 6. ALOF-PLL.

i
oc

can be obtained by the active and reactive current I p, Iq, the

_____________________*_

+
1;,b
receiving end voltage Vr.
Sb _
PI,
P (8)
Fig. 5. Control system of battery.
Q (9)

Here, harmonic current Ih derive the following equation by

and frequency. The ALOF-PLL is a digital PLL using optimum
active current Ip and reactive current I q makes fundamental
adaptive filter. It estimates the fundamental component and
for inverter current I r
fifth, seventh hannonic and phase is estimated by controlling
the estimated error to be zero. (10)

Furthemore, the third-order harmonics I h3 can be detected by

B. Active and reactive power detection and harmonic com using triple phase 3wt with PLL in Fig. 7.
pensation
Injecting active and reactive current into grid is calculated (11)
in Fig. 7. The receiving end voltage Vr and inverter output Similarly, odd multiple of harmonics can be detected by PLL.
current Ir are presented by the following equations:

Vr V2 V sinwt (4) C. Line current reference

Ir V2I sin(wt + <PI) + L V2 sin(nwt - <Pn) In the single-phase inverter, magnitude and phase of output
(5) current are important as control parameters. This section
decides line current reference method of inverter based on
Vp = V2 sinwt multiply to Eq. (5) when following equation measured P, Q as Eq. (8), (9). The receiving end ac voltage
is derived and line current are represented the following equations
(6) V sinwt (12)
Eq. (6) indicate the magnitude of active current, it is obtained I sin(wt + B) (13)
active current Ip by multipling Vp.
The active power P and reactive power Q are expressed by
Ip V2h cos <PI sinwt (7) the following equations based on nns voltage Vr, nns current
[r and phase B
Similary, Vq V2 coswt multiply to Ir and to extract the
=

DC component by using LPF. It obtaines reactive current I q P VrIr cosB (14)

by multipling Vp. Therefore active and reactive power P, Q Q VrIr sinB (15)
132
 ----. J2 sinwt
Vr ----..- 12 coswt
j2sinwt
lr
5 coswt -1-------'--'
Fig. 7. Active and reactive current detector.
Fig. 8. Control system of Inverter.
The rms current and phase is descrived by Eq. (16), (17).
J p2 + Q 2
Vr
. Q
e arcsm
VrIr
Inverter current reference I ref = Ir V2 sin(wt + e) is obtained
by Eq. (16), (17).
D. Inverter control
This paper propose inverter control diagram as shown in
Fig. 8. The purpose of this controller is controlled maintain
constant terminal voltage Vr = 200V and DC link voltage VDC
= 350V. To calculate Iref of inverter output current reference
using Fnc block that is calculated line current reference as Eq.
(16), (17).
IV. HEMS
In this study, the seamless operations of both grid-connected
and stand-alone with HEMS is presented to supply power
during blackout. This study achieves energy management by
using HEMS when residents has power shortage such as fault
by utility. The each smart devices command is used HEMS.
The seamless operations of both grid-cennect and stand-alone
states are shown in Fig. 9. When grid voltage drop is occured
by fault, operating mode changes to quickly. In the transfer
from grid-connected mode to stand-alone mode, the CB(circuit
breaker) cut off from grid at the next current zero cross point
to prevent large current. When the fault on grid is restored and
the grid voltage come back on acceptable range, the magnitude
and phase of grid voltage and the smart hause voltage may not
match. The inverter is operated to adjust the inverter output
voltage to match the grid voltage. As shown in Fig. 8, the
current reference is controlled by the grid phase. In the transfer
stand-alone mode to grid-connected mode, the CB turn on at
the next grid voltage zero cross point to prevent large voltage.
The following is the explanation of the HEMS system at
home. The conceptual diagram of HEMS that proposed in this
paper is shown in Fig. 10. There is concern that the supply
power at home is a decrease during stand-alone mode, because
the home battery is low-capacity (2kWh). Therefore, this paper
propose that HEMS according to the battery (state of charge).
HEMS is achieved by regulation of power consumption at
home according to the predefined priority order of emergency
load. In grid connected mode, desired battery is 90 %, but
the low-capacity battery is concerned about reduced the battery
due to the over-load and decreasing PV output.
stand-alone mode is concerned about quick reduced battery
by over-load and decreasing insolation. To prevent that
decreasing the battery , it is necessary to reduce the power
consumption in Smart House. If the battery below 70 %,
HEMS should be prevented decrease the battery by adjusting
the temperature of air-conditioning and turn off the extra lights
so called predefined priorities. If the battery below 50 %,
similarly, HEMS should be prevented decrease the battery
by leaving only critical loads and another tum off. After
grid-connected mode, the load-shading due to HEMS will be
released because the power supply from grid is recovered. In
the next section, the priorities of load is set in the order of
(16)
L1, L2, L3, and L4.
(17)
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
To confirm the effectiveness of HEMS in the previous chap
ter, computer simulation are performed under the following
sequence:
(I) t=0.3s instantaneous voltage drop occur from rated voltage
CB opens(at the next current zero cross point) stand-alone
mode
(II) t=1. 8s removed the fault The phase and voltage at home
are stnchronized with grid side CB close(at the next voltage
zero cross point) grid-connected mode.
Advanced smart house introduced energy management dur
ing stand-alone mode. The decrease of battery is avoided by
turn-off and adjusting power consumption of home appliances
based on priorities of load. It always supplies power to only
Ll because the priorities is L1, L2, L3 and L4. The 70 %
set value that shown in Fig. 10 has been changed to 89.99
% in simulation because of the drop battery is only slightly
reduced for short simulation time 2 seconds.
The obtained current wave form in distribution line is
indicated in Fig. ll(a). From this figure, the power supply is
stopped from utility at t = 0.3 s to l. 8 s. In Fig. ll(b)-(d), the
receiving end voltage Vr that rated voltage used in a Japanese
house is 200V, receiving end voltage Vp and Vn that rated
voltage is 100V. It can be observed that the power supply to
Advanced smart house is achieved after power supply stopped
from utility. Fig. ll(e) shows the solar insolation. Fig. ll(f),
133
 VI. CONCLUSION

This paper presents "Advanced Smart House" which

enebles the seamless operations of both stand-alone and grid
connected mode under grid faults. Advanced smart house con
sists of PV, low-capacity battery(2kWh). This study achieves
HEMS according to the battery (state of charge). This pro
posed method is achieved energy management, and expected
to reduce the installation cost of battery with lower battery
capacity.

S ynchronaization REFERENCES
Mode
[I] Yoshikawa, T; Awai, 1. : IHEMS with reasonant-type wireless power
transmissionJ . IMWS, pp. 167-170, 2011.
[2] K. Itako, T Mori: IA Current Sensorless MPPT control Method for a
Stand-Alone-Type PV GenerationJ. lEE} Trans vol. 125-D. no. 10.
.

8H= 8u
pp. 905-910, 2005.
[3] E Duran, J. M. Andujar, F. Segura, A. J. Barragan: "A High Flexibility
VH= Vu DC Load for Fuel Cell and Solar Arrays Power Sources Based on DC
DC Converters", IDEAS, vol. 88, pp. 1690-1702, 2011.
Fig. 9. Seamless islanding and reconnection operation. [4] K. Kurohane, T Senjyu, A. Yona, N. Urasaki, T Goya, T Funabashi:
"A Hybrid Smart AC/DC Power System", IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid,
vol. I, no. 2, pp. 199-204, 2010.
[5] Yang Han, Lin Xu, Muhammad Mansoor Khan, Gang Yao, Li-Dan Zhou,
and Chen Chen: "A novel synchronization scheme for grid-connected
converters by using adapive linear optimal filter based PLL(ALOF
PLL)", Elsevier, Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory 17, pp. 1299-
1345, 2009.
[6] T Tanaka, K. Ueda, K. Sato, and S. Fukuma: IA Novel Detection
Method of Active and Reactive Currents in Single-Phase Circuits Using
the correlation and Cross-Correlation Coeecients and Its Appication sI

in co! 39th IEEE-lAS annual Meeting, 22p/, 2004.

Fig. 10. Home Energy Management System.

(g) shows the output current of PV and the output voltage

of PV, respectively. The MPPT control with using I-V scan
is achieved at 1.5s cycle. Fig. 11 (h) shows DC link voltage,
it can be seen that the DC link voltage is controlled nearly
constant. The DC link voltage is kept within acceptable range
even if PV is detected time of optimal action (t 1.5 s)
=

because the DC link voltage can be controlled by the battery.

Accordingly, the inverter output power does not fluctuate. Fig.
12(i), U) show the output current of battery and (state of
charge), respectively. It can be observed that the drop battery
is small compared to without load shade. Fig. 12(k) shows
the phase of both utility and home. Fig. 12(1)-(0) show the
line currents of loads. It can be seen that the power supply
to load is achieved after power supply stopped from utility.
In addition, it can be confirmed that it always supplies power
to Ll and load shade is achieved based on the battery . The
measured THD of the grid current at the grid-connected mode
and the inverter output voltage at the stand-alone mode were
3.55 % and 0.22 %.
134
 10
50
==----
5 1,-j,ili,

I
Without Load shade ==
---

::s 0

;5 '\
0 J ",. 5 ......;..<>

1-0
T.oad shade

t 'O
, ______________ .____________________

O"'-
- 0..... --iJA----Qco----cU5--1----ry----,r'T--T7'TI-_.0
CO

c5 1.4 1.6 1.-'::: 0

Timet[s]
() 0.4 0.('; n.R I.)
(i)Battery output current Ib

f 90.05
Timet[s]

(a)Distributed line current Iu 90. 1

'13
90 Load shade

89.95
\
-
?, hade
89.90.2
Without Load s

co (1:4 0.6 (I.X -:L IA 1.6 -:lr .0
l'imc Iisl
.0 Tlme t rsl

U)Battery state of charge

(b) Receiving end voltage Vr 8

:
r a:? 2

o
.
!
i
[s]
0.2 . ..3 A A5
Tune I
8
(c)Receiving end voltage Vp

Tlme t [s]

r--------

(f-l------\-----,
(d)Receiving end voltage Vn 5

j

-5

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-:-0

1
!'iltle I I s I
(I) Load 1 current IL l

! :1
(e)Insolation IN 10 ---=::..:...
301-----------------------=-:...----------------
__________ ______

51
1 ;s:

-V
"'
.scan
gp T_",I"
f-____-.-r--------L-______ J __
j :)0.- .
____
_

i . . . .8
-
- - - - -

0) 4 06. .
08
1"iIT1C tis I
1.) 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
-

(f)PV output current IPV

300 r---- r

1
I-
...... V
200
scan

i 100
......

:j
s:
. J.O-_r-T7_
. 2-00-OJ-O(
.L. (") 1.4
I.> _,1,7-
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I.x
Timet[s]
(n)Load 3 current h3
VPV
---=- ---
(g)PV output voltage
M' : ----
---=
----

L
300

0 :::
0.---,
. . 0.8 1.) 1.4
Till'"lC Iisl
(0 )Load 4 current IL4
(h)DC Link voltage VDC

Fig. 11. Simulation results.

135