14/4/2017 BiodieselStandards&Properties

DieselNetTechnologyGuideAlternativeDieselFuelsBiodiesel

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BiodieselStandards&Properties
HannuJskelinen

Thisisapreviewofthepaper,limitedtosomeinitialcontent.Fullaccess
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Pleaselogintoviewthecompleteversionofthispaper.

Abstract:Twomajorspecificationsestablishingthequalityrequirementsforalkylesterbasedbiodiesel
fuelsaretheASTMD6751intheUSAandtheEN14214inEurope.Thispaperincludesasummaryof
thesestandards,comparestheUSandEUspecificationsandtestmethods,anddiscussestheunderlying
issues.

StandardSpecifications
EngineOperationProperties
LowTemperatureOperability
Lubricity
CetaneNumber
BulkModulusofCompressibility
FuelQualityProperties
FuelStability
AcidNumber
EsterContent
Contaminates
Glycerin
WaterandSediment
Phosphorus
Metals
Sulfur
Ash/SulfatedAsh
CarbonResidue
DistillationTemperature
FlashPoint
KinematicViscosity
CopperStripCorrosion

1.StandardSpecifications
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Developmentofbiodieselstandardsstartedinthe1990s,tosupporttheincreasinguseofalkylesters
basedbiodieselanditsblendsasautomotivefuels.ASTMInternational(formerlyAmericanSocietyfor
TestingandMaterials)adoptedaprovisionalspecificationPS121forbiodieselin1999.ThefirstASTM
standard(ASTMD6751)wasadoptedin2002[ASTM2002].InEurope,EN14214biodieselstandard
(basedonformerDIN51606)wasfinalizedinOctober2003.TheUSandEUstandardshave
internationalsignificancetheyareusuallythestartingpointforbiodieselspecificationsdevelopedin
othercountries(seealsoFuelRegulations).

ApproachestoUSandEUstandardsforbiodieseldiffer.IntheUSA,ASTMD6751establishes
specificationsforabiodieselblendstockformiddledistillatefuels.Whilethespecificationwaswritten
forB100,itisnotintendedforneatbiodieselusedasautomotivefuel.Rather,itisforthebiodiesel
componentthatistobeblendedtoproducebiodiesel/dieselfuelblends.Since2012,theASTMD6751
standarddefinestwogradesofbiodiesel:grade2B(identicaltobiodieseldefinedbyearlierversionsof
thestandard)andgrade1Bwithtightercontrolsonmonoglyceridesandcoldsoakfilterability.Two
automotivestandardsforbiodiesel/dieselfuelblendshavebeenpublishedbyASTM:

TheASTMStandardSpecificationforDieselOil,ASTMD975,wasmodifiedin2008toallow
upto5%biodieseltobeblendedintothefuel.
ASTMD7467isaspecificationforbiodieselblendsfromB6toB20.

InEurope,standardspecificationshavebeendevelopedforunblendedFAMEdieselfuelaswellasfor
certainhigherlevelbiodieselblends,whilelowlevelblendsarecoveredbyEN590,theEuropean
dieselfuelspecification:

EN14214establishesspecificationsforfattyacidmethylestersfordieselengines.Incontrastto
ASTMD6751,B100thatmeetsthisstandardcouldbeusedunblendedinadieselengine(ifthe
enginehasbeenadaptedtooperateonB100)orblendedwithdieselfueltoproduceablendin
accordancewithEN590orotherapplicablestandards.EN14214:2012introducedanumberof
changesincludinganexpansionofthescopetocoverheatingoilapplicationsandupdatesto
coverblendsuptoB10.Anadditionalsetofclimaticclassesbasedonmonoglyceridescontent
wasalsoestablished.
Biodiesel/dieselfuelblendsuptoB7arecoveredbyEN590.EN590:2004allowedblendsupto
5%offattyacidmethylester(FAME)indieselfuelwhileEN590:2009increasedtheallowable
FAMEcontentto7%.
EN16709,introducedin2015,coversB20andB30blendsforusebycaptivefleets.TheFAME
componentinEN16709isrequiredtocomplywithEN14214andthedieselcomponentwithEN
590.
AstandardsimilartoEN590,EN16734,coveringblendsuptoB10isexpectedtobepublished
in2016.

BiodieselspecificationsandtestmethodsaccordingtoASTMD6751andEN14214arecomparedwith
thoseofpetroleumdieselinTable1.BothASTMD6751andEN14214establishspecificationsforkey
fuelpropertiesforbiodieseltheformerforthebiodieselblendcomponent,thelatterforbothblend
stockandneatbiodieselautomotivefuel.

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Table1
USandEUBiodieselSpecifications

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ASTMD675112
Property ASTMD97508a EN590:2004 EN14214:2012
2B 1B Test
No1D
EN
38C
Flashpoint,min D93 93C D93 55C EN22719 101C ISO
No2D
2719
52C
Water&sediment,max 0.05%vol D2709 0.050%vol D2709
EN
ENISO
Water,max 200mg/kg 500mg/kg ISO
12937
12937
Totalcontamination, EN
24mg/kg EN12662 24mg/kg
max 12662
90%:
65%:250C
1D288C
Distillationtemperature 90%:360C min ENISO
max D86 D1160
(%volrecovered) max 85%:350C 3405
2D282
max
338C
1D1.3
EN
2.4mm2 /s 1.9 2.04.5 ENISO 3.55.0
Kinematicviscosity D445 D445 ISO
2D1.9 6.0mm2 /s mm2 /s 3104 mm2 /s
3104
4.1mm2 /s
EN
ENISO ISO
820845 3675 860900 3675
Density
kg/m3 ENISO kg/m3 EN
12185 ISO
12185
5%vol. EN 5%vol.max EN
Estercontent EN14078 96.5%min
max 14078 FAME 14103
ENISO
Ash,max 0.01%wt D482 0.01%wt
6245
0.020% 0.02% ISO
SulfatedAsh,max D874
mass mass 3987
EN
1Dand
ISO
2D: EN
20846
S1515 ISO14596
D5453 Twogrades: Twogrades: EN
mg/kg EN 10.0
Sulfur,max(bymass) D2622 S1515ppm D5453 50mg/kg ISO
S500 ISO8754 mg/kg
D1292 S5000.05% 10mg/kg 20884
0.05% EN
EN
S5000 ISO24269
ISO
0.50%
13032
EN
Copperstripcorrosion, ENISO
No3 D130 No3 D130 class1 class1 ISO
max 2160
2160
EN
ENISO
Cetanenumber,min 40 D613 47 D613 51.0 51.0 ISO
5165
5165
ENISO
Cetaneindex,min 46.0
4264

Oneof3 :
40min
cetaneindex D97680
35%vol
aromaticity D1319
max
IP391
PAH,max 11%wt
EN12916
Operability,oneof: D2500
cloudpoint Report D4539
LTFT/CFPP D6371

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ASTMD675112
Property ASTMD97508a EN590:2004 EN14214:2012
2B 1B Test
Location& Location
EN
Cloudpoint Report D2500 season EN23015 &season
23015
dependant dependant
Location& Location
EN
CFPP season EN116 &season
116
dependant dependant
1D:
Carbonresidueon
0.15%wt ENISO
10%distillation D524 0.050%wt5 D4530 0.30%wt
2D: 10370
residue,max
0.35%wt
0.50mg 0.50mg EN
Acidnumber,max D664
KOH/g KOH/g 14104
EN ENISO EN
Oxidationstability 3hrsmin 25g/m3 max 8hrsmin
14112 12205 14112
EN
1201 g 14111
Iodinevalue,max
Iod/100g EN
16300
Linolenicacidmethyl EN
12.0%wt
ester,max 14103
Polyunstaturedmethyl EN
1.00%wt
esters,max 15779
0.2%wt
methanol EN14110 0.20%wt
max,or EN
Alcoholcontrol methanol
14110
130Cflash max
D93
pointmin
MG0.70%
wt
Monoglycerides, MG
DG0.20% EN
diglycerides& 0.40% D6584
wt 14105
triglycerides,max wt
TG0.20%
wt
EN
14108
GroupImetals(Na+ EN EN
5mg/kg 5.0mg/kg
K),max 14538 14109
EN
14538
GroupIImetals(Ca+ EN EN
5mg/kg 5.0mg/kg
Mg),max 14538 14538
EN
14105
Freeglycerin,max 0.020%wt D6584 0.02%wt
EN
14106
EN
Totalglycerin,max 0.240%wt D6584 0.25%wt
14105
EN
14107
Phosphorous,max 0.001%wt D4951 4.0mg/kg
prEN
16294
ISO
Lubricity,max 520m D6079 460m
121561
D2624
Conductivity,min 25pS/m
D4308
Coldsoakfiltrationtime 360
200s D7501
(CSFT),max s4

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ASTMD675112
Property ASTMD97508a EN590:2004 EN14214:2012
2B 1B Test
(1)SpainsRoyalDecree1700/2003setsthemaximumiodinevalueat140tofacilitatetheuseofsoybeanoilasafeedstock.
(2)D129isonlyapplicabletoS5000grades.
(3)LimitsonlyapplytoS15andS500grades.
(4)200siffueltemperature12C.
(5)Testedon100%samplebutreportedusing10%residualcalculation.

TheUSspecification,ASTMD6751,definesbiodieselasmonoalkylestersoflongchainfattyacids
derivedfromvegetableoilsandanimalfats.Thetypeofalcoholusedisnotspecified.Thusmonoalkyl
esterscouldbeproducedwithanyalcohol(methanol,ethanol,etc.)solongasitmeetsthedetailed
requirementsoutlinedinthefuelspecification.Byrequiringthatthefuelbemonoalkylestersoflong
chainfattyacids,othercomponents,withtheexceptionofadditives,wouldinherentlybeexcluded.

TheEuropeanbiodieselspecification,EN14214,ismorerestrictiveandappliesonlytomonoalkyl
estersmadewithmethanol,fattyacidmethylesters(FAME).Theminimumestercontentisspecifiedat
96.5%.Theadditionofcomponentsthatarenotfattyacidmethylestersotherthanadditivesisnot
allowed.

GuidelinesforB100usedtomakebiodiesel/dieselfuelblendshavealsobeenadoptedbyautomobile
andenginemanufacturersfromNorthandSouthAmerica,EuropeandAsia[ACEA2009].These
guidelinesbearsomeresemblancetoEN14214buttherearesomenotabledifferencesincluding:

limitingblendstoB5maximum,
increasingoxidationstabilityofB100to10h,
introductionofanoxidationstabilityrequirementforblendsthatlimitstheincreaseinTANto
lessthan0.12mgKOH/g,
reducingthesulfatedashlimitto0.005%from0.02%andintroducinganashlimitof0.001%,
introductionofaferrouscorrosionlimit,
additionoffreewaterandsedimentlimit,
looseningoflimitsforkinematicviscosity,iodinenumberandflashpoint,
labelingpumpsdispensinganyblendincludingB5orless.

References
ACEA,2009.BiodieselGuidelines,EuropeanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation,Brussels,Belgium,March2009,
http://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/20090423_B100_Guideline.pdf
ASTM,2002.StandardSpecificationforBiodieselFuel(B100)BlendStockforDistillateFuels,AmericanSocietyforTestingand
Materials,D675102

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