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ELASTIC WRINKLING OF SANDWICH COLUMNS AND BEAMS WITH

UNBALANCED LAMINATED FIBRE REINFORCED FACE PLATES
(Face plates of AsBoDs, AsBlDs and AsBsDs types)
1. FACE PLATE WRINKLING BEHAVIOUR, SOLUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
1.1 Introduction
ESDU product issue: 2007-02. For current status, contact ESDU. Observe Copyright.
This Data Item presents ESDUpac program A8713 for calculating the theoretical wrinkling loads of
balanced laminated plates and of two classes of unbalanced laminated plates which form the face plates of
sandwich columns or beams. The seven possible classes of laminated plates are described in detail in Data
Item No. 94003.* The solution and program provided deal with the classes coded as AsBoDs, AsBlDs and
AsBsDs in Data Item No. 94003. These classes are described in detail in Section 1.3.
The program is available in two formats: (a) a Fortran source code with example input and output files, and
an executable program for PCs. Both versions can be found on the Compact Disc and on disk in the
Sub-series Software Volume.
This Data Item consists of three parts. Section 1 describes the theoretical solution to the title problem and
its limitations in application to practical columns and beams. Section 2 describes the input and output for
the Fortran program of ESDUpac A8713 together with example calculations. Section 3 gives notes on the
method of solution used, the resulting accuracy and program testing.
At Amendment C the sign convention of Data Item No. 94003 has been adopted. This sign convention is
now consistent with that used in Data Items associated with ESDUview and/or ESDUpac programs for the
analysis of composites. The convention has changed the signs in some of the equations and some of the
elements of the coupling stiffness matrix for unbalanced face plates. Nevertheless, the compressive
wrinkling loads are unaltered.
One possible mode of failure of a sandwich column or beam with thin face plates is the localised buckling
(wrinkling) of the compression faces as described in Section 1.5 and illustrated in Sketches 1.2 to 1.4. For
fibre reinforced face plates made up from a number of thin layers, it is possible that the face plates will
each form an unbalanced lay-up about their local mid-planes. This lack of balance is further accentuated
by the layer of glue that is required to bond each face plate to the core material and which can
have a significant effect on the wrinkling loads. The following sections detail the forms of face plate stiffness
sub-matrices dealt with by this Data Item and illustrate the influence of glue layer, core thickness and face
plate thickness on the wrinkling loads of columns and beams.
*
Data Item No. 94003 Stiffnesses of laminated flat plates.
Issued December 1987
With Amendments A to C
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1.2 Notation
Both SI and British units are quoted but any coherent system of units may be used.
1.2.1 Face plate overall stiffnesses
A in-plane stiffness matrix for face plate N/m lbf/in
A ij element of A N/m lbf/in

Ae effective in-plane stiffness term for face plate N/m lbf/in
B coupled in-plane and flexural stiffness matrix for face plate N lbf
B ij element of B N lbf
Be effective in-plane and flexural stiffness term for face plate N lbf
D flexural stiffness matrix for face plate Nm lbf in
D ij element of D Nm lbf in
De effective flexural stiffness term for face plate Nm lbf in
1.2.2 Layer properties and reference axes
C reference number for layer type (see Section 2.3.3)
E k ,E k moduli of elasticity of kth layer in k - and k -directions N/m2 lbf/in2

respectively
G k shear modulus of kth layer in ( , ) k directions N/m2 lbf/in2
tk thickness of kth layer m in
k angle of principal axes of orthotropy, k , of kth layer degree degree

measured from plate reference axis, 0x, as shown in Sketch 1.1
k , k Poisson's ratio for kth layer resulting from load applied in

k -direction and in k -direction, respectively
0 ( , ) principal axes of orthotropy of a layer (see Sketch 1.1)
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1.2.3 Core properties
Ec modulus of elasticity of core material in z-direction N/m2 lbf/in2
Gc shear modulus of core material in (x, z) plane N/m2 lbf/in2
1.2.4 Column/beam loading and geometry and reference axes

h depth of core measured between mid-planes of face plates m in
ht total depth of sandwich between exterior faces of face plates m in
N wrinkling load per face plate per unit width of column or beam N/m lbf/in
(see Sketches 1.2 to 1.4)
t thickness of face plate including thickness of face plate to core m in

adhesive
ta effective thickness of face plate to core adhesive layer m in
length of half wave of wrinkle along column or beam length m in
0 ( x,y,z ) column or beam reference axes (see Sketch 1.1)
1.2.5 Suffixes
i, j numbers signifying position in row and column, respectively,

of element in matrix
k layer identification number
wb relates to wrinkling load for compression face plate of beam

subject to bending (see Sketch 1.4)
wca relates to antisymmetric wrinkling (see Sketch 1.3)
wcs relates to symmetric wrinkling (see Sketch 1.2)
1.2.6 Mathematical notation and sign convention
sym indicates matrix is symmetric about leading diagonal
Tensile stresses and loadings are positive, compressive stresses and loadings are negative.
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Sketch 1.1 Sandwich construction
Sketch 1.2 Column face plate symmetric wrinkling
Sketch 1.3 Column face plate antisymmetric wrinkling
Sketch 1.4 Beam face plate wrinkling
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1.3 Class of Unbalanced Plates for Which a Solution is Given
Data Item No. 94003 shows how the stiffness matrix forms for the various types of unbalanced plate
arise. This present Data Item deals only with plates in which the A and D stiffness sub-matrices are of
the following forms
A = A 11 A 12 0 ,D = D 11 D 12 0 (1.1)
A 22 0 D 22 0
( sym ) A 33 ( sym ) D 33
and the B coupling matrix is either zero or is one of the forms,
B = B 11 0 0 or B = B 11 B 12 0 . (1.2)
B 22 0 B 22 0
( sym ) 0 ( sym ) B 33
These forms accord with the reference codes AsBoDs, AsBlDs and AsBsDs defined in Data Item No. 94003.
It should be noted that for the column as a whole, the pair of face plates must form a balanced lay-up
about the central plane of the column as shown in Sketch 1.1. This is not a requirement in the case of the
beam because one of the faces (the tension face) is assumed to form a rigid boundary for the buckling
condition.
1.4 Statement of Basic Assumptions
Section 1.6 sets out the equations that are the basis for the buckling solution provided by the program of
Section 3. The solution is based upon elastic, thin plate, small deflection theory, in which the laminated
face plates are assumed to behave as homogeneous orthotropic plates whose axes of orthotropy are aligned
with the edges of the beam or column. For columns the face plates are assumed to form a balanced lay-up
about the central plane of the sandwich. In the beam, the tension face plate is assumed to provide a rigid
boundary for the core against wrinkling of the compression face plate.
The theory only takes account of direct in-plane and flexural deformations as governed by the first 2 2
terms of the A, B and D stiffness sub-matrices. No account is taken of through-the-thickness shear
deformations. The faces are assumed to be initially flat, and to be held flat by the core until they wrinkle.
The core is assumed to give continuous support to the faces and the possibility of localised buckling within
honeycomb type cells (often called inter-cell buckling) is not considered. Also, the core is taken to have
zero longitudinal stiffness but finite direct and shear stiffnesses in the z-direction. These assumptions make
the analysis more applicable to honeycomb type cores than to solid foam cores, but should give conservative
results for the latter. The applied load is assumed to lie in the mid-plane of the face plate (which might
include a layer of glue) and this is the plane to which B and D are related.
It should be noted that the length of the column does not appear in any of the equations. This is because it
is convenient to work in terms of the half wavelength of the wrinkle, , it being assumed that the column
is long enough for to achieve its minimum value. The program provides the value of for each case
and this should be compared to the strut length. For a sandwich beam, the end load carried by each of the
faces will be obtained from the bending moment carried by the beam. In this case, therefore, it is strictly a
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requirement that the bending moment should be constant over a significant portion of the beam, that is,
approximately one buckle half wavelength. If this is not the case, then a conservative wrinkling load can
be obtained by analysing the section where the maximum bending moment occurs.
The equations and program given in this Data Item are based upon the theoretical work of Derivations 1
and 2 of Section 1.7 which employ the assumptions described above. Because of this, wrinkling loads
obtained should only be used as a guide for design purposes. Wherever possible, verification of final designs
should be obtained from wrinkling tests on specimens that are representative of the actual method of
manufacture and configuration.
The equations and program can be applied to the simple case of sandwiches with ordinary, isotropic, metallic
face plates. For these cases empirical design formulae based on many test results are available in Reference
3. It is recommended that these should be consulted before a design is finalised.
1.5 Wrinkling Characteristics
Sketches 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 show the forms of face plate wrinkling that can occur. Note that symmetric
wrinkling of a column is independent of core shear modulus, Gc , see Equation (1.6). Figure 1 shows how
the various buckling loads vary with core thickness for a particular sandwich column and beam, with a
lay-up of the AsBlDs type. For the core with Gc = 26.6 N/mm2 the general trend for all three cases is that
the buckling loads are seen to decrease as the core thickness is increased from a value of 10 mm. The load
required for beam wrinkling is between the other two when h 7 mm, and the load for antisymmetric
column wrinkling is the highest. The curve for antisymmetric wrinkling shows an interesting characteristic
for values of core thickness less than 10 mm. In this region, Nwca actually decreases quite suddenly, whilst
the corresponding values of wca increase. The reason for this behaviour is that the length of wca in
relation to the column geometry is such that the wrinkling modes are now influenced by those that would
be developed when overall Euler buckling occurs at relatively low column loads. For values of h below
2.67 mm, Euler buckling dominates and a minimum value of wca does not exist. This type of behaviour
is not possible in the case of symmetric column wrinkling. For the core with the lowest value of Gc a
similar pattern is evident but with the peak in Nwca at a higher value of h.
Figures 2a, 2b and 2c show how an adhesive layer influences the wrinkling loads for a particular
combination of face plates and core. Each figure shows curves for three values of h t both with, and without,
an adhesive layer. Note that introducing the adhesive layer reduces the core thickness since it is h t that is
held constant for each curve. The secondary effect of ta in reducing core thickness has negligible influence
on the curves shown since ta is small in relation core thickness.
Generally, the effect of the adhesive is to increase all the wrinkling loads. The increase is largest when both
ht and t are small. When t is large the influence of ta is reduced and, in the example Figures 2a, 2b and 2c,
at t = 0.6 ( = 24ta ) the adhesive increases the buckling loads by less than 10 per cent. An exception to these
general trends occurs on Figure 2b. This shows that at larger t and smaller ht values the curves begin to
fall-off with increasing t. This is because the core thickness is being significantly reduced and the peak
value of N wca , shown on Figure 1, is being approached at high t and small ht .
Because of the fact that in the symmetric column case there is symmetry of deformation about the centre
line, it might be expected that the solution for the column could be used to obtain the solution for the beam
by taking the central plane as the fixed tension face of the beam with appropriate adjustment of the core
thickness. However, for the range of geometries considered in Figure 1, it is found that the beam buckling
loads so obtained are below the values given by Equation (1.9) below. One reason for this probably lies in
the difference between the boundary displacements assumed at the column centre plane and the beam
tension face.
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1.6 Basic Equations
1.6.1 Effective stiffness terms
In the formulae that follow for the wrinkling loads, the effective stiffness terms Ae , B e and D e are given
in terms of A ij , B ij and D ij by the following expressions.
2 2
( 2A 12 B 12 B 22 A 12 D22 B 12 A22 )
A e = A 11 + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- , (1.3)
2
( A 22 D 22 B 22 )
2
( A 12 D 12 B 22 A 12 B 12 D 22 B 12 D 12 A 22 + B 12 B22 )
B e = B 11 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1.4)
2
( A 22 D 22 B 22 )
2 2
( 2B 12 D 12 B 22 B 12 D22 D 12 A22 )
and D e = D 11 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . (1.5)
2
( A 22 D 22 B 22 )
1.6.2 Symmetric wrinkling of columns
The wrinkling load per unit width is given by
1
2 ---
2E c ( D e B e /A e ) 2
N wcs = 2 ----------------------------------------------- (1.6)
h
and the corresponding half wavelength is
1
2 ---
( D e B e /A e )h 4
wcs = ----------------------------------------- . (1.7)
2E c
1.6.3 Antisymmetric wrinkling of columns
The wrinkling load per unit width is given by the following equation which is to be minimised with respect
to wca
2 3
h Ae 2 2 h 4 h 6
2 -----------
- e
------------ ( )
e G
------ -----------
- ------------ ------------
12E c wca
+ 2hB + 2D + A D B +
e e e
wca c wca
N wca = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . (1.8)
3
hA e 2 h A e 4
2 1 + ---------- ------------ + ------------ ------------

2G c wca 24E c wca
1.6.4 Wrinkling of beams
The wrinkling load per unit width in the compression face plate is given by the following equation which
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is to be minimised with respect to wb
2
E c wb 2 A e E c A e h 2
N wb = ------ --------- + ------------ + ------------ + B e h + D e ---------
h Gc 3

wb

3
2 h 6 4
+ ( A e D e B e ) ------------ --------- + ------ ---------
h
G c wb
12E c wb
3 1
Ae h 2 Ae h 4
1 + --------- --------- + ------------ --------- (1.9)
G c wb 12E c wb
1.7 Derivation and Reference
1.7.1 Derivation
This section lists selected sources that have assisted in the preparation of this Item.
1. WEBBER, J.P.H. On the wrinkling of honeycomb sandwich columns with laminated

KYRIAKIDES, S. cross-ply faces. The Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 80, pp. 264-272, June
LEE, C.T. 1976.
2. GUTIERREZ, A.J. Flexural wrinkling of honeycomb sandwich beams with laminated faces
WEBBER, J.P.H. International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 16, pp. 645-651,
1980.
1.7.2 Reference
The reference given is a recommended source of information supplementary to that in this Item.
3. SULLINS, R.T. Manual for structural stability analysis of sandwich plates and shells.
SMITH, G.W. NASA CR-1457, Section 2.2, December 1969.
SPIER, E.E.
8

h or (ht t) mm
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
160 160
Core properties Ec = 109 N/mm2, Gc = 26.6 N/mm2 or 2.66 N/mm2

150 2 2 150
Layer properties Ek = 142 000 N/mm , Ek = 9800 N/mm
Gk = 4300 N/mm , = 0.34, t = 0.15 mm
2
140 140
Lay-up arrangement k = 2, Outer layer = 0(
130 Inner layer = 90( 130
Column length 1000 mm
120 Note that Nwcs is independent of Gc 120
2
Gc = 26.6 N/mm and
2
110 Gc = 2.66 N/mm 110
100 100
Nwca
N 90 90 N
(N/mm) (N/mm)
80 80
9
Nwb
70 70
60 Nwcs 60
Nwb
50 50
40 40
Overall (Euler)
30 buckling occurs 30
below the value
of h (2.67) Nwca
20 20
10 wca 10
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0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2
1 10 10
h or (ht t) mm
FIGURE 1 ILLUSTRATING EFFECT OF DEPTH OF CORE


Details of construction Legend for curves
Core properties Layer properties Adhesive layer properties Lay-up arrangement
Ec = 109 N/mm2 E k = 142 000 N/mm2, E = E = 3050 N/mm2 k=2 Adhesive layer omitted
Gc = 26.6 N/mm2 E k = 9800 N/mm2 G = 1173 N/mm2 Outer layer = 0 Adhesive layer included
G k = 4300 N/mm2, k = 0.34 = 0.3 , ta = 0.25 mm Inner layer = 90
t or (t ta ) (mm) t or (t ta ) (mm)
t or (t ta ) (mm)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
250 250 250
ht (mm)
ht (mm)
15
200 } 15
200
ht (mm)
15
200
25
15
25
} 25
10
50
25
150 150 150
50
50
Nwcs Nwca Nwb
(N/mm)
100
} 50
(N/mm)
100 15
(N/mm)
100
25
ht (mm)
50
50 50 50
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0 0 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
t or (t ta ) (mm) t or (t ta ) (mm) t or (t ta ) (mm)
FIGURE 2a FIGURE 2b FIGURE 2c

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2. ESDUpac A8713
2.1 Introduction
ESDUpac A8713 contains a Fortran computer program that accepts values that define the construction of
a laminated face plate, its geometry and the core properties, calculates the face plate stiffnesses and then,
using Equations (1.6) to (1.9), calculates and outputs the wrinkling loads. Section 2.2 describes the input
requirements and Section 2.3 gives an explanation of the output including all messages. Section 2.4 provides
a selection of worked examples that illustrate use of the program and may also be used as test cases. The
program is arranged so that the wrinkling characteristics of a range of face plates attached to a single
specified core can be easily investigated.
This Data Item relates to Version 2.2 of ESDUpac A8713V22 and Fortran program A8713V22. FOR. Both
the ESDUpac number and the program number contain the version number encoded in the three characters
V22. Throughout this Data Item the ESDUpac and its program are referred to by the number A8713 and
the current version number applies. Note that the Contents to the Sub-series Software Volume states the
current version number.
The ESDUpac Fortran source code is provided on the Compact Disc. In addition, the disk contains the
compiled program and the files ready for use within ESDUview, see Using ESDUview in the Sub-series
Software Volume. Information on how to install and run the Fortran program is contained in Introduction
to ESDUpacs in the Sub-series Software Volume.
2.2 Program Limitations
The following is a synopsis of the limitations on the program.
(a) The number of layer types is limited to 50 (can be increased; see Section 3.3).
(b) The number of layers in a face plate is limited to 200.
(c) The number of different lay-up arrangements that can be examined with one core type in a run is
limited to 50.
(d) Positive finite values must be provided for Ec , Gc , ht , column or beam length, Ek , Ek , G k ,
k and tk .
(e) Lay-up angles from 90 to 90 can be examined.
Sections 1.3 and 1.4 contain a full description of the limitations of the theory and Section 2.4 gives full
details of the program output including details of all messages.
2.3 Data Input
Four distinct sets of data input are required. They are: overall column or beam geometry, core properties,
face plate properties and stacking sequences for the face plate layers. Table 2.1 provides a quick reference
chart listing each of these, and the following sections, referred to in the table, give further details. A coherent
system of units must be used throughout the input.
Prior to plate data input 3 lines are provided for run identification details. These lines may be left empty or
can carry up to 75 alphanumeric characters each. The contents of the lines appear in the output.
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Also prior to plate data input, 2 lines are provided for the declaration of the units in which all the input data
are to be supplied. These lines may be left empty or can carry up to 75 alpha numeric characters each. These
lines also appear in the output. (Note that this is NOT an option to select units but simply the invitation to
state the units used in the input data and to echo this statement in the output.)
2.3.1 Input of column or beam geometry
Beam or column geometry is specified by the overall depth of the sandwich between outer faces, ht, and
the beam or column length. The length is only required for comparison with the buckle wavelength so that
a precise value is not required (see Section 1.4).
2.3.2 Input of core properties
These are simply the values of Ec and Gc for the core.
2.3.3 Input of face plate layer properties
Layers having the same properties, thickness and orientation are listed only once with a prefixing
configuration number, C. Note that for orthotropic layers the angle must be set at or between 0 and 90.
Preceding the list of layer properties is a number giving the total number of layers for which the properties
are listed. The example in Table 2.2 shows two layers. However, it may be convenient to declare other
layers at this stage, which can be held in file for future use, and provision is made for up to 50. (The number
stored can be increased from 50 to any required value by increasing the dimensions of a particular array
throughout the program, see Section 3.2.)
Input of the properties of the core to face plate adhesive layer is achieved by treating the adhesive as a
further layer of the face plate. Most adhesive layers are effectively isotropic but the program requires
assignment of an orientation angle, , to all face plate layers. This angle is therefore most conveniently
set to zero for the adhesive.
The properties for only one of the face plates need be given. In the case of the column the face plates are
assumed to be identical about the core centre line. In the case of the beam, only the properties of the
compressive face plate are strictly required. However, when calculating h from ht the program assumes that
the face plates are identical about the core centre line.
2.3.4 Input of layer stacking sequence
This set of data is preceded by a number that is the number of different stacking sequences to be examined.
Therefore, for each stacking sequence, the first number is the total number of layers in the stack and this
is followed by a string of layer configuration prefix numbers. This must be commenced with the
configuration prefix number for the outermost layer and followed by the inner layers in order ending with
the innermost layer. Thus, in the example given in Table 2.2 three stacking arrangements are investigated.
The first of these has two layers and uses the layer types 1 and 2 giving orientations 0 and 90 with the 0
orientation layer being the outer layer. The second and third cases each have three layers with orientations
0, 90, 0 and 90, 0, 90.
For angled layers ( 0 or 90) the positive or negative orientation of a layer is signalled by placing the
appropriate sign in front of the configuration numbers in the string, see for example the last string of Table
2.5.
Provision is made for the examination in any one run of the program of up to 50 different face plate layer
stacking sequences each containing up to 200 layers.
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TABLE 2.1 PROGRAM INPUT DATA
Enter the numerical values for the quantities indicated in free

format. Each entry must be in the order given and made on a Section
Entry order separate line with no blank line in between (except entries 1 and 2). number for
The values given for each entry must have a space or comma notes
between them.
1 Enter run identification data, input file title or notes. Three lines 75 2.3
characters wide allowed. Lines may be left blank.
2 Enter description of units of input (see Section 2.3). Two lines 75 2.3
characters wide allowed. Lines may be left blank.
3 Total sandwich depth, ht, and estimated length of column or beam, 2.3.1
in order.
4 Core material properties in the following order. 2.3.2

Ec , Gc
5 Number of separate layer types (limited to 50). 2.3.3
6 Reference number followed by material properties, layer thickness

and orientation angle in the following order.
C,E ak ,E k ,G k , k ,t k , k
Note that k is in degrees and is always positive here; when

required, a negative sign is given in step (9) below. If required a
layer type is entered for the adhesive layer. If the adhesive layer is
isotropic set k = 0.0 .
Repeat for each layer configuration up to the declared number of
separate layer types.
7 Number of stacking sequences (must be 1 or greater and is limited 2.3.4

to 50).
8 Number of layers in following stack, kmax , limited to 200.
9 Enter stacking sequence. This is an ordered string of layer type

reference numbers kmax long, commencing with the outermost layer.
Numbers remain positive as defined in (6) above, or are prefixed by
a to signify that they are negative.
Repeat steps (8) and (9) up to declared number of stacking

sequences.
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TABLE 2.2 EXAMPLE OF DATA INPUT
Entry order
number Numerical data
see Table 2.1
1 Example input data
See Section 2.3
and Sub-section 2.3.3
2 Units: Force N
Length m
3 0.025, 0.475
4 0.109E9, 0.266E8
5 2
6 1, 0.142E12, 0.98E10, 0.43E10, 0.34E0, 0.15E 3, 0.0
repeated 2, 0.142E12, 0.98E10, 0.43E10, 0.34E0, 0.15E 3, 0.9E2
7 3
8 and 9 2
repeated 1, 2
3
1, 2, 1
3
2, 1, 2
2.4 Program Output and Interpretation
Section 2.5 gives examples of the output of the computer program. The output of a successful run is provided
in four parts, first sandwich geometry and core details, secondly face plate construction, thirdly face plate
stiffnesses and finally the buckling loads for a column, both symmetric and antisymmetric, and for a beam
together with their respective values of . The program does not introduce any factors relating to units so
that the output is presented in the same units as the input.
2.4.1 Core properties
This is a list of the input values of ht, Ec, Gc and the column or beam length. These values are fixed for a
particular run during which the buckling behaviour of several different face plates on the defined core can
be investigated. This section of output includes the values of t and h that are required for the calculation of
the applied end loads for comparison with the buckling loads.
2.4.2 Face plate construction
This lists all the layers in the stacking sequence together with their input properties, thicknesses and
orientations, k . In addition, the computed distances of layers from the face plate mid-plane and the
computed values of are listed. The latter provide a useful cross-check on the values assigned to
E ,E ,G . An abnormal value of , say in excess of unity, indicates that one or more of these input
values may be in error.
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2.4.3 Face plate stiffnesses
This is a complete listing of the A, B, and D stiffness sub-matrices. These are followed by the effective
stiffness terms Ae , Be and De of Equations (1.3) to (1.5). If A, B, D are of the type covered by the solution
given in Section 1.6, that is AsBoDs, AsBlDs or AsBsDs types (see Section 1.3), then no further messages
regarding face plate stiffnesses appear.
After calculating the face plate stiffness sub-matrices the program carries out the following checks. First,
the A matrix is examined to see if it relates to a real material. If any of the terms of A are negative or the
determinant is zero or negative, the current calculation is terminated and the following statement is printed.
"Stiffness matrices invalid, a term of A is negative or the determinant of A is negative or zero".
The run is either terminated here or goes on to the next face plate stacking sequence.
Note that terms of any of the stiffness sub-matrices found to be more than six orders of magnitude less than
the largest term in their respective sub-matrix are set to zero. This normally only eliminates errors arising
from computational accuracy but can, in cases where the input properties are in error and do not relate to
a real material, cause one of the terms of the leading diagonal of A to become zero, so triggering the above
error message.
Secondly, the stiffness sub-matrices are examined to see if they are of the type to which the solution applies.
If they are, then the calculation proceeds but, if not, the following statement appears.
"Form of stiffness matrices outside bounds of solution".
This is followed by one or more of the following statements as appropriate.
"A matrix is over populated"

"B matrix is over populated"
"D matrix is over populated" .
The current calculation is terminated here and the program goes on to the next face plate stacking sequence.
If the plate is specially orthotropic the following message is given,
"Plate is specially orthotropic"
and computation continues.
Subsequent to calculating the stiffnesses the effective stiffness terms Ae , Be and De are determined. As can
be seen from Equations (1.3) to (1.5) these have the denominator A 22 D 22 B 222 . If this gives zero the
calculation fails and the following message is output.
"No solution A ( 2,2 ) * D ( 2,2 ) B ( 2,2 ) **2 = 0, check input data".
The run is either terminated here or goes on to the next face plate stacking sequence.
2.4.4 Buckling loads
This is a statement of the half wavelength of wrinkle followed by the buckling load for each of the three
15
87013
cases, namely, symmetric wrinkling of a column, antisymmetric wrinkling of a column and wrinkling of a
beam.
As described in Section 1.5 overall (Euler) buckling can take over from face plate wrinkling in the
antisymmetric mode. In this event the program outputs Nwcs and Nwb only and the following message in
lieu of Nwca
"Overall (Euler) buckling occurs".
For each of the 3 cases the half wavelength of buckle, , is followed by a statement of the value of
divided by the column or beam length. This provides a reminder and check that should be small in relation
to either the column length or the region of the beam over which the bending moment is constant; see
Section 1.4.
2.5 Example
It is required to determine the wrinkling loads for a honeycomb sandwich panel and beam that is 25 mm
thick manufactured using a core for which Ec is 109 N/mm2 and Gc is 26.6 N/mm2. Several face plates are
to be examined and the wrinkling load of each sandwich is required. The following list details the face plate
layer properties and their arrangement into face plates. Face plate layer (d) represents the properties of a
glue layer. It is required to examine the effect of this layer when used with layer (a).
TABLE 2.3 EXAMPLE LAYER PROPERTIES
Layer properties
Face plate
layer type E k E k G k tk
k
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (mm)
Fibre reinforced (a) 142 000 9800 4300 0.34 0.15

composite (b) 84 770 9800 4300 0.36 0.15
(c) 207 000 7600 5000 0.30 0.12
Adhesive layer (d) 3050 3050 1173 0.30 0.25
Aluminium (e) 72 000 72 000 27 067 0.33 0.30

alloy layer
TABLE 2.4 EXAMPLE LAY-UP ARRANGEMENT
Face plate Number of layers Arrangement (angle k )

assemblies
(e) 1 0
(a) 2 0 and 90
(a)(d) 3 (a) at 0 and 90, (d) at 0
(b) 2 90 and 0
(c) 7 30, 30, 30, 0, 30, 30, 30
16
87013
The input data are compiled, following Table 2.1, as shown in Table 2.5. Note that Ek and Ek for layers
4 and 5 are listed in the wrong order; the results of this deliberate error are described below. Note that, in
order to take account of the orientations of the layers, the 5 layer types, (a) to (e), are given as 8 layers, that
is one extra for (a), (b) and (c). The stacking sequences for the 5 face plates then follow in the order of
Table 2.4.
The program results are given in Tables 2.6 to 2.10.
Table 2.6 shows a successful run in which the face plates are specially orthotropic.
Tables 2.7 and 2.8 each shows a successful run for face plates that are of AsBlDs and AsBsDs types,
respectively.
Table 2.9 shows an unsuccessful run. The run was terminated because four of the terms of A
were negative. This resulted from the incorrect ordering of E k and E k ,
previously noted, which gave the very high of 3.11 for subsequent use when
calculating A.
Table 2.10 shows a successful run for a face plate lay-up in which all the layers, except the
central layer, were at 30 .
TABLE 2.5 EXAMPLE INPUT DATA
Example in Section 2.5

of Data Item 87013
Five stacking sequences
Units of Force = Newtons
Units of Length = mm
25.0 355.0
109.0 26.6
8
1 142000.0 9800.0 4300.0 0.34 0.15 0.0
2 142000.0 9800.0 4300.0 0.34 0.15 90.0
3 3050.0 3050.0 1173.0 0.3 0.25 0.0
4 9800.0 84770.0 4300.0 0.36 0.15 90.0
5 9800.0 84770.0 4300.0 0.36 0.15 0.0
6 207000.0 7600.0 5000.0 0.3 0.12 0.0
7 207000.0 7600.0 5000.0 0.3 0.12 30.0
8 72000.0 72000.0 27067.0 0.33 0.3 0.0
5
1
8
2
1 2
3
1 2 3
2
4 5
7
7 -7 -7 6 7 7 -7
17
87013
TABLE 2.6 EXAMPLE OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ESDU International Plc
PROGRAM A8713
ESDUpac Number : A8713

ESDUpac Title : Elastic wrinkling of columns and beams
with unbalanced laminated fibre reinforced face plates
(face plates of AsBoDs, AsBlDs and AsBsDs type).
Data Item Number: 87013
Data Item Title: Elastic wrinkling of columns and beams

ESDUpac Version : 2.2 September 1995 - Data Item Amendment C,
(See Data Item for full input/output specification and interpretation)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
of Data Item 87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Declaration of all units used for dimensional input.
All angles are in degrees.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SANDWICH GEOMETRY AND CORE DETAILS
OVERALL THICKNESS OF SANDWICH = .250000E+02
TOTAL THICKNESS OF A FACE PLATE (INCL ADHESIVE LAYER)= .300000E+00
DISTANCE BETWEEN FACE PLATE MID PLANES = .247000E+02
CORE THICKNESS = .244000E+02
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CORE MATERIAL = .109000E+03
SHEAR MODULUS OF CORE MATERIAL = .266000E+02
APPROXIMATE LENGTH OF BEAM OR COLUMN = .355000E+03
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FACE PLATE CONSTRUCTION
LAYER E(ALPHA) E(BETA) G(ALPHA POISSONS RATIOS
NUMBER BETA) (ALPHA BETA) (BETA ALPHA)
1 .720E+05 .720E+05 .271E+05 .330E+00 .330E+00
LAYUP ARRANGEMENT
LAYER DISTANCE FROM LAYER ANGLE
NUMBER THICKNESS MID-PLANE PSI (DEGREES)
1 .300E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
A IN-PLANE STIFFNESS SUB-MATRIX
.242E+05 .800E+04 .000E+00
.800E+04 .242E+05 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .812E+04
B COUPLED STIFFNESS SUB-MATRIX

.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00
D FLEXURAL STIFFNESS SUB-MATRIX

.182E+03 .600E+02 .000E+00
.600E+02 .182E+03 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .609E+02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FACE PLATES ARE SPECIALLY ORTHOTROPIC
18
87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FACE PLATE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS TERMS
IN-PLANE = .216000E+05
IN-PLANE AND FLEXURAL = .000000E+00
FLEXURAL = .162000E+03
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
********************************************************************
BUCKLING LOADS AND WAVELENGTHS
********************************************************************
SYMMETRIC WRINKLING OF COLUMN
HALF WAVELENGTH OF WRINKLE = .650263E+01
(= .183173E-01 OF COLUMN LENGTH)
BUCKLING LOAD OF COLUMN =-.756253E+02
ANTISYMMETRIC WRINKLING OF A COLUMN

WRINKLING OF BEAM
(= .168465E-01 OF BEAM LENGTH)
BUCKLING LOAD OF BEAM =-.978248E+02
********************************************************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

PROGRAM A8713

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
of Data Item 87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
19
87013
1 .142E+06 .980E+04 .430E+04 .340E+00 .235E-01
2 .142E+06 .980E+04 .430E+04 .340E+00 .235E-01
LAYUP ARRANGEMENT
1 .150E+00 .750E-01 .000E+00
2 .150E+00 -.750E-01 .900E+02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.230E+05 .101E+04 .000E+00

.101E+04 .230E+05 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .129E+04

.150E+04 .000E+00 .000E+00
.000E+00 -.150E+04 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00

.172E+03 .756E+01 .000E+00
.756E+01 .172E+03 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .968E+01
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FORM OF STIFFNESS MATRICES IS ASBLDS TYPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
IN-PLANE = .228505E+05
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
********************************************************************
********************************************************************

WRINKLING OF BEAM
********************************************************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
20
87013
PROGRAM A8713


----------------------------------------------------------------------------
of Data Item 87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .142E+06 .980E+04 .430E+04 .340E+00 .235E-01
2 .142E+06 .980E+04 .430E+04 .340E+00 .235E-01
3 .305E+04 .305E+04 .117E+04 .300E+00 .300E+00
LAYUP ARRANGEMENT
1 .150E+00 .200E+00 .000E+00
2 .150E+00 .500E-01 .900E+02
3 .250E+00 -.150E+00 .000E+00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.238E+05 .126E+04 .000E+00
.126E+04 .238E+05 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .158E+04

.424E+04 .882E+02 .000E+00
.882E+02 .124E+04 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .117E+03

.929E+03 .303E+02 .000E+00
.303E+02 .179E+03 .000E+00
21
87013
.000E+00 .000E+00 .380E+02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FORM OF STIFFNESS MATRICES IS ASBSDS TYPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
IN-PLANE = .237200E+05
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
********************************************************************
********************************************************************


WRINKLING OF BEAM
********************************************************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROGRAM A8713

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
of Data Item 87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
22
87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .980E+04 .848E+05 .430E+04 .360E+00 .311E+01
2 .980E+04 .848E+05 .430E+04 .360E+00 .311E+01
LAYUP ARRANGEMENT
1 .150E+00 .750E-01 .900E+02
2 .150E+00 -.750E-01 .000E+00

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.117E+06 -.756E+05 .000E+00
-.756E+05 -.117E+06 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .129E+04

-.697E+04 .000E+00 .000E+00
.000E+00 .697E+04 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00

-.879E+03 -.567E+03 .000E+00
-.567E+03 -.879E+03 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .968E+01
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FORM OF STIFFNESS MATRICES IS ASBLDS TYPE
STIFFNESS MATRICES INVALID, A TERM OF A IS NEGATIVE OR THE
DETERMINANT OF A IS NEGATIVE OR ZERO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROGRAM A8713

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
of Data Item 87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
23
87013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 .207E+06 .760E+04 .500E+04 .300E+00 .110E-01
2 .207E+06 .760E+04 .500E+04 .300E+00 .110E-01

3 .207E+06 .760E+04 .500E+04 .300E+00 .110E-01
4 .207E+06 .760E+04 .500E+04 .300E+00 .110E-01
5 .207E+06 .760E+04 .500E+04 .300E+00 .110E-01
6 .207E+06 .760E+04 .500E+04 .300E+00 .110E-01
7 .207E+06 .760E+04 .500E+04 .300E+00 .110E-01
LAYUP ARRANGEMENT
1 .120E+00 .360E+00 .300E+02
2 .120E+00 .240E+00 -.300E+02
3 .120E+00 .120E+00 -.300E+02
4 .120E+00 -.373E-08 .000E+00
5 .120E+00 -.120E+00 .300E+02
6 .120E+00 -.240E+00 .300E+02
7 .120E+00 -.360E+00 -.300E+02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.113E+06 .277E+05 .000E+00
.277E+05 .167E+05 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .299E+05

.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .000E+00

.603E+04 .187E+04 .000E+00
.187E+04 .108E+04 .000E+00
.000E+00 .000E+00 .201E+04
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FACE PLATES ARE SPECIALLY ORTHOTROPIC
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
IN-PLANE = .667553E+05
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
********************************************************************
********************************************************************

24
87013
WRINKLING OF BEAM
********************************************************************
25
87013
3. COMPUTER PROGRAM
3.1 Introduction
This Section provides notes on the method of solution employed and program testing. Input and output
subroutines have been kept strictly separate from the main calculation so that the program can be integrated
into other calculations if required. Notes on this and other aspects of the program are provided.
3.2 Program Application
A listing of the Fortran computer program may be obtained from the Compact Disc. General compiling,
listing and running instructions, the data input required by the program and the program output are
described. However, if you do have any difficulty in using this program please contact ESDU International
and we will do all we can to assist you to overcome the problem.
Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the program performs the intended calculations
satisfactorily. No representation as to the suitability or fitness of the program for any particular purpose is
made and no liability for any loss occasioned by any persons as a direct or indirect result of use of the
program whether arising from negligence or otherwise can be accepted. In no event shall ESDU or any
individuals associated with the development of the program be liable for any damages, including loss of
profit or consequential loss arising out of or in connection with the program.
3.3 Description of Main Features of Algorithm
Throughout the program listing each subroutine contains a description of the method of solution employed.
Calculation of Nwcs and wcs is simple and is carried out in subroutine E8713A following calculation of
Ae, Be and De . The major algorithm concerns the minimisation of Equations (1.8) and (1.9) with respect
to wca and wb , respectively. Subroutine F8713A calculates Nwca (Equation (1.8) rearranged by
multiplying both the top and bottom by ( 6 / 4 )), Nwb and also dNwca /d wca and dNwb/d ). These are
then used to locate the required minima. The procedure is commenced by searching the region between
half wavelengths equal to the face plate thickness and 1000 wcs , given by Equation (1.7), at intervals of
wcs /10 . (Use of wcs is justified since it is usually of the same order as wca and wb .) If a minimum
value of wca or wb is passed in the initial search its location is then further refined using the method of
false position until the resultant buckling load is found to change by less than one part in 10 000.
As described in Section 1.5, overall (Euler) buckling can intervene in the attempted calculation of Nwca and
in such cases a minimum value of Nwca does not occur. Sketch 3.1 shows the form of curves of Nwca plotted
against wca in which each curve relates to a constant value of h. If, in the initial search through increasing
values of wca , the values of dN wca /dwca start to become increasingly negative overall buckling is
indicated and the calculation of Nwca is terminated.
The data input are arranged so that up to 50 different types of layer can be handled. It may be convenient
to keep more than this number of layer types on the data file for use in the analysis of different sandwich
panels. This can easily be accomplished by the following alterations to the program.
Raise the number of rows of array PNL (50, 7) from 50 to the desired number in the main program
and in subroutines
B8713A, C8713A, and G8713A.
In the 6th executable line of subroutine B8713A alter the upper limit of the DO loop from 50 to
the desired value.
26
87013
Increasing the number of rows in PNL beyond 999 is not recommended since this will require considerable
alteration of the output subroutine G8713A.
Note that, if desired, input and output port numbers may be changed in the 6th and 7th executable lines of
the main program. Also, optional lines follow the designation of the output port value for defining input
and output file space.
Sketch 3.1 Each curve relates to a constant value of h.
3.4 Program Testing
Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the program operates as intended. However, it is not
possible to explore all of the many combinations of input under which the program may be expected to
perform its task. If, in the course of a particular calculation, you meet with a computational problem please
communicate this to the staff at ESDU who will endeavour to resolve the problem as quickly as possible.
If necessary the program will be amended and a formal amendment issued.
In the course of testing the computer program some 300 runs were made during which all the input variables,
output messages and result types were tested. The data for the figures of Section 1 were obtained using the
program. The following notes describe the checks that were performed on the subroutines called in the
program.
B8713A and G8713A (Input and output subroutines, respectively)
These subroutines have been tested over all ranges of input and output described in Sections 2.2 and 2.3.
In addition, the output subroutine has been extended to obtain the required information when checking
subroutines D8713A, E8713A and F8713A as noted below and this has further tested G8713A.
27
87013
C8713A
This subroutine is identical to subroutine S053TF of program ESDS05 in Data Item No. 86020* . It has
therefore been fully checked as described in that Data Item.
D8713A
Special trial runs of the program have been carried out to display the various flags determined by this type
sorting subroutine. These have been used to ensure that the resulting flags, and the paths followed through
the program as a consequence of their values, are as intended.
E8713A and F8713A
These two subroutines solve Equations (1.3) to (1.9) inclusive. They have been tested by checking their
output against the results given in Derivations 1 and 2, by checking against hand calculations for sandwiches
with isotropic face plates and by checking that when overall (Euler) buckling is indicated the overall
buckling load obtained is correct. The steps of the search procedure have been printed out in test runs and
examined to ensure that the procedure is operating as intended.
*
Data Item No. 86020 "Elastic buckling of unbalanced laminated fibre reinforced composite plates. (Rectangular plates of AsBtDs types
all edges simply-supported under biaxial loading)".
28
87013
THE PREPARATION OF THIS DATA ITEM
The work on this particular Data Item was monitored and guided by the Aerospace Structures Committee
which first met in 1940 and now has the following membership:
Chairman
Mr K.R. Obee Independent
Members
Dr P. Bartholomew Royal Aircraft Establishment

Mr J.K. Bennett British Aerospace plc, Space and Communications Division
Mr H.L. Cox Independent
Mr K. Fitzsimons Westland Helicopters Ltd
Mr K.H. Griffin Cranfield Institute of Technology
Mr P.J. Mitchelmore British Aerospace plc, Civil Aircraft Division
Mr J.H. van der Sloot Fokker B.V., Schipol, The Netherlands
Mr K. van Katwijk* European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
*
Corresponding Member
The technical work involved in the assessment of the available information and the construction and
subsequent development of the Data Item was undertaken (under contract to ESDU) by
Dr J.P.H. Webber.
The person with overall responsibility for the work in this subject area is Mr M.E. Grayley, Head of the
Strength Analysis Group.
29

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87013

ELASTIC WRINKLING OF SANDWICH COLUMNS AND BEAMS WITH

(Face plates of AsBoDs, AsBlDs and AsBsDs types)

1. FACE PLATE WRINKLING BEHAVIOUR, SOLUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

1.2.1 Face plate overall stiffnesses

A in-plane stiffness matrix for face plate N/m lbf/in

A ij element of A N/m lbf/in

Ae effective in-plane stiffness term for face plate N/m lbf/in

D flexural stiffness matrix for face plate Nm lbf in

De effective flexural stiffness term for face plate Nm lbf in

1.2.2 Layer properties and reference axes

C reference number for layer type (see Section 2.3.3)

E k ,E k moduli of elasticity of kth layer in k - and k -directions N/m2 lbf/in2

G k shear modulus of kth layer in ( , ) k directions N/m2 lbf/in2

tk thickness of kth layer m in

k angle of principal axes of orthotropy, k , of kth layer degree degree

k , k Poisson's ratio for kth layer resulting from load applied in

0 ( , ) principal axes of orthotropy of a layer (see Sketch 1.1)

Ec modulus of elasticity of core material in z-direction N/m2 lbf/in2

Gc shear modulus of core material in (x, z) plane N/m2 lbf/in2

1.2.4 Column/beam loading and geometry and reference axes

h depth of core measured between mid-planes of face plates m in

ht total depth of sandwich between exterior faces of face plates m in

t thickness of face plate including thickness of face plate to core m in

ta effective thickness of face plate to core adhesive layer m in

length of half wave of wrinkle along column or beam length m in

0 ( x,y,z ) column or beam reference axes (see Sketch 1.1)

i, j numbers signifying position in row and column, respectively,

k layer identification number

wb relates to wrinkling load for compression face plate of beam

wca relates to antisymmetric wrinkling (see Sketch 1.3)

wcs relates to symmetric wrinkling (see Sketch 1.2)

1.2.6 Mathematical notation and sign convention

sym indicates matrix is symmetric about leading diagonal

Sketch 1.1 Sandwich construction

Sketch 1.2 Column face plate symmetric wrinkling

Sketch 1.3 Column face plate antisymmetric wrinkling

Sketch 1.4 Beam face plate wrinkling

and the B coupling matrix is either zero or is one of the forms,

1.4 Statement of Basic Assumptions

1.5 Wrinkling Characteristics

1.6.1 Effective stiffness terms

1.6.2 Symmetric wrinkling of columns

The wrinkling load per unit width is given by

and the corresponding half wavelength is

1.6.3 Antisymmetric wrinkling of columns

1.6.4 Wrinkling of beams

1.7 Derivation and Reference

1. WEBBER, J.P.H. On the wrinkling of honeycomb sandwich columns with laminated

Core properties Ec = 109 N/mm2, Gc = 26.6 N/mm2 or 2.66 N/mm2

FIGURE 1 ILLUSTRATING EFFECT OF DEPTH OF CORE

t or (t ta ) (mm) t or (t ta ) (mm) t or (t ta ) (mm)

FIGURE 2a FIGURE 2b FIGURE 2c

2.2 Program Limitations

The following is a synopsis of the limitations on the program.

(b) The number of layers in a face plate is limited to 200.

(e) Lay-up angles from 90 to 90 can be examined.

2.3 Data Input

2.3.1 Input of column or beam geometry

2.3.2 Input of core properties

These are simply the values of Ec and Gc for the core.

2.3.3 Input of face plate layer properties

2.3.4 Input of layer stacking sequence