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Complete report of Animal Physiology with title Blood Pressure which

made by :
name : Bertha Tandi
reg.number : 141 444 2 010
class : International Class Program of Biology ( ICP B )
group : V (Fivth)
has been checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was
accepted.

Makassar, April 20th 2017

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

A Citra Pratiwi, S.Pd, M.Ed Muhammad Richsan yamin

ID. 1314440006

Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

Dr. Drs. A. Mushawwir Taiyeb, M.Kes.

ID: 19644016 198803 1 002
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Have you ever climbed a mountain? Well, get ready to climb a
hypothetical mountain as you learn about circulatory dynamics.Like scaling a
mountain, tackling blood pressure regulation andother topics of cardiovascular
physiology is challenging whileyoure doing it, and exhilarating when you
succeed. Lets beginthe climb.To sustain life, blood must be kept circulating.
By now, youare aware that the heart is the pump, the arteries are
pressurereservoirs and conduits, the arterioles are resistance vessels
thatcontrol distribution, the capillaries are exchange sites, and the first we
need to define three physiologically important termsblood flow, blood
pressure, and resistanceand examine howthese factors relate to the
physiology of blood circulation.
Our ceaselessly beating heart has intrigued people for centuries.The
ancient Greeks believed the heart was the seat of intelligence. Others thoughtit
was the source of emotions. While these ideas have proved false, we do
knowthat emotions affect heart rate. When your heart pounds or skips a beat,
you becomeacutely aware of how much you depend on this dynamic organ for
your very life.Despite its vital importance, the heart does not work alone.
Indeed, it is only part of thecardiovascular system, which includes the miles of
blood vessels that run through your body.
Blood vessels are sometimes compared to a system of pipes withblood
circulating in them, but this analogy is only a starting point. Unlike rigidpipes,
blood vessels are dynamic structures that pulsate, constrict, relax, and
evenproliferate. In this chapter we examine the structure and function of these
importantcirculatory passageways.The blood vessels of the body form a closed
delivery system that begins and endsat the heart. Blood vessels contribute to
homeostasis by providing the structures for the flow of blood to and from the
 heart and the exchange of nutrients and wastes in tissues.They also play an
important role in adjusting the velocity and volumeof blood flow.
The cardiovascular system contributes to homeostasis of other body
systemsby transporting and distributing blood throughout the body to
delivermaterials (such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones) and carry away
wastes.The structures involved in these important tasks are the blood vessels,
whichform a closed system of tubes that carries blood away from the heart,
transportsit to the tissues of the body, and then returns it to the heart. The left
sideof the heart pumps blood through an estimated 100,000 km (60,000 mi)
ofblood vessels. The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs,
enabling blood to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide. Based on the
how important we know about blood pressure, so in this observation were
doing blood pressures mesurement.

B. Purpose
1. To know how to measuring arteris blood pressure indirectly
2. To understand the effect of body weight to arteris blood pressure.

C. Benefit
After doing this observation, the students can know and understanding
how to measuring arteris blood pressure indirectly and the effect of body
weight to arteris blood pressure.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Blood pressure (BP), the force per unit area exerted on a vesselwall by the
contained blood, is expressed in millimeters ofmercury (mm Hg). For example, a
blood pressure of 120 mmHg is equal to the pressure exerted by a column of
mercury120 mm high. Unless stated otherwise, the term blood pressure means
systemicarterial blood pressure in the largest arteries near theheart. The pressure
gradientthe differences in blood pressurewithin the vascular systemprovides
the driving force thatkeeps blood moving, always from an area of higher pressure
toan area of lower pressure, through the body (Marieb: 2013).
According to Tortora (2009), blood flows from regions of higherpressure to
regions of lower pressure; the greater the pressuredifference, the greater the blood
flow. Contraction of theventricles generates blood pressure (BP), the hydrostatic
pressureexerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel. BP is determinedby
cardiac output, blood volume, and vascularresistance (described shortly). BP is
highest in the aortaand large systemic arteries; in a resting, young adult, BP rises
toabout 110 mmHg during systole (ventricular contraction) anddrops to about 70
mmHg during diastole (ventricular relaxation).Systolic blood pressure is the
highest pressure attained in arteriesduring systole, and diastolic blood pressure is
the lowest arterialpressure during diastole.
As blood leaves theaorta and flows through the systemic circulation, its
pressurefalls progressively as the distance from the left ventricle increases.Blood
pressure decreases to about 35 mmHg as bloodpasses from systemic arteries
through systemic arterioles andinto capillaries, where the pressure fluctuations
disappear. At thevenous end of capillaries, blood pressure has dropped to about16
mmHg. Blood pressure continues to drop as blood enters systemic venules and
then veins because these vessels are farthest from the left ventricle. Finally, blood
pressure reaches 0 mmHg as blood flows into the right ventricle (Tortora: 2009).
According to Million Heart, blood pressure is when theheart fills up with
blood and thensqueezes to push the blood intothe blood vessels. Your
bloodpressure is made up of twonumberssystolic pressure anddiastolic pressure.
The systolicpressure measures the totalpressure it takes the heart to pumpblood to
the body. When the heartrelaxes between beats and fillsagain with blood, this is
diastolicpressure. Blood pressure numbersare written with the systolicnumber
above or before thediastolic number, such as 140/90mmHg.The number 140
measures the forceof blood in your arteries when yourheart contracts (beats). This
iscalled systolicpressure, and the number 90 measures the force of blood in your
arteries while your heart is relaxed (filling with blood between beats). This is
called diastolic pressure. It is usually measured inmillimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Any fluid driven by a pump through a circuit of closed channelsoperates
under pressure, and the nearer the fluid is to the pump,the greater the pressure
exerted on the fluid. Blood flow in bloodvessels is no exception, and blood flows
through the blood vesselsalong a pressure gradient, always moving from higher-
to lowerpressureareas. Fundamentally, the pumping action of the heart
generatesblood flow. Pressure results when flow is opposed by
resistance.Systemic blood pressure ishighest in the aorta and declines throughout
the pathway tofinally reach 0 mm Hg in the right atrium. The steepest drop
inblood pressure occurs in the arterioles, which offer the greatestresistance to
blood flow. However, as long as a pressure gradientexists, no matter how small,
blood continues to flow until itcompletes the circuit back to the heart (Marieb:
2013).
Mean arterial pressure (MAP), the average blood pressurein arteries, is
roughly one-third of the way between the diastolicand systolic pressures. It can be
estimated as follows:
MAP = diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)
Thus, in a person whose BP is 110/70 mmHg, MAP is about83 mmHg (70 +
1/3(110 - 70)).
We have already seen that cardiac output equals heart ratemultiplied by
stroke volume. Another way to calculate cardiacoutput is to divide mean arterial
pressure (MAP) by resistance(R): CO = MAP / R. By rearranging the terms of
this equation,you can see that MAP = CO x R. If cardiac output rises due toan
increase in stroke volume or heart rate, then the mean arterialpressure rises as long
as resistance remains steady. Likewise, adecrease in cardiac output causes a
decrease in mean arterialpressure if resistance does not change.Blood pressure
also depends on the total volume of blood inthe cardiovascular system. The
normal volume of blood in anadult is about 5 liters (5.3 qt). Any decrease in this
volume, asfrom hemorrhage, decreases the amount of blood that is
circulatedthrough the arteries each minute. A modest decrease can becompensated
for by homeostatic mechanisms that help maintainblood pressure (described on
page 755), but if the decrease inblood volume is greater than 10% of the total,
blood pressuredrops. Conversely, anything that increases blood volume, such
aswater retention in the body, tends to increase blood pressure (Tortora: 2009).
Arterial blood pressure reflects two factors: (1) how much theelastic arteries
close to the heart can stretch (their compliance ordistensibility) and (2) the volume
of blood forced into them atany time. If the amounts of blood entering and leaving
the elasticarteries in a given period were equal, arterial pressure wouldbe constant.
Instead, as Figure 19.6 reveals, blood pressure ispulsatileit rises and falls in a
regular fashionin the elasticarteries near the heart.As the left ventricle contracts
and expels blood into the aorta,it imparts kinetic energy to the blood, which
stretches the elasticaorta as aortic pressure reaches its peak. Indeed, if the
aortawere opened during this period, blood would spurt upward 5 or6 feet! This
pressure peak generated by ventricular contractionis called the systolic pressure
(sis-tah9lik) and averages 120 mmHg in healthy adults. Blood moves forward into
the arterial bedbecause the pressure in the aorta is higher than the pressure inthe
more distal vessels.During diastole, the aortic valve closes, preventing bloodfrom
flowing back into the heart. The walls of the aorta (andother elastic arteries) recoil,
maintaining sufficient pressure tokeep the blood flowing forward into the smaller
vessels. Duringthis time, aortic pressure drops to its lowest level
(approximately70 to 80 mm Hg in healthy adults), called the diastolic pressure.
You can picture the elastic arteries as pressurereservoirs that operate as auxiliary
pumps to keep blood circulatingthroughout the period of diastole, when the heart
isrelaxing. Essentially, the volume and energy of blood stored inthe elastic arteries
during systole are given back during diastole.The difference between the systolic
and diastolic pressures iscalled the pulse pressure. It is felt as a throbbing
pulsation in anartery (a pulse) during systole, as ventricular contraction
forcesblood into the elastic arteries and expands them. Increasedstroke volume
and faster blood ejection from the heart (a resultof increased contractility) raise
pulse pressure temporarily.Atherosclerosis chronically increases pulse pressure
because theelastic arteries become less stretchy (Marieb:2013).
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATIONMETHOD

A. Time & Place

Day / Date : Monday / May 31st 2016
Time : At 8.00 am until 10.00 am
Place : Biology Laboratory 3rdfloor east side of Mathematic and
Science Faculty, State University of Makassar.
B. Equipment and Materials
1. Stetoskop
2. Sfignomanometer
C. Work Procedures
1. Probandus laying and the probanduss upper arm covered by riva rocci
thightly
2. The mesurer doing palpation to the vein in pergelangan tangan probandus,
after the vein beat felt, the air was pump into riva rocci until vein beat
disappear.
3. Sometimes heared beat sound like heart beat, then heared several times beat
like desis trough vein and this desis called korotkoff sound.
4. Make measurement with other position.
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
Table of observation results

N F/ Height Weight Body TR

Probandus TS TD
o M (cm) (kg) position (mmHg)
1 Nila Ridhayani F 155 62 Sit 120 80 116,33
2 Nur mukarramah F 154 42 Sit 110 80 113,00
3 Alamsyah M 155 55 Sit 120 80 116,33
4 Nurazizah K. F 154 41 Sit 110 80 113,00
5 Rezky Aziz F 148 43 Sit 80 70 99,67

The Formula is :
TR = TD + 1/3 (TS -11) mmHg, which:
TR = Average of High Arterial Blood Pressure
TS = High of Systolic Pressure
TD = High of Diastolic Pressure
The data analysis of group three:
1. Nila Ridhayani
TR = TD + 1/3 (TS 11) mmHg
= 80 + 1/3 (120 11) mmHg
= 116,33 mmHg.
2. Nur mukarramah
TR = TD + 1/3 (TS 11) mmHg
= 80 + 1/3 (110 11) mmHg
= 113,00 mmHg
3. Alamsyah
TR = TD + 1/3 (TS 11) mmHg
= 80+ 1/3 (120 11) mmHg
= 116,33 mmHg.
 4. Nurazizah K.
TR = TD + 1/3 (TS 11) mmHg
= 80 + 1/3 (110 11) mmHg
= 113,00 mmHg
5. Rezky asis
TR = TD + 1/3 (TS 11) mmHg
= 80+ 1/3 (70 11) mmHg
= 99,67 mmHg.

B. Discussion
The result of blood pressure such as 140/90 mmHg, the number 140
measures the force of blood in your arteries when your heart contracts (beats).
This is called systolicpressure, and the number 90 measures the force of blood
in your arteries while your heart is relaxed (filling with blood between beats).
This is called diastolic pressure.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP), the average blood pressure in arteries,
is roughly one-third of the way between the diastolic and systolic pressures. It
can be estimated as follows:
MAP = diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)
Thus, in a person whose BP is 110/70 mmHg, MAP is about 83 mmHg (70 +
1/3(110 - 70)).
The level of blood pressure varies depend on ages, gender, and body position
but causing the variation of arteris blood pressure is body position and gravity.
For example someone who stand stright have arteri pressure in legs is higher
than in head because arteris blood pressure in legs having hydrostatic blood
hole pressure in body and in head havent. Someone who lay down having
same arteris blood pressure with the whole body because blood hole in body
placed horizontally so the effect of gravity to all blood hole same.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Based on our observation results, we can concluded that The level of
blood pressure varies depend on ages, gender, and body position but causing
the variation of arteris blood pressure is body position and gravity.
B. Suggestion
For the next observation, students have to be more activeso the results
that they get are more clear, detailed and accurate.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Daniels, Geoff. 2002. Human Blood Group Second Edition. United Kingdom:
Blackwell Science Ltd.
Lecture team. 2016. Human Anatomy and Physiology Guide Book. Biology
Departement Faculty of Mathematic and Science State University of
Makassar
Marieb, Elain N [et.al].2013. Human Anatomy& Physiology. Ninth Edition.
United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.
Million Heart. Team up pressure down: A journal to help you manage high blood
pressure. http://millionhearts.hhs.gov
Tortora, Gerard J [et.all]. 2009. Principles of Human Anathomy and Physiology.
Twelfth Edition. United States of Amerika: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.