Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10
Agricultural Crop Production
Learners Material
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Technology & Livelihood Education Grade 10
First Year of Use: _________________________________________
Agricultural Crop Production
LearnersSource
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First Edition, 2014
ISBN: ___________
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ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Quarter I
MODULE 1 - ENTREPRENEURSHIP
PRE TEST
LESSON I
LESSON II
1
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRETEST
Quarter II
LESSON I
LESSON II
LESSON III
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
2
LESSON IV
Seed Selection
QUARTER III
LESSON V
Seedling production
LESSON VI
Planting/Transplanting
LESSON VII
Nutrient Management
LESSON VIII
Water Management
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
Pest Management
LESSON X
LESSON XI
REFERENCES
5
QUARTER 1
Learning Material No. I
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS)
ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
Quarter I
Module 1
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Introduction
In this module you will learn more about entrepreneurship and the
entrepreneurial competencies related to Agricultural-Crop Production. You will
have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to personal
assessment of your entrepreneurial competencies of a successful crop
producer/agri-entrepreneur within your province. There are some activities
below that will help you align your competencies with the competencies of
successful practitioners. Moreover, this module is designed to stimulate your mind
to think about entrepreneurship, its role in the business community in particular
and to the economic and social development in general.
Now, to start with this module, let us first learn what is the difference
between entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to build, organize and
evaluate business opportunities. They are individuals who can strategically identify
products or services needed by the community and deliver these at the right time
and the right place.
Entrepreneurs are agents of economic change; they organize, manage and
assume risks of a business. Some of the good qualities of an entrepreneur are
opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent planner, confident problem
solver, hardworking, persistent and committed worker.
6
Entrepreneurship on the other hand is not just a simple business activity. It
is a strategic process of innovation and new venture creation. Basically,
entrepreneurship is both an art and a science of converting business ideas into
marketable products or services to improve the quality of living.
Now that you have a little background knowledge about entrepreneur and
entrepreneurship, can you now walk through in assessing your Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)? Always remember that Successful
entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their PECs.
To begin with, let us first try to find out the competencies you will master
after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
Now that you have an idea about the enabling knowledge and skill that you
will develop/achieve and master, try to take the first challenge in this module the
pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
As part of your initial activity, you will be challenged to test your knowledge
on the topic. To diagnose/assess what you already know about personal
entrepreneurial competencies. Answer the tasks below.
7
Task 1: Matching Type
A B
____1. Creative a. makes a wise decision towards the
attainment of the set objectives
____2. Profit Oriented b. strategic thinking and setting of goals
____3. Discipline c. trusts in ones ability
____4. Decision Making d. adaptable to change
____5. People Skill e. innovative, have edge over other competitors
____6. Planner f. solid dedication
____7. Self-confidence g. skillful in record keeping
____8. Hardworking h. always sticks to the plan
____9. Ability to accept change i. works diligently
____10. Committed j effective and efficient communication skills
and relationship with people
k. always looks for income
Task 2: Guide Questions
Direction: The following are guide questions which encapsulate the entire module.
Write your answers on your assignment notebook, then share these in class.
After all the guide questions have been answered to the best of your
knowledge and skills, share these with your classmates. You, too, may compare
your insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the topic to make
it more exciting and engaging.
8
LEARNING GOALS AND TARGET
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having
gone through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be
asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will inspire you to further
achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals would
motivate you to learn more about PECs.
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, check first your inherent knowledge of PECs. Try to answer the
following guide questions with the help of your classmates.
2. Are there other strategies or approaches where you can assess your PECs?
Explain how these would become more useful in selecting a viable business
venture.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______.
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3. What are the desirable personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills,
and traits of a prospective entrepreneur? Why do you think these are
important?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______.
How was your experience in answering the guide questions together with
your classmates? Were you able to benefit from them? What insights have you
realized?
This time youre going to study the lessons that will enrich your knowledge
about PECs. Read carefully all the important details about the succeeding topic.
Know
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REBECCA C. TUBONGBANUA: WOMAN FARMER-SCIENTIST
September 26, 2010 filipino achievers
Woman-Farmer-Scientist
She toiled for several years experimenting and perfecting her sulfite-free
and low-sugar technology in processing indigenous fruits, primarily the Guimaras
mangoes.
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Self-confident: Entrepreneurs have confidence in their own ability and
judgment. They exhibit self-confidence which enables them to cope
with all the risks in operating their own business.
Process
In order to firm up what you have learned and to have a better appreciation
of the different entrepreneurial competencies, try to read the PECs checklist
presented below, then answer the same.
Directions: Using the PECs Checklist, assess yourself by indicating a check (/)
mark in either strengths and/or development areas column. Interpret the results by
counting the total number of check marks in each of the columns. After
accomplishing the checklist, form a group and share your insights and experiences
why you have come up with that personal assessment.
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Planner
- Strategically thinks and sets goals
People Skills
- Has effective and efficient
communication skills and relationship
with people
Decision Making
- Makes a wise decision towards the
set objectives
TOTAL
Interpretation/Insights:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to be
developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your
classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do Task 5
below.
Task 5: Interview
14
Sample Interview Guide
Note: Ask the needed information from the interview to supply answer/s to
Row 1 in the table below. Meanwhile, fill out the second row with your
PECs.
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies Characteristics Attributes Lifestyles Skills Traits
Successful
Entrepreneur in the
province
My PECs
Using the information from the table above, analyze, and reflect on the
similarities and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the table
below. Write your conclusion on the space provided on the next page.
15
Personal
Entrepreneurial Similarities Differences
Competencies
Characteristics
Attributes
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
Conclusion:
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________ .
Transfer
Time Expected
Objective Area Activities Strategies
Frame Outcome
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To align my
PECs with the Characteristics
PECs of a
successful
entrepreneur in
agri-
buisness/agri-
crop..
Skills
Attributes
Traits
1. Why is there a need to compare and align your PECs with the PECs of a
successful entrepreneur?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________
____________________________.
2. How does your action plan help sustain your strong PECs and/or address
your development areas?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________________________.
Quarter I
Module 2
Environment and Market
Introduction
People who aspire to start a business need to explore the economic, cultural
and social conditions prevailing in the area. Needs and wants of the people around
the vicinity that are not met may be considered as business opportunities.
Identifying the needs of the community, its resources, available raw materials,
skills, and appropriate technology can help a new entrepreneur in seizing a
business opportunity.
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To be successful in any kind of business venture, potential entrepreneurs
should always look closely at the environment and market. They should always
be watchful of the existing opportunities and constraints. The opportunities in the
business environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to
expand and make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand, are those factors
that limit the ability to grow, hence reducing the chance of generating profit. One
of the best ways to evaluate the opportunities and constraints is to conduct SWOT
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis.
Now that you have read some of the important things to consider to succeed
in any business, you are now ready to explore more about the environment and
market.
To begin with, lets first try to find out the competencies that you will master
after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
- identify what is of Value to the customer;
- identify the customer to sell to;
- explain what makes a product unique and competitive;
- apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable product;
and
- employ a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the product/service.
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, try to take the
first challenge in this module-- the pre-assessment.
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Pre-assessment
1. This is generated by examining what goods and services are sold outside
the community.
A. Business Creation C. Business Concept
B. Business Pricing D. Business Idea
2. A process of making a new product to be sold to the customers.
A. Product Analysis C. Product Development
B. Product Conceptualization D. Product Implementation
3. These are luxuries, advantages, and desires that every individual
considers beyond necessary.
A. Wants C. Requirements
B. Desires D. Needs
4. This is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that
one product or service is better and different from that of the competitors.
A. Unique Selling Plan C. Unique Pricing Policy
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Finding Value-Added
5. In this stage, the needs of the target market are identified, reviewed, and
evaluated.
A. Concept Development C. Project Development
B. Economic Analysis D. Refine Specification
6. This is the introduction of a new idea to make the product and services
more attractive and saleable to prospective customers.
A. New Idea C. Product Development
B. Creativity D. Innovation
7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment in gathering important
information used for strategic planning.
A. Environmental Scanning C. WOTS Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis D. Survey Analysis
8. A marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that identifies
and differentiate a product from others.
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
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9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the
essence of your brand.
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
10. These are the things that people cannot live without.
A. Wants C. Requirements
B. Desires D. Needs
Directions: Read and study the guide questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper to write your responses to the guide
questions.
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer?
After all the guide questions have been answered and skills have been
mastered, share them with your classmates. Discuss your insights, personal
knowledge of, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and
engaging.
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motivate you to learn more about Environment and Market.
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives
of this module, you will have the opportunity to read and learn more about
environment and market. You, too, will also be given a chance to do practical
exercises and activities to deepen your understanding of the topic.
Know
Product Development
When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of
making a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers.
Product development may involve modification of an existing product or
its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly
defined customers needs and/or want and/or a market place.
There are basic, yet vital questions that you can ask yourself. When you
shall find acceptable answers to these, you can say that you are ready to develop
a product and/or render service.
1. For whom are the product/service aimed?
2. What benefit will the customers expect from it?
3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? Or from their
competitor?
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within the area should also be
taken into consideration. Everyone has his or her own needs and wants. However,
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people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are
important things that every individual do without in a society. These include:
1. Basic commodities for consumption
2. Clothing and other personal belongings
3. Shelter, sanitation and health
4. Education
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live
with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously help
you generate business ideas and subsequently to develop a marketable product.
Wants are desires, luxury, and extravagance that signify wealth and an
expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic
necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every
individual which are non- basic needs like fashion accessories, shoes, clothes,
travelling around the world, eating in an exclusive restaurant, watching movies,
concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living
in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business
that you may engage into because they can serve as the measure of your success.
Some other good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the
people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture, and tradition, and social orientation.
To summarize, product development entirely depends on the needs and
wants of the customers. Another important issue to deal with are the key concept
of developing a product. The succeeding topic shall enlighten you about the
procedure in coming up with a product concept.
Plan
Remaining
Analyze 23 Perform Development
Competitive Economic Project
Products Analysis
Figure 3: Concept Development
D. Generate Product Concepts - After having gone through with the previous
processes, you may now develop a number of product concepts to illustrate
what types of product/service are both technically feasible and would best
meet the requirements of the target consumers/market.
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Finding Value
People
buy for a reason, there should be something in your product/service that would
give consumers a good reason to go back and buy for more. There must be
something that has to make you the best option for your target customers;
otherwise they have no reason to buy what you are selling. This implies further,
that you offer something to your customers which they will value or treasure.
The value that you incorporate to your product is called value proposition.
Value proposition is a believable collection of the most persuasive reasons people
should notice you and take the action you are asking for. Value is created by
fulfilling deep desires and solving deep problems. This is what gets the people
moving, and keep them spending for your product/service.
Innovation
Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product/service.
This may be a new idea, a new method or a device. If you want to increase your
sales and profit you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations in your
products are change in packaging, improved taste, color, size, shape, and perhaps
price. Some of the possible innovations in providing services are application of new
improved methods, additional feature of product/ services, and possibly, freebies.
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concentrate, mango sauce, mango ketchup-regular to make a difference from
other existing products in the market.
Here's how to discover your USP and use it to increase your sales and profit:
Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy your
product instead of that of your competitor's. Information is very
important in decision making. Competitive entrepreneur always endeavor
to improve his/her products/services and constantly provide satisfaction and
sustain patronage of customers. As your business grows, you should
always consider the process of asking your customers some important
26
information and feedback that you can use to improve your
product/services.
Process
Task 3: Interview
Directions: Select a successful entrepreneur/practitioner. Conduct an interview
by utilizing the sets of questions below. Document the interview and
present this to the class.
4. Did you consult somebody before you engage in this business? Cite
sample insights that you gained from the consultation.
5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business?
7. What strategies did you consider to have a unique selling proposition for
your product/service?
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Reflect and Understand
Transfer
28
1. Identify
Customers
7. Prepare a Need 2. Target
Development - Specifications
Plan - -
- - -
- - -
- -
- -
- -
6. Refine 3. Analyze a
Product Competitive
Specification Product
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
5. Select a 4. Generate
Product Product
Concept Concept
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________
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Know
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the
product? What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it
be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is
crafted up to the time it is packed and sold. You can also improve the materials
used in crafting the product. In addition, you introduce new ways of using the
product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customers many needs.
When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are doing an
innovation. You can also do an invention by introducing an entirely new product
to replace the old one.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and
services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the moment.
Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in the future, in
the event of certain developments in the community. For example, a province
will have its electrification facility in the next six months. Only by that time will
30
the entrepreneur could think of agricultural products which are made using
electrically-powered tools or equipment.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to supply
the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The term
market refers to whoever will use or buy the product or services, and these
include people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments,
organizations, or government agencies.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and
services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such as
selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that
can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province
possess loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to the
next. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce blankets,
decorative items, and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and lowland
communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience
you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT classes
will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills which will
earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in income-generating
activities. With your skills, you may also try on doing things during your spare
time. Many products were invented this way.
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on how to put the right product in the right place, at the right price and at the
right time.
Once you have embarked on identifying the business opportunities, you will
eventually see that there are many possibilities available for you. It is very unlikely
that you will have enough resources to pursue all of them at once. Which one will
you choose?
You have to select the most promising one from among a hundred and one
ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, screen your ideas to
narrow them down to about five choices. In the next stage, trim down the five
choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and decide
which business idea is worth pursuing.
In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following factors:
1. How much capital is needed to put up the business?
2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this
product and will continue to need it for a long time?
3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet
the need (competition or demand)? How much of the need is now
being met (supply)?
4. Do you have the background and experience needed to run this
particular business?
5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or
foreseeable government regulation?
6. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise?
Branding
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Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that
identifies and differentiates product/service from that of the competitors. It is also
a promise to your customers. It tells them what they can expect from your product/
service and it differentiates your offerings from other competitors. Your brand is
derived from who you are, who you want to be, and who people perceive you to
be.
Branding is one of the most important aspects of any business. An effective
brand strategy gives you a major edge in increasingly competitive markets.
The features of a good product brand are as follows:
- delivers the message clearly
- confirms your credibility
- connects your target prospects emotionally
- motivates the buyer
- concretizes user loyalty
Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want
to communicate about your brand.
33
Process
Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
SWOT is subjective.
34
Strength (S) Weaknesses (W)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Opportunities (O) Threats (T)
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
Strategize:
Strategies/Activities:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
Analysis:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
35
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Reading books and watching videos have been considered two of the most
effective educational activities that help learners deepen their understanding of a
certain topic. In this particular circumstance, you will be asked to conduct extra
readings and video viewings on the following topics:
36
Transfer
Direction: Generate a clear appealing product brand with logo and tagline.
Logo Taglin
37
GRADE 10 LEARNING MATERIALS
K TO 12 CURRICULUM
AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC I (RICE)
Quarter II
Rice is the staple food of all the Filipinos hence, rice production
is an important industry in the Philippines. It is the backbone of
Philippine economy for it does not only give benefit to rice growers but also
to other industries like rice threshing, warehousing, milling, seed
production, and many others, that offer a lot of job opportunities. Being
the prime commodity, rice leads the growth of the agricultural sector. It is
indispensable to sustainable development. Rice accounts for the majority
of the total value of production in agriculture. This is primarily because
rice is the most preferred commodity of the population. Furthermore,
majority of the people depend on farm labor and rice-related businesses
for their livelihood.
39
Pre-assessment
Let us find out how much you already know about rice production.
Read and understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the best
answer and write it on your answer sheet.
19. Which of the following is one of the advantages of using the straight
row planting system?
A. It is the cause of overcrowding of plants.
B. It makes hand weeding difficult.
C. It makes mechanical weeding easy.
D. It provides uneven spaces for growing plants.
20. What is the average seeding rate per hectare using the dapog method?
A. 22 kg
B. 33 kg
C. 44 kg
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D. 66 kg
22. Which of the following is the recommended seedling rate per hill for
growing rice?
A. 2-3
B. 3-4
C. 4-5
D. 6-7
23. Replanting of missing hills should be done ______ days after planting
to complete the required plant population in a given area.
A. 3-5
B. 5-7
C. 7-9
D. 10-12
27. Below are ways by which irrigation water is lost except one:
A. evaporation
B. percolation
C. seepage
D. absorption
43
28. Which is an example of a broadleaf weed?
A. Mutha
B. Kangkong
C. Ubod-ubod
D. Bayakibok
30. This is the most destructive rice pest which attacks the plant from
seedling stage to maturity .
A. rice stem borer
B. plant hopper
C. rice bug
D. maggot
31. This method of insect control utilizes the natural enemies of insects
to control the pest.
A. Biological
B. Cultural
C. Chemical
D. Physical
32. Which among the following is not needed in cleaning rice grains?
A. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
B. Canvas and winnowing basket
C. Blower and shifter
D. Sickle and reaper
44
35. When a farmer relies on good management practices to prevent
the occurrence of insect pests and diseases in his farm, he is using
the?
A. Genetic control
B. Chemical control
C. Biological control
D. Cultural control
45
LESSON 1
I. INTRODUCTION
The lesson is all about the farm tools and equipment used in rice
production. You will learn this within 12 days.
46
What will you learn?
Know
HAND TOOLS
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve small
yet important jobs to be done. Below are some of the examples:
47
2. Shovel is used in removing trash, digging
loose soil, moving soil from one place to
another, and for mixing soil media and
fertilizers. It is also used in the repair and
construction of levees and in irrigation
management.
FARM IMPLEMENTS
Examples :
1. Plows. These are farm implements used in rice production operations either
pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for tilling
large areas, making furrows and ditches to facilitate irrigation and drainage.
Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of
metal or wood or pure metal . Due to intensive farm mechanization it is
becoming extinct in some regions. They are used to till areas with a shallower
depth than that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
48
Carabao drawn plow Disc plow drawn by a tractor
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and
pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is a metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil in upland rice production
where the soil is tilled dry while waiting for the rain or water supply.
Harrow
49
EQUIPMENT
1. Hand tractor. It is the most useful and convenient equipment of the farmers.
It is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a wide area of land. It is also
used to transport other materials from the house to the farm and a very
important equipment in the mobility of most farmers.
2. Four wheel tractor. It is used to pull disc plow disc harrow and rotavator in
preparing much wider area of land. It is also used to draw a trailer to transport
bulk of materials, equipment, farm inputs, and harvest. It is very useful
during harvest and other post harvest activities.
3. Water pump. This equipment is very important to draw irrigation water from
a source such as deep well, rivers and lakes. In some areas where water is
scarce, second cropping of rice could be done using a water pump.
4. Combine harvester .This equipment performs the harvesting and threshing
at the same time. The grains are deposited in its compartment and could be
easily transported to the nearest road when hauling the harvests.
50
LET US REMEMBER
Using the right tools and equipment for the specific farm operation
makes it easier and more economical.
After knowing the farm tools and equipment, continue the lesson in doing pre-
operative check-up of equipment.
Activity#1
Safety Check: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor, thresher, reaper and any
attached implement checking the area for obstacles that may be under or
near the tractor which include stones, boards, children's toys etc. Make
sure there are no bystanders; remember this is a working area. Check
whether the wheels are free, or stuck in the ground. Check for any loose
parts or objects on the tractor such as tools on the platforms or around
brakes and other controls.
Inspect around: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor a second time to check the
equipment itself. This time look at the tires for wear and inflation, the
power take-off shaft for shielding and guarding (rotate the shield to make
sure it moves freely), the hitch for proper hitch pin and safety clip. Pay
particular attention to the ground under the tractor for any signs of liquid
leaks such as oil, coolant or fuel.
Check the oil of all engines attached to machineries to be used: Remove the
dipstick, wipe it clean, and check the oil level. If oil is required, remember
to wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to avoid dirt falling into the
engine. Use a clean funnel and clean the top of the oil can to prevent rust
or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
51
Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
Always check the fuel gauge. Fill if necessary, through it should have been filled
at the end of the last day the tractor was used.
Have a fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in case of
fire during operation or refueling and in area of storage and milling . Make
sure it is charged and easily accessible.
Remember:
Hazardous activities
52
Sharpening When working on, for example a
forage harvester, only the actual
sharpening should take place with
the machine in motion. All activities
before and after, like. guard removal,
should be done with the machine
stationary, even if rundown takes a
long time.
Beware of flying particles when
sharpening machinery. Use
protective equipment such as
goggles.
Working under machines When working under raised
machines, jacks should be used and
correctly located, and
additional support (eg axle stands)
provided.
When working on hydraulically-
raised equipment (eg. trailers) use
props. Never rely on the hydraulics.
53
Blockages Many accidents happen while
cleaning machine blockages
often because operators attempt to
clear a blockage while the machine is
still powered.
Again, the key question to ask is:
Have I been trained to do this job
properly? If the answer is no, do
not attempt it.
Hard hats can protect workers from head impact, penetration injuries, and
high impact injuries such as those caused by falling or flying objects, fixed
objects, or contact with electrical conductors. It also prevents the long hair from
getting caught in machine parts such as belts and chains. Ordinary hats shall be
worn by a farmer whenever working in the farm to protect himself against
ultraviolet rays of the sun.
In addition to foot guards and safety shoes, leggings (e.g., leather or other
appropriate material) can help prevent injuries by protecting workers from
hazards such as falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, wet and slippery
surfaces, molten metals, hot surfaces, and electrical hazards while working in
the farm shop. Pants should be worn to protect the legs from itchy worms and
snake bites when working in the farm.
54
other post-harvest jobs to protect the eyes.
In some cases, workers must shield most of their bodies against hazards
in the workplace, such as exposure to heat and radiation, hot metals, scalding
liquids, body fluids, hazardous materials or waste, and others. In addition to fire-
retardant wool and fire retardant cotton, materials used in whole-body personal
protective equipment, include leather, synthetics, rubber, and plastic.
Respiratory Protection
Process
Activity #1
55
score will be the winner.
Activity #2
Students will be asked to draw from the box containing the names
of farm tools and equipment and explain how and when it will be used in
accomplishing rice production activities.
Activity #3
Get your partner, list two farm equipment and make a research in
the internet on the different parts that need to be maintained, and the
procedure on how to do the maintenance.
Activity#4
Activity #1
Activity #2
Using the rice reaper of the nearest farm in the locality, make a report
about the conditions of the parts needed to be maintained. Are they in the
best condition? Why or why not? Share it with class.
56
Transfer
Activity#1
You are the farm manager of the San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose
Cooperative and tasked to prepare the farm equipment conditions analysis.
Make a list of the equipment; evaluate each equipment and identify the
parts that need maintenance.
Activity # 2
Divide the class into groups and with the supervision of the teacher or the
farm technician or the owner of the combine harvester in the nearby farm in the
locality, let each group will conduct pre-operational check-up of the combine
harvester.
Summative Test
57
Glossary of Terms
Hand tools tools that are usually light and are used to do minor
operation in the farm.
Prepare to gather all the needed materials ready for a specific work.
58
LESSON II
Introduction
Like any other plant, rice needs an appropriate kind of soil as well as
good location to attain the highest possible yield.
The lesson is all about the factors to consider in site selection for
planting rice and doing soil analysis. You will learn this within twelve days.
59
1. identify the factors to consider in site selection;
2. select a site appropriate for rice production;
3. collect soil sample and analyze ; and
4. appreciate the value of selecting a good site for rice production
Know
If given a chance to select a good site for rice production, here are the
important factors to consider to ensure optimum growth and development.
These are soil, climate, and location.
60
c. Temperature. It is a limiting factor in rice production.
However, in the Philippines, temperature is almost constant,
hence, it is not a critical problem.
d. Wind velocity. Gentle wind is beneficial to rice plant because
new air blown around the plant causes replenishment of
carbon dioxide. Strong wind such as heavy wind during
typhoon may cause lodging and shattering of rice grain,
reduction of photosynthetic activities and may enhance
growth of bacterial leaf diseases.
The success of rice production starts with knowing the kind of soil
where you are going to plant. The rice plant is nutrient sensitive; its ability
to produce good harvest depends on the nutrients present in the soil. Soil
sampling and analysis are important to determine the pH level and the
nutrients present in the soil. The result of the soil analysis will be the basis
of fertilizer application.
1. Make a sketch of the area showing sampling areas (SA).Divide the farm
into sampling areas. Each SA should be more or less uniform in
cropping history, past lime and fertilizer treatments, slope, degree of
erosion and soil texture and color.
61
2. In each SA dig from 5 -10 pits and collect samples corresponding to
the size of the sampling area. Spot sample is taken in the following
manner:
clear the soil surface area
using a shovel or spade dig a pit to a depth of 20-30 centimeters
from one vertical side of the pit take a slice of soil 2-3 cm thick with
a single downward thrust of the spade. Using a knife or trowel trim
the slice of soil on both sides to a bar of 3-4 cm width.
place the thin bar of soil in a pail or any suitable clean container.
if the subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the succeeding
20 to 30 cm soil depth. The subsoil and surface soil should be placed
in separate containers.
Selecting the appropriate site plays a vital role in the success of rice
production.
Factors to consider in selecting the site
62
a. accessibility of the farm to the road
b. availability of good labor supply
c. good irrigation and drainage
d. proximity of threshing and drying pavement
Factors that affect growth and development of the crop
1. kinds of soil
2. climate
3. location
Soil pH for rice is from 6.2 to 7.0
Process
Activity#1
Name of Farmer:_______________
Location:______________________
Directions: Of the four sites visited, write the appropriate rating based on
the scale listed below, considering the adaptability of factors in selecting the
site.
63
Reflect and Understand
Activity#1
Select four cooperating farmers in the locality, get the data on their
average harvest (number of cavans) for the past three years. Compare and
analyze to see if the differences were affected by the farm location.
Activity#2
Transfer
Post-assessment
A. Answer the following questions in your quiz notebook. Write only the
letter of the correct answer.
64
1. There are three important factors that affect rice yield. Which of
the following is not among the factors?
A. Climate
B. Kind of soil
C. Location
D. Topography
Glossary of Terms
Soil - is a loose and friable material of the earth surface where plants
grow and develop.
65
Temperature - is the degree of hotness and coldness of the
environment.
66
LESSON III
INTRODUCTION
67
This lesson provides the learner with the appropriate land
preparation techniques and strategies. It includes the tools and
equipment needed and the steps in undertaking these activities. You
will learn this within thirteen days.
Know
68
water seepage from the field thereby resulting to efficient water
management.
If land preparation is not uniform, growth of plant is uneven
causing variations of plant development and stage maturity resulting
in possible decrease in harvest. Land preparation should be started at
least four weeks before transplanting.
69
before harrowing is done. In rainfed areas, the field is better
plowed while it is dry.
`
Leveling the field can be done by scraping the mud from high
spots moving it to the low areas. A bamboo pole maybe attached to the
base of the harrow teeth to help in leveling.
Harrow the field at least twice with one week interval for irrigated
field and at least one day for rainfed field due to limited supply of
water. The first harrowing is done a week after plowing to break the
soil clods and to incorporate the stubbles. This will allow dropped rice
seeds during the previous cropping and weed seeds to germinate. The
second harrowing which is also the first levelling should be done
70
across the direction of the first harrowing. This further incorporates
the volunteer plants and allowing the remaining dropped seeds and
weed seeds to germinate. These practices help reduce the initial pest
host population and maintain the hardpan which minimizes water
seepage.
71
LET US REMEMBER
The best time to fix the levee is after the first plowing because
the upturned soil near the levees can be used for plastering in the
work. The following are the steps in repairing levees.
1. Clean the levees. Trim the thick portions of both sides of the
levees using a bolo. Patch all rat holes, breaks, and soft spots.
2. Repair the levees by using soil which has been broken up
during the first plowing for patching soft spots and cracks.
Break up and rebuild the portion of the levees containing rat
holes.
3. Patch-up/cover/fill the levee with mud making sure that all
cracks are sealed properly.
4. Dikes must be cleaned to remove pest, compact to prevent
seepage, and maintain at 15 cm high x 20 cm wide to prevent
rat burrowing. Ditches will ensure even water distribution
and drainage.
72
Fields used solely for year-round rice production must be
allowed to rest or fallow for at least 30 days or more before plowing for
the next cropping season. This will break the life cycle of majority of
the insects.
Rainfed rice fields are often prepared during April and May. Plow
field after the first rain then harrow. Leave it for 7 or more days to
allow weed seeds to germinate, afterwhich the field will be plowed and
harrowed again to kill the emerging weeds. Plowing and harrowing may
be done 2-3 times until the field is ready for transplanting.
Lowland rice requires well puddled and well prepared soil. This
ensures a soil surface that is weed-free, soft and leveled to make
transplanting of seedlings/planting of seeds easier. It also
facilitates mixing of organic matter such as rice straw, weeds,
and stubbles with the soil to hasten decomposition. Proper land
preparation is undertaken to level the field, for uniform
distribution of irrigation water, fertilizer, and pesticides. It also
prevents or minimizes water seepage from the field.
Process
Activity #1
RATING
V Good Good Fair Poor
ACTIVITIES
91 8190 7580 70-74
73
100
1. Cleared the area before
plowing
2. Followed correct procedure
in plowing
3 Harrowed the field well
4.Repaired the levees
5.Observed proper use of
tools/equipment
6. Used PPE
Activity #2
Transfer
Activity#3
74
Post-assessment
B. Answer briefly.
RESOURCES
1. Bolo
2. Moldboard plow
3. Harrow
4. Draft carabao
5. Shovel
6. Pick mattock
7. Hand tractor
8. Tractor
Glossary of Terms
75
Tools simple devices used in the farm such as bolo, digging
bar, and shovel
Equipment machineries used in the farm such as tractor
Farm implements devices such as plow and harrow
Levee dike or bund that surrounds a paddy
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
Puddled soil a soil surface which was plowed and harrowed
several times, leveled and ready for planting.
Seepage sideward loss of water
76
LESSON IV
SEED SELECTION
1. PhilRice
2. Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)
3. Agricultural Productivity Commission (APC)
4. Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
5. Seed Grower cooperators in your locality
6. Reliable dealers of farm supplies
Irrigated Varieties
Variety Agronomic Characteristics Disease & Insect Pest Reactions
79
Ave. Max
Maturity Height Borer
Yield Yield Blast BLB Tungro BPH GLH
days (cm)
(Tons) (Tons)
10 Rc230H 6.7 10.6 108 103 I S S (S) I MR
NSIC 2010
7 10.7 110 110 I S S (S) MS I
Rc232H
NSIC 2010
6.5 9.8 115 119 I I S (S) I MS
Rc234H
NSIC 2010
6.2 10.9 114 115 I I S (S) MS I
Rc236H
NSIC 2011
4.5 7.3 122 90 I I S
Rc21 SR
NSIC 2011
3 7.6 108 108 I I S I S
Rc23
NSIC 2011
7 11.2 110 104 S S S I I
Rc244H
NSIC 2011
7.2 11.4 106 103 S S S I I
Rc246H
11 Rc248H 7.1 10.3 108 112 I S S I I
NSIC 2011
6.5 8.9 109 109 I I S I MR
Rc250H
NSIC 2011
6.8 9.8 108 105 I I S I I
Rc252H
NSIC 2011
6.1 10.2 117 118 I S S I I
Rc254H
NSIC 2011
6.3 9.9 109 104 I S S MS MS
Rc256H
NSIC 2011
6.7 9.8 106 103 I S S I I
Rc258H
NSIC 2011
6.5 10 109 107 I S S I I
Rc260H
NSIC 2011
6.4 10.4 114 113 I I S I MR
Rc262H
NSIC 2011
6.3 10.9 118 115 I S S I MS
Rc264H
NSIC 2011
6.3 10.2 110 111 I I S I MS
Rc266H
NSIC 2011
6.5 12.7 115 113 S I S I MS
Rc268H
Rainfed Varieties
Variety Agronomic Characteristics Disease & Insect Pests Reactions
Ave. Max
Maturity Borer
Yield Yield Height Blast BLB Tungro BPH GLH
days
(Tons) (Tons)
RC100 4.1 4.1 118 111 I I S I S R
PSB
2.3 4.4 117 101 I I S I I I
RC102
PSB RC12 3.5 6 109 89 I I S I I MS
PSB RC14 3.6 6.1 110 92 I I S I I S
PSB RC36 3.1 5.3 127 121 I I MS S I MS
PSB RC38 3.2 5 127 119 I I MS S I I
PSB RC40 3.1 4.9 130 126 R I MS S I MS
PSB RC98 2.6 4.5 116 98 I I I/S R I I
Source:www.philrice.gov.ph
80
1. Genetic purity. The seed should not be mixed with other rice
variety.
2. Physical purity of composition. Seeds should be free from inert
matter, chaff, and weed seeds. They must be clean.
3. Moisture content. The ideal moisture content of rice seeds for
sowing is 14%.
4. Capacity of the seed to germinate or viability. The international
standards for viability require a minimum of 80% germination.
There are two methods of testing the viability of seeds, the rag
doll and the seedbed. This should be done before sowing in seedbed or
before directly seeding in paddy.
81
Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty College of Agriculture, CLSU
Examples:
82
Adjusted Amount of Seeds = 100% x rate of seeding
% germination
= 1.28 x 50 kg.
= 64.10 kg/ha.
If you decide
to use the seed box method, do the following
steps:
83
c. When seeds have germinated, determine the percentage
germination as in the rag doll method.
To ensure high crop yield and good quality, viable seeds should
be selected. Desirable characteristics such as early maturing,
resistance to lodging and nitrogen responsiveness are not the only
factors to consider when buying rice seeds. Other factors such as
purity, physical composition, moisture content, and capacity of the
seed to germinate should be included.
Seed viability is a characteristic of rice essential to profitable rice
production because good quality seeds bring about a maximum yield
with minimum expenditure of time, money and effort.
Seed viability test should be done before the seed is sown in seed
beds or directly seeding in paddies following the rag doll or seed box
methods.
Process
Activity #1
1. Prepare the following and perform the rag doll method of
testing the viability of seeds.
a. 20.32cm X 30.48cm rag
b. handful of rice seeds
c. 25.4cm stick
d. water
2. After 5 days, open your rag doll and determine the viability
percentage of germination of your tested seeds. Write the result
in your activity notebook.
84
Reflect and Understand
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
85
1. The following are characteristics of high yielding rice
varieties except one.
a. Early maturing and non seasonal
b. Resistant to drought
c. Nitrogen responsive
d. Late maturing and seasonal
RESOURCES
1. Seeds
2. Piece of cloth
86
3. Container on which to soak the seeds
Glossary of Terms
87
QUARTER III
LESSON V
SEEDLING MANAGEMENT
1. prepare seed bed, sow seeds and care for rice seedlings;
2. sow seeds in wet and dry seed bed;
3. practice proper care and management of rice seedlings; and
4. internalize the relevance of proper seedbed preparation, sowing
and care of seedlings.
88
Know 5.
6.
Once you have identified the best variety of rice suited to the
climatic conditions of the locality which is high yielding and with high
quality of harvest, you must decide on the method of raising seedlings
you will use based on the availability of water. The following points
should be considered:
1. Select a site far from the residential area and away from
wandering chicken. If not, protect the area against stray
animals with a nylon net or chicken wire.
2. The site must have undergone soil analysis to be able to
correct soil deficiency and to ensure healthy seed growth.
3. Make sure it is far from fields infected with tungro, grassy
stunt, and other diseases. It should not be lighted at night to
avoid attracting adult stem borers, brown plant hoppers, and
green leaf hoppers.
4. Monitor fields nearby to detect the presence of virus-infected
plants particularly from ratoon of previous crop.
5. Protect against insect vectors. If there is an abnormally high
incidence of virus infestation in the area, look for better site.
1. Wetbed Method
89
Seedlings raised in wetbed method
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
90
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
91
Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty ,College of Agriculture, CLSU
2. Dapog Method
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
92
early transplanting.
Preparation of Seedbed
Pre-germination of seeds
93
THINGS TO REMEMBER
Process
Activity#1
A. Seedbed preparation
Activities Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Cleared the area
2. Prepared seedbed about 4-5
cm
3. Leveled the seedbed surface
4. Selected the proper site for
seedbed
5. Sowed seeds uniformly with
the right thickness
94
B. Care of seedlings
Activities Rating
1 2 3 4 5
1. Visited the seedbed at least
once
2. Sprayed insecticides when
there was occurrence of insect
pests
3. Collected golden apple snail
(GAS) eggs
4. Removed weeds
5. Applied irrigation water at
recommended depth
Legend:
1 = 75-79% 2 = 80-85% 3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95% 5 = 96-
100%
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity #3
95
Post-assessment
Direction: Choose the correct answer and write the letter on your quiz
notebook.
4. Five days after sowing, the seedbed is irrigated for two days
at a depth of
a. 1-2 centimeter. c. 3-4 centimeters.
b. 2-3 centimeters. d. 4-5 centimeters.
96
7. How much nitrogen should be applied per square meter
in a seed bed with poor soil?
a. 50 to 80 grams c. 60 to 100 grams
b. 55 to 85 grams d. 100 to 125 grams
Resources
Glossary of Terms
97
Dapog method a method of raising rice seedlings
characterized by the absence of soil medium
Fertilizer any substance which is added to the soil to supply
the nutrients needed to enhance plant growth.
98
LESSON VI
Just like any other crop, raising rice seedlings needs extra care
during planting and transplanting. This lesson discusses the steps in
pulling seedlings, the system of transplanting, and direct seeding. You
will these within twelve days.
99
3. transplant seedlings following the recommended distance ,
depth, and rate of planting; and
4. state the advantages of direct seeding.
Know
100
and damage to the stem while ensuring that adequate roots of
the seedlings are retained.
4. Bundle them in any convenient size for ease of handling.
Right after the final harrowing, level the field using a wooden
plank attached to a harrow. Then allow the mud to subside. With the
aid of a wooden planting guide prepare lines by pulling on the leveled
field. These lines will serve as guides in transplanting at a uniform p
distance of planting. An example is 20 cm x 20 cm or any desired
distance depending on the variety. This is to allow the plant to attain
its maximum tillering and it also facilitates weed control later, using
a rotary weeder.
101
Photo Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
102
Proper way of holding seedling to transplant
Random transplanting
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Direct Seeding
104
A mechanical seeder
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Process
Activity #1
1. Divide the class into two groups. The first group will pull
seedlings while the second group will transplant seedlings.
2. Demonstrate direct seeding by broadcast system.
Activities
Hold Pull Clean and Follow
105
seedlings seedling bundle proper
Name of students close to gently seedlings distance
ground and rate of
planting
1.
2.
3.
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90%
4 = 91-95%
5 = 96-100%
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
106
Post-assessment
A. Answer the following test items. Write the letter of your choice in
your quiz notebook.
107
B. Answer the following:
RESOURCES
1. references
2. seedlings raised in seed bed
3. pre-germinated seeds
4. string (planting guide)
5. dibbler
Glossary of Terms
108
LESSON VII
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
This lesson will equip you with the knowledge on the macro
and micro elements of the soil and their functions, the kinds of
fertilizer materials, and amount of fertilizer to apply, methods of
applying fertilizer, and the time to apply it. You will learn these within
thirteen days.
109
5. compute the recommended rate of fertilizer per given area;
6. appreciate the value of proper fertilization.
Know
Proper application of fertilizer will give you more returns from your
rice crop at less cost. For maximum returns, fertilizer should be
applied at the right amount, place, and at the time the crop needs it.
Indiscriminate application of fertilizer will result in plant over growth
which will make the plant susceptible to pests and diseases causing it
to be less productive.
The result of the soil analysis explained and discussed in Lesson
2 should be the basis in determining the right amount of fertilizer to
be applied.
The assigned Municipal Agricultural Officer in your locality
could be tapped to provide assistance in case the soil intended for rice
production has not been analyzed.
In the absence of soil analysis, refer to any available Fertilizer
Recommendation Maps in your locality. Follow the average general
recommendation and time of application.
The Macro and Micro Elements of the Soil and their Functions
Nitrogen (N)
Functions:
Stimulates growth of the leaves and stems
It gives dark green color to plant
Deficiency symptoms:
110
Pale yellow in color
Lower leaves will die early
Short and stunted plant
Excess of nitrogen causes the plant to lodge before booting
which will cause decrease in the yield of rice. If you observe
the plants to be dark green it is already prone to lodging. Do
not apply nitrogenous fertilizer anymore.
Sources of Nitrogen
1. Ammonium sulfate (21 0 0)
2. Ammonium phosphate (16 20 0)
3. Urea (46 0 0)
4. Organic fertilizer
5. Liquid fertilizer
Phosphorous (P)
Functions:
1. Encourages root growth
2. Hastens maturity of the plant
3. Helps in the production of seeds
Deficiency symptoms:
Not enough tillers per hill
Sources:
1. Superphosphate (0-20-0)
2. Ammonium phosphate(16-20-0)
3. Triphosphate(0-45-0)
4. Complete fertilizer (14-14-14)
5. Liquid fertilizer
6. Organic fertilizer
Potassium (K)
Functions:
1. Increases the vigor of the plant.
2. Plant becomes more resistant to disease.
3. Stalks become stronger.
4. Grains become bigger and plump.
Deficiency symptoms:
Plant growth, root development, and seed development are
usually reduced.
Sources:
1.Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
2.Complete fertilizer (14 14 14)
111
Proper Storing of Fertilizers
Kinds of Fertilizer
112
Preparing soil mixture using organic fertilizer as one of the
component
Courtesy of Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty ,College of Agriculture, CLSU
At EPI: At EPI:
0.5 bag 0-0-60 1 bag 0-0-60
First application: First application:
Only P is deficient 3-3.5 bags 14-14-14-12S 4-4.5 bags 14-14-14-12S
+ +
114
0.5 16-20-0 1 bag 16-20-0
For fine-textured soil: For fine-textured soil:
First application: First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-14-12S 4-4.5 bags 14-14-14-12S
+ +
0.5 bag 0-0-60 1 bag 0-0-60
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Roger C. Nazareno, Farmer, San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose Cooperative,
Pangasinan
115
transplanting at 10 14 days interval. Refer to the table
below for the direction.
TRANSPLANTED
MATURITY 18 21 days TRANSPLANTED
Panicle initiation (DAYS) 25 28 days
Irrigated
VEM (100 105)
IR -56, IR-58
IR 36, IR 60,
BPI R; 10
UPL R, -4 48 56
MM (115 130)
IR 42, IR 64
BPI R; 4,
IR 46, IR 52 58 66 48 -56
RAINFED
MM (120 130)
C 22 58 -66 48 56
Wagwag 75 - 80
Legend: VEM = Very early maturity
MM = Moderate Maturity
Formula # 1
Formula # 2
Example # 1
The recommended rate for Nitrogen is 10000/ha. Convert the
weight of fertilizer using the formula:
117
= 100 kg x 100
46
= 100 kg
.46
= 217.39 kg
= 217.39 kg
50 kg/bag
= 4.35 or 4.4 bags
Example # 2
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for phosphorous 0-70-0. The
recommendations could be supplied with super phosphate (0
20 -0 ):
= 70 kg x 100
20
= 70 kg or 3.5 x 100
.20
= 350 kg
= 350 kg
50 kg/bag
= 7 bags
Example # 3
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for potassium 0-0-40. The recommendations
could be supplied with muriate of potash (0- 0-60 ):
= 40 kg x 100
118
60
= 40 kg or 0.6666 x 100
.60
= 66.67 kg
= 66.67 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.33bags
Example # 4
Step 2. If you use two single element fertilizers follow the same
sequence as example 1. If ammonium phosphate is to be used
(1620-0) or superphosphate (0-20-0)
= 50 kg x 100
20
= 30 kg
.20
119
= 250 kg
= 250 kg
50 kg/ha
= 5 bags
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 36 kg
.46
= 86.96 kg
= 86.96 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
Example # 5.
Suppose the fertilizer recommendation is 1006060 per
hectare. In this case, you may use complete fertilizer 141414 and
urea (4600) to come up with the recommendation.
120
Step 1. Compute for the smaller content first which is 60 to
determine the amount of complete fertilizer needed to supply the
requirement .
= 60 kg x 100
14
= 60 kg
0.14
= 428.6 kg
= 428.6 kg
50 kg/ha
= 8.6 bags
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 86.96 kg
= 86.96.2 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
LET US REMEMBER
Formula # 1
Formula # 2
Process
Activity#1
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
123
Mang Seve Dalaw, a traditional farmer was encouraged by the
success stories of farmers adopting the new technologies of farming.
He had his farm analyzed for the first time and came up with the
recommended rate of fertilizer application of 95-65-50.Find the
number of bags needed using the following fertilizers:
RESOURCES
Reference
Fertilizer samples
a. Organic
b. Inorganic
Glossary of Terms
124
Example: 905030 fertilizer recommendation
indicates that in a certain kind of soil you need to apply 90
kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O per hectare.
Fertilizer formula - the quantity and analysis of fertilizer
materials which make up a mixed fertilizer
Example: ammonium sulfate, urea, super phosphate
and muriate of potash
Fertilizer grade - the minimum guarantee of the nutrient
content in terms of percent N, P and K.
Example: If urea is 46 percent N that means 46 kg of
every 100 kg of the fertilizer material (46%) is available N.
125
LESSON VIII
WATER MANAGEMENT
126
4. consider the importance of water in the management of
lowland rice production.
Know
Water Management
127
For efficient water management in irrigated rice production,
take note of the following desirable recommended water depth at
different stages of growth:
129
Irrigating the field using water pump , at the panicle initiation stage of rice where
water supply is very important.
1. Rice variety. You may need more water for the late maturing
varieties than early maturing varieties.
2. Season. Wet season crops need less water than dry season
crops.
3. Types of soil. Clay or clay loam soil needs less water than light
soil such as sand.
4. Presence of weeds. Flooding the field always prevent the growth
of weeds.
130
Well-puddled rice paddies minimize percolation and tend to
hold water efficiently.
The six stages of rice growth when the rice field has to be
drained:
1. during transplanting
2. early stage of growth
3. weeding
4. fertilizer application
5. maximum tillering stage
6. two weeks before harvesting
131
o Achieve 3-5 cm water depth every irrigation time from
early tillering until 1-2 weeks before crop maturity or
harvest.
A water depth of about 3-5 cm will be maintained from
10 DAT or 10-15 DAS to near crop maturity will ensure
water status for optimum crop growth and yield.
However, under field conditions, irrigation water supply
may be insufficient to maintain a flooded soil condition
or a certain surface water depth. While a certain flood
water depth can control weeds, saturated soil condition
at an early crop growth stage can reduce snail mobility
and damage.
Process
Activity#1
132
Activity#2
Transfer
Activity#3
Post-assessment
Resources
1. References
2. Foot rule to measure the depth of water
133
3. Irrigation pump, if necessary
Glossary of Terms
134
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
PEST MANAGEMENT
135
After the lesson you should be able to:
1. classify the types of weeds, insects, and pests found in rice
fields;
2. discuss the importance of pest management;
3. undertake pest management using appropriate methods;
4. explain the methods of applying chemicals to control pests;
5. explain the integrated pest management (IPM)
6. observe safety measures in handling chemicals; and
7. cite the potential loss in production due to pests.
Know
Both approaches, the chemical and IPM should be both used with
responsible discretion of the farmers to boost production and at the
same time protect our mother earth for a sustainable livable
136
environment.
Weeds are plants that grow in places where they are not wanted.
Weeds reduce rice yields by competing with rice plants for sunlight,
moisture, space, and soil nutrients. They also serve as alternate hosts
of insect pests and diseases. They are more serious in upland and
direct seeded wet land than in transplanted irrigated rice paddies.
137
(center), Rottboella chochichinensis
(Marapagay, right).
Sources: CBLM Year 3
138
b. Ipomoea aguatica (Forssk)
Common name: balangeg (Iloc.), kangkong (Tag.),
swamp cabbage (Eng.)
c. Sphenoclea zeylanica (Gaertn.)
Common names: sili-silian (Tag.), marasili (Iloc.)
d. Ipomoea triloba (L. Common names: marakamote (Iloc.)
kamokamoteha Tag.)
Monochoria vaginalis
Sphenochlea zeylanica
Gaertn
Methods of Weed
Control
140
Knapsack sprayer
141
In controlling insect pests, use of chemicals should always be the
last recourse. Visit the farm regularly to detect presence of insect
pests. If negligible apply natural ways of controlling either biological or
organic method. A combination of the methods below should be
considered:
There are about 100 species of insects that infest the rice plant.
However, only 15 of these are of major significance and are regularly
occurring. Some of the most destructive insects are: rice whorl maggot,
rice caseworm, common army worm, cutworms, rice stemborer, rice
leaf folder, green leafhopper, brown planthopper and the newly
discovered black bugs in some parts of the country.
144
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
145
Extent of Damage of Insect Pests.
146
b. Rice caseworm a. It consumes the 1. Transplant older seedlings
(Nymphaula tissue of the leaves; a (25-30 days).
depuntalis) papery membrane on 2. Drain paddies for 7 days to
the upper epidermis kill larvae in their cases.
of the leaves develops 3. Spray foliar insecticides 7
b. Stunting & reduced DAT to maximum tiller when
tillers ETL is reached.
c. Damaged plants 4. In the highlands, apply fresh
appear in patches in leaves of madre de cacao.
the field
c. Armyworm a. The larva feeds on 1. Establish seedbeds away
(Pseudoletia leafblades leaving from weedy areas.
unipuncta) only the midribs 2. Keep the rice field &
b. It cuts off the surrounding areas clean.
panicles 3. Spray appropriate insecticide
when ETL is reached.
d. Cutworm a. The larva feeds at 1. Spray appropriate
(Spodoptera base of the plant and insecticides when ETL is
litura) devour the entire reached.
plant
e. Rice a. Presence of hold on 1. Do not transplant severely
stemborers the stems infested seedlings.
a. Yellow b. Borer cuts off the 2. Observe clean culture to
stemborer growing parts from eliminate all possible
(Tryporyza the youngest leaves alternate host plants.
inertulas) to dry up deadhearts 3. Use recommended resistant
b. Striped varieties.
stemborer 4. Use systematic insecticides
(Chilo when ETL is reached.
suppressalis) 5. Harvest at ground level and
row immediately after
harvest to remove larvae.
f. Rice leaf folder a. Leaf is folded into 1. Avoid planting in shaded
(Cnaphalocrosis tabular structures areas
medinalis b. Longitudinal white 2. Remove weeds from rice
Masamia transparent streaks fields and surrounding
patmalis) on the leaf blades borders to prevent build up
c. Heavily damaged of alternate hosts.
leaves become dry 3. Apply only the recommended
amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
Split nitrogen application.
4. Apply only foliar insecticides
when ETL is reached.
g. Green a. The pest sucks leaf 1. Use resistant varieties
leafhopper sap causing the 2. Create crop-free period of at
(Nephotetix leaves to turn light least 6 weeks between crops.
spp) yellow to orange 3. Rogue or pull and bury
infected plants during the
first 6 weeks of crop growth
slightly infected areas.
4. Remove volunteer rice plants
and weeds that look like
alternate hosts.
147
5. Construct seedbeds away
from artificial light so as not
to attract hoppers.
6. Avoid excessive use of
nitrogen fertilizers.
7. Apply systemic insecticides.
h. Brown plant- a. Directly damages the 1. Grow only two rice crops per
hopper crop by sucking plant year.
(Nilaparvata sap causing gradual 2. Use resistant varieties.
lugens) yellowing followed by 3. Plant early maturing
sudden drying of varieties to create a rice-free
plant forming circular period during the year.
patches in the field 4. Plow under ratoons after
(hopper burn) harvest
5. Drain the field for 3-4 days
during infestation.
6. Split nitrogen application
into three..
7. Practice clean culture
8. Spray insecticides when ETL
is reached.
148
List of Friendly and Harmful Insects Integrated Pest
Management (IPM)
This method of pest management could minimize the use of
insecticide for a sustainable environment. It is used to justify
economically and ecologically that the application of chemicals is only
recommended when pests reached the economic injury level.
Through IPM, unnecessary application of insecticide is
minimized, which can mean savings for the farmer. Because of the
minimal use of insecticide there is less pollution and, therefore,
survival of natural enemies is encouraged.
Constant monitoring by visual counting, use of sweep nets, and
damage assessment is necessary to determine if use of insecticide is
already recommended.
Other Pests
149
Population of golden apple snail can be prevented by the following:
a. Handpick the golden snails and use these as animal feed.
b. Observe cleanliness and sanitation.
c. If cultural management is not feasible use molluscicide to
control them. Drain water before spraying and always wear
protective gear when using chemicals.
Rat Control
150
to plant resistant varieties, practice good cultural management
starting from the land preparation, and always remember to have at
least 30 days planting breaks.
Various agents acting singly or in combination under favorable
conditions cause disease in rice plants. These diseases are readily
recognized by their symptoms. Among the major diseases prevailing
are tungro, yellow dwarf, grassy stunt, bacterial leaf blight, bacterial
leaf streak, rice blast, sheath blight, brown spot, cercosporal leaf spot
and stem rot. The table shows rice diseases, symptoms, and their
preventive and control measures.
151
2. Yellow dwarf a. Color varies from yellow to 1. Control measure
(Virus) whitish yellow. similar to that of the
b. Stunted plant growth. tungro disease.
c. Profuse tillering. 2. Use early maturing
d. Droopy leaves. varieties
e. Panicles are poorly simultaneously planted
developed or absent. with late maturing
varieties.
3. Grassy stunt a. Infected plants are severely 1. Practice clean culture
(Virus) stunted. to eliminate alternate
b. Profuse tillering. host.
c. Stiff & erect dark green 2. Rogues disease plant to
leaves. reduce source of
d. Conspicuous shortening inoculums.
and narrowing of leaf 3. Plant only resistant
blades which are usually varieties.
erect and with small rusty 4. Control brown
brown dots. planthopper
e. Infected plants produce populations by using
only few panicles which are recommended
small and dark brown. insecticides.
Sometimes, no panicle is 5. Plant early maturing
produced. varieties.
4. Bacterial leaf a. Lesions begin at the tip or 1. Minimize seedling
blight margins of the leaf and injury during pulling
(Xanthomonas develop rapidly parallel to and transplanting.
campestris) healthy regions. Entire leaf 2. Plant only
blade becomes yellowish to recommended varieties.
dirty white and eventually 3. Do not prune
dies. seedlings; apply only
b. Bacterium may enter the the recommended
growing point of the young amount of nitrogenous
tiller, causing infection fertilizers.
known as kresek. 4. Remove or destroy
diseased stubbles and
straws.
5. Bacterial leaf a. The bacterium attacks the 1. Plant only the
streak parenchymatous tissues in recommended varieties.
(Xanthomonas between the veins of the 2. Apply recommended
campestris pv. leaves through the amount of nitrogen
Oryzicola) stomata. fertilizer.
b. Appearance of fine
interveinal, long and short
lines that are water-soaked
and grayish.
c. As lesions coalesce leaves
turn yellow orange
throughout the field.
152
6. Rice blast a. Spindle-shaped lesions 1. Use only resistant
(Pyricularia that are wide at the centers varieties.
oryzae) and pointed towards either 2. Spray recommended
ends appear on the leaf fungicides like Brestan
nodes, panicles and grain and Benlate.
leaves die when lesions 3. Practice good water
coalesce. management.
b. Rings of brown to black 4. Apply only
spots develop near the recommended amount
joints of the rachille and of nitrogen fertilizer.
rachis of maturing
panicles. Center of spots is
usually gray or white.
c. Infected nodes turn
blackish and break easily.
7. Cercospora a. Narrow, short brown spots 1. Follow strictly the
leafspot or appear on leaves. Leaf recommended amount
narrow brown spots are reddish brown of nitrogen.
spot with the color fading at the
(Sphaerulina edges.
oryzina Hara)
8. Brown spot or a. The fungus attacks 1. Seed treatment with
Helmin germinating seeds, leaves fungicides like Brestan,
thosporium and developing grains. Benlate or Fungitox or
(Helmin b. The typical leaf spot is hot water treatment
thosporium small, dark, oval or circular (52-54 C) for 15
oryzae) with whitish centers; minutes.
evenly scattered on the 2. Apply recommended
leaves. Lesions coalesce kind and amount of
causing entire leaf to dry fertilizer.
up. 3. Practice crop rotation
4. Practice field
sanitation.
5. Practice good water
management.
9. Stem rot a. Lesions are small black 1. Do not allow irrigation
(Helmin and irregular on the outer water to flow from
thosporium leaf sheath near the water infected field.
sigmoideum) line. 2. Plant short, stiff-
b. Infection of the culm strawed varieties
causes lodging that results resistant to lodging.
to immature grains. 3. Apply only
recommended amount
of nitrogen fertilizer.
10. Sheath a. Spots on the leaf sheath 1. Spray fungicides like
blight are ellipsoid or ovoid and Brestan or Vitigram
(Rhizoctonia greenish gray. Blue on the leaf sheath
solani) b. Center of spots becomes when infection occurs
grayish white with brown at the maximum
margin. tillering stage and at
c. Spots are first observed the booting stage.
near the water line in the
fields.
153
11. Sheat rot a. Rot occurs on the upper 1. Observe clean culture
(Sarocladium most leaf sheath enclosing to eliminate all possible
oryzae the young panicles. alternate host plants.
Sawada) b. Lesions start as oblong or 2. Use recommended
somewhat irregular spots resistant varieties.
with brown margins and 3. Use recommended
gray centers or grayish- insecticides to control
brown throughout. the occurrence of stem
c. Whitish powder growth are borer.
found inside affected 4. Harvest at ground level
sheath causing the and plow immediately
panicles to rot. after harvest to remove
d. Young panicles remain in larvae of stem borers.
the sheath or emerge only
partly
e. Browning of grains.
154
Viral Diseases
155
malayanus. Most leafhoppers acquire the virus by feeding on
diseased plants for 1-3 hours. About half the infective
individuals of the species can infect healthy plants within 1
hour feeding. Yellow dwarf is prevalent from seeding to booting
stages.
Bacterial Diseases
156
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUSTRATION
Fungal Diseases
157
3. Brown spot or Helminthosporium leaf spot
(Helminthosporium oryzae). This disease is probably present in
all rice producing areas. It infects all stages of a rice plant. It
is common in nutrient deficient soil and soils containing a
large proportion of sand or peat.
158
Source: http:/1.bpblogspot.comFOR ILLUSTRATION
159
Clean culture
o Chemical method. Always read labels before use
o Biological method
Introduction of friendly insects to suppress pests
and diseases
With the help of predators such as birds, snakes
o Use of resistant varieties
Always be familiar with Insect pests/diseases, nature of attack
and control measures
160
c. Cultural method
d. Chemical method
Pointers for effective use of herbicide:
a. Apply at the right time
b. Use the right dosage
c. Spray during fair weather
d. Distribute spray solution accurately
Process
Activity #1
Activity #2
Activities Rating
5 4 3 2 1
1. prepare a gallon of clear water
2. measure the recommended dosage
3. mix herbicide/insecticide based on
procedure
4. demonstrate proper spraying
5. use personal protective equipment
Legend:
1 = 75-79% 2 = 80-85% 3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95% 5 = 96-
100%
161
Reflect and Understand
Activity #3
Transfer
Activity #4
162
Post-assessment-1
163
Post-assessment-11
Answer the following questions to find out how much you have
learned. Write the answers on your notebook.
164
B. Provide the following information
1. What are the methods of controlling golden apple snail,
rodents, and insect pests?
2. What are the safety measures in handling insecticides?
RESOURCES
Herbicide/Insecticides, sprayer, face mask, gloves.
Glossary of Terms
165
LESSON X
166
5. observe health and safety precautions during harvesting; and
6. consider the value of proper harvesting, threshing, drying,
storing, and milling rice.
Know
Harvesting
168
from the panicle and immature grains from the head will be
ground during milling.
Avoid delays in threshing after harvesting, within an overnight
that the harvested rice is stacked specially if it is wet, the grain
quality is affected.
Use the proper machine in threshing. There are some
machines that allow lots of grain to go with the hay during
threshing.
Clean the grain properly after threshing.
169
Manual harvesting of rice
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Note: Avoid burning of rice material wastes such as the hays, hulls,
and other materials. Farm wastes burning is regarded as one of the
big contributors to global warming.
170
Threshing
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
171
(carabao, cow) is driven slowly around the stake to trample the
grain off the straw. The palay is raked occasionally until the
grain is completely threshed, and all the straw have been
removed. Many of the grains may be damaged due to the hard
hooves and heavy weight of the carabao.
5. In flail treading, grain separation is done by beating the paddy
with a stick or hinged device called flail.
6. Another method is through the impact of rice heads beaten
against a solid object (hampasan method). A simple way to do
this is to beat the rice panicles with a stick. The method can
thresh 20-60 kg of palay per person per hour.
7. One low-cost mechanical thresher you can use is the pedal-
powered model. It has a low initial cost and one worker can
thresh about 1-2 cavans per hour with this model.
8. Another low-cost model is the throw-in axial flow thresher.
This is portable, weighs about 100 kg and requires a 5-7
horsepower engine. It has a higher output of up to 600
kg/hour.
9. The most commonly used mechanical thresher are lightweight
which could be drawn by a carabao or a tractor in a muddy
field powered by a diesel engine and could finish threshing
harvest of 2 hectare in one day, if it is dry, and 1 hectare
if wet. Be sure to lay plastic sheet in the area to minimize grain
losses.
10.Using the combine harvester, it could finish harvesting and at
the
same time threshing with a minimum of 3 hectares per day.
172
b. capital outlay of the farm
c. timeliness of harvesting
d. field layout and field accessibility (combine harvester requires a
certain field layout and access)
e. rice variety (some varieties are more prone to lodging)
f. demand for quality rice
g. demand for straw (some threshers damage the straw making it
less available).
173
Importance of Cleaning Rice grain
Methods of Cleaning
174
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Drying
Methods of drying
175
various surfaces such as fish nets, canvases, threshing floors or
on pavement. Stir the grains regularly (30 min. interval) to allow
uniform drying. Dry grains under the sun for 1-2 days frequently
turning over the grains for uniform drying. Traditionally, farmers
determine the right moisture content by biting the grain if it is
brittle. This method usually results in a lot of losses because
grains were pulverized and thrown away when vehicles pass.
2.
Sundrying of grains along the concrete farm to market road and using net.
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Storing
176
Though majority of the farmers dont store their whole produce,
it is a must to store a certain percentage for their own consumption.
Businessmen engaged in rice grain trading buy the farmers produce
and store the grains in large warehouses. Storing grains is to keep it
for future use. It is better to store it unmilled to maintain its quality
and palatability. Stored rice is affected by moisture, temperature,
insect pests and type of storage facilities. Moisture content greatly
affects the keeping quality of rice. High moisture during storage
generates heat which makes rice grains susceptible to insect pests and
molds as well as yellowing and discoloration. Mold growth in rice
causes loss of luster, bad odor, loss of viability, and the production of
mycotoxins, which poison animals and pose health hazard to people.
Reducing moisture content, however, is not sufficient to guarantee
long and safe storage, because rice absorbs or gives off moisture
depending upon the temperature and relative humidity in the storage
area. Thus, suitable containers and structures should be used. In
order to prevent heavy losses during storing, here are the guidelines to
follow:
1. After drying the rice grains, store them properly if you are not
going to sell immediately. Safe storage involves the
preservation of the quality and quantity of grain for future use.
Thus, protect your harvest from bad weather, pests,
microorganisms, chemicals, moisture, and other types of
contamination.
2. Clean sacks before use to remove insect pests.
3. Do not stack the sacks of rice on a concrete floor, it will
accumulate moisture. Use a stacking tray made of wood.
4. Separate old and new grain stocks.
5. Separate and mark different varieties by storing them in
different sacks. Handle sacks with care to avoid damage and
spillage.
6. Cover the stacked bags of rice with plastic sheet or other
covering materials.
7. Clean bodega/warehouse prior to new grain storage and
maintain cleanliness of the surroundings to discourage
rodents infestation.
8. Visit the storage area regularly to observe any grain damage,
changes in grain temperature, increase in moisture content,
and any indication of grain deterioration.
9. Avoid storing fertilizer and insecticides near the rice stock to
ensure safety and maintain market quality.
10. Make use of a bait for rodents if necessary.
177
Milling
178
Manual Harvesting
When cutting crop with a sickle, always hold the stems with
thumb pointing upward, away from the sickle/scythe. Be extra careful
in pulling the scythe to prevent injury. Always have a piece of long
sleeved clean cloth, hat, and sunglass, as protections from excessive
heat of the sun
Machine Threshing
Combine Harvesting
180
Process
Activity #1
Activity #2
Transfer
Activity #3
181
Post-assessment
Answer the following questions. Write the letter of your answer on your
answer sheet.
182
6. Which of the following materials is not needed in cleaning and
drying rice grains?
a. Blower
b. Canvas and winnowing basket
c. Sickle and reaper
d. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
RESOURCES
1. PPE
2. Sickle/Scythe
3. Rack and stick
4. Canvas
5. Winnower
6. Sacks
183
7. Stirrer
8. Tying material
9. Solar dryer (if available)
10. Thresher
Glossary of Terms
LESSON XI
RECORD KEEPING
184
farmers base many of their everyday decisions on costs of expenses of
labor, materials, and others. The lesson will allow you to learn the
rudiments of record keeping in farm management. It will teach you
how to prepare cost analysis especially in rice farming. You will learn
this within ten days
Pre-assessment
Let us try to assess your readiness of the subject matter you are
about to read by taking the test below.
A. Direction: Choose the best answer and write the letter in your
activity notebook.
_____1. What record is kept by the farmer that shows the budget of
the project?
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____2. What record tells the farmer how much she/he gained in the
venture?
a. Cash
b. Cost and profit
c. Sales
d. Stock
185
_____3. What can be found in the production record report?
a. Expenses paid
b. Profit earned
c. Miscellaneous expenses
d. Manpower needed
_____4. Which record shows the supplies and materials needed for
all activities in the farm?
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
Know
186
planning and budget preparation. It is a source of data in obtaining
credit, insurance, and in preparing tax returns and reports required
by the government. It is also useful in marketing farm produce and in
other farming activities. Farm records determine the value of the
project. Agricultural managers use them as collaterals in obtaining
loans from banks and other financing entities. Or if the owner wants
to sell the farm, this could be used as document in presenting the
performance of the farm to would be buyers.
To facilitate effective record management, the following records
can be kept.
1. Cash records. This is a record of the cash accounts in a project.
It can be seen in one record or this may be a special cash record
wherein the cash received journal and cash payments journal are
separately recorded transactions.
Sample Combined Cash Record
Cash Received Cash Paid
Dat Amount Receip Remarks Amount Receipt Remark
e t No. No. s
187
March rice 50 P 800.00 P40,000.00
2 glutinous 5 cavans 1,000.00 5,000.00
March
3 cavans
The classified farm sales record contains special columns for the
main product of the farm stock record.
3. Stock record. This record shows the stock of supplies and materials
needed by the farm for all farming activities, especially in large-scale
production.
Aside from the date item columns, the stock record has three
main columns the received column, the issued column, and the
balance column. The received column has three sub columns:
quantity, unit price, and the total amount of the materials received.
The issue column shows the quantity used while the balance column
shows the materials or supplies which are unused. The stock record
is useful in determining how much supplies and materials are needed
per cropping .
Mar.
8
188
April
May to Rice P5,000.00 P22,000.00 250 grams P17,000.00
October
November Beans P2,000.00 P8,000.00 90 grams P6,000.00
to
December
Total P10,500.00 P40,500.00 P30,000.00
From the sample above, it may be noted that the total annual
income of the farm for that year gained P30,000.00. However, the
amount does not include its remaining stocks.
3. Cost and Profit Analysis. This record tells the farmer how
much profit he/she will gain for the project undertaken. It
contains a list of all the farming activities that were done in a
season and the expenses incurred per farming activity. It also
indicates the cost of supplies and materials used for the
cropping season. The cost and return analysis helps the farmer
get the total cost of production and estimate the net return
he/she will gain depending on the crop yield or the mode of
production.
189
2. Crop Management
Sowing and Care P200 2 persons P 400.00
of seedlings
Pulling and P200 4 persons
bundling seedlings
P 800.00
Transplanting P200
Weeding (Manual) P200 15 persons P3,000.00
Irrigation 5 persons P1,000.00
Application of P200
herbicides 1 person 200.00
Application of P200 4 persons 800.00
insecticides
Application of P200
4 persons 800.00
Fertilizers (Basal and
Side dressing
3. Other Major
Operations
Harvesting, contract 4,500/ha P4,500.00
threshing, winnowing, 7 cavan/ha @ P14.00/kg 4,900.00.
and hauling
(contractual basis) @5/cavan 550.00
Drying and hauling
@5/cavan @ 110 cavans/ha 550.00
Sub total P10,500.00
Agricultural Inputs
420.00
Sub total P8,685.50
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Net Income = P41,665.00
ROI (return of investment) = 117.91%
(Net income/total cost of production x 100)
Process
Transfer
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analysis of the project. Ask her/him all the necessary details on the
part of the record. Present the output in your class.
B. Visit a nearby farm and interview the farmer. Prepare a production
record of the cropping season. Follow the format below and report your
findings to the class
Post-assessment
REFERENCES
CBLM Year 3
Technology and Home Economics III
PHILRICE, Palay Check
Crop Establishment_PhilRice-IRRI RSSP.ppsx
www.pinoyrkb.com
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