Transmission

Objectives:
At the end of this module, the student is able to:
Explain the difference between physical and logical channels
List and describe at least nine different types of logical channels and
their functions with the help of their abbreviations
Name two problems in the Air Interface and suggest one way of
decreasing each of these problems
Describe the main function of the transcoder
List three Base Station Controller (BSC) / Base Transceiver Station
(BTS) connections
List five steps in the radio network planning process
Explain how frequencies are reused in a GSM network
Name at least one advantage with a sectorised Base Transceiver
Station compared with an omnidirectional BTS
Name three sources of information that can be used when
monitoring the network's performance
without using any references.
1 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss
 GSM frequency allocations

890 MHz 915 MHz 935 MHz 960 MHz

GSM-900 Uplink Downlink

1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz

GSM-1800 Uplink Downlink

2 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Carrier frequency range
GSM 900 GSM 1800
Uplink: 890 - 915 Uplink: 1710 - 1785
Mhz Mhz
Downlink: 935 - 960 Mhz Downlink: 1805 - 1880 Mhz

Carrier pairs (in Mhz) Carrier pairs (in Mhz)

890.0 935.0 1710.0 1805.0
890.2 935.2 1710.2 1805.2
890.4 935.4 124 carriers 1710.4 1805.4
374 carriers
.... .... .... ....
.... .... .... ....
914.8 959.8 1784.8 1879.8
915.0 960.0 1785.0 1880.0
Duplex frequency = 45 Mhz Duplex frequency = 95 Mhz
3 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss
Principle of Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)
TSL 7

TSL 6

TimeSLot 0
TSL 5
TSL 1
TSL 4
TSL 3 TSL 2 BTS
BTS

4 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 GSM frequency bands
GSM 450
UL: 450,4 457,6 MHz and DL: 460,4 467,6 MHz
GSM 480
UL: 478,8 486 MHz and DL: 488,8 496 MHz
GSM 700
UL: 747 762 MHz and DL: 777 792 MHz
GSM 850
UL: 824 849 MHz and DL: 869 894 MHz
GSM 900 (standard GSM, P-GSM, Primary GSM)
UL: 890 915 MHz and DL: 935 960 MHz
Extended GSM 900 (E-GSM; only in combination with GSM 900)
UL: 880 915 MHz and DL: 925 960 MHz
Railway GSM 900 (R-GSM; in combination with GSM)
UL: 876 980 MHz and DL: 921 925 MHz
GSM 1800 (DCS 1800)
UL: 1710 1785 MHz and DL: 1805 1880 MHz
GSM 1900 (PCS 1900)
UL: 1850 1910MHz and DL: 1930 1990 MHz
5 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss
 Modulation techniques

Digital signal 0 1 0

Frequency modulation

Amplitude modulation

6 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Phase modulation
Example: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Digital signal 1 1

00 phase shift
=> Interpretation

Phase modulation

1800 phase shift

=> Interpretation
duration of one bit duration of one bit

Digital signal 1 0

7 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Phase modulation

Digital signal 0 1 1 0

Phase modulation

3.69s

-900 +900 +900 -900

8 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying
Phase changes of +/- 90 degrees for bit changes (new bit
values)
The phase change is done gradually over a small time period,
meaning that:

The change is not as abrupt as in BPSK

The Mobile Station causes less inter-frequency interference

In GSM, one bit duration is 3.69 s (0.00000369 seconds).

9 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Logistical problem

8 seats in each vehicle

10 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Number of channels required during
call set-up (1)
Channel to transmit information to help the mobile
station to tune into the network.
Channel to transmit synchronisation information.
Channel to transmit information about the network to
help the mobile know about the frequencies being used
in its cell as well as in surrounding cells.

TDMA
TDMA Frame
Frame
BTS
Sync.
Sync.
Information
Information

BTS

11 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Number of channels required during
call set-up (2)
Channel to transmit mobile stations request to initiate call
set-up.
Channel to set up a call.
Channel to transmit handover information.

TDMA
TDMA Frame
Frame

Channel
Channel
allocation
allocation
Request
Request
BTS

Traffic
Traffic

12 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Number of channels required during
call set-up (3)
Channel to page the called party.
Channel to transmit measurements.
Conclusion: No channel left for conversation!
Solution: We must send more than one type of
information on a channel by sharing it.

TDMA
TDMA Frame
Frame

Answer
Answer

BTS BTS
BTS Traffic
Traffic
BTS Paging
Paging

13 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Logical channels
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
CHANNELS

COMMON
COMMON DEDICATED
DEDICATED
CHANNELS
CHANNELS CHANNELS
CHANNELS

BROADCAST COMMON DEDICATED TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC
BROADCAST COMMON DEDICATED
CHANNELS CONTROL CONTROL CHANNELS
CHANNELS
CHANNELS CONTROL CONTROL
CHANNELS
CHANNELS CHANNELS
CHANNELS

FCCH
FCCH SCH
SCH BCCH
BCCH SDCCH
SDCCH SACCH
SACCH FACCH
FACCH

PCH
PCH RACH
RACH AGCH
AGCH
TCH/F
TCH/F TCH/H
TCH/H TCH/EFR
TCH/EFR AMR/FR/HR
AMR/FR/HR

14 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss

 Logical channels in TDMA frames
... 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...
0 FCCH
1 SCH
2 BCCH
3 BCCH 0 TCH/F
4 BCCH 1 TCH/F
51 Frame - Multiframe

26 Frame - Multiframe
5 BCCH 2 TCH/F
3 TCH/F
...

...

...
PCH
...

AGCH 11 TCH/F
. . .

12 SACCH
...

FCCH 13 TCH/F

...
...

...
SCH
24 TCH/F
...

SDCCH 25 IDLE
...

SACCH
...

50 IDLE

15 NOKIA CTXX1301en_5.0 / 17.12.2002 / Bjrn Wigforss