B.

Tech (KTU)
Fourth Semester Examination May-2017
Synchronous and Induction Machines (EE)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Part-A

Note: Answer all questions, 5 marks each.

Ques 1) Write any four advantages of short pitched winding in alternators.

Ans: Advantages of Short Pitched Winding

Refer Module 1, Page no. 8-9, Ques. 4

Ques 2) Explain the ASA method of determining voltage regulation of alternator.

Ans: ASA Method

Refer Module 2, Page no. 22, Ques. 9

Ques 3) Describe how synchronisation can be achieved using a synchroscope.

Ans: Synchronisation using Synchroscope

Refer Module 3, Page no. 31-32, Ques. 5

Ques 4) Draw the phasor diagram of a three phase induction Motor at standstill and when operating at a
Full load slip s.

Ans: Phasor Diagram of a Three Phase Induction Motor at Full load slip s
Refer Module 4, Page no. 48-49, Ques. 14

Phasor Diagram of a Three Phase Induction Motor at Standstill

V1
I1X1

I1R1
E1
I1
I '2
1

Ic I0

0
Im
2

I2R 2
E2
I2X 2
I2

Ques 5) What is meant by cogging in three phase Induction motor? How can it be eliminated?

Ans: Cogging
Refer Module 5, Page no. 60, Ques. 4
Ques 6) Design a three step starter for a three phase, 400V wound rotor Induction motor. Full Load slip is
3% and maximum starting current is limited to full load value. Rotor resistance per phase is 0.015.

Ans: Given, VL = 400V, sfull = 3% = 0.03

r2 per phase = 0.015

The starter has 3 steps, i.e., 4 studs

n=4
r 0.015
R1 2 0.5
s full 0.03
1 1
K (s full ) n 1 (0.03) 3 0.3107
R2 = K R1 = 0.3107 0.5 = 0.1553
R3 = K R2 = 0.3107 0.1553 = 0.04826
r2 = K R3 = 0.3107 0.04826 = 0.01499
= 0.015 i.e., given
Rx1 = R1 R2 = 0.5 0.1553 = 0.3467
Rx2 = R2 R3 = 0.1553 0.04826
= 0.1070
Rx3 = R3 r2 = 0.04826 0.015 = 0.03326

Rx1 Rx2
1 2 3 Rx3 4

R3
R2
R1
Figure

Ques 7) Compare the operation of Induction generator and synchronous generator.

Ans: Comparison of Induction Generator and Synchronous Generator

Refer Module 6, Page no. 73-74, Ques. 1

Ques 8) Explain the principle of operation of Synchronous Induction motor.

Ans: Principle of Operation of Synchronous Induction Motor

Refer Module 6, Page no. 75, Ques. 3

Part-B
Note: Answer any two questions, 10 marks each. Graph sheet permitted.
Ques 9) Derive from the fundamentals, generalised equation of the EMF generated in a non salient pole
synchronous generator, taking into account the effect of 5th and 7th harmonic components. (10)

Ans: EMF Equation of Synchronous Generator

Refer Module 1, Page no. 11, Ques. 8

Taking into account the Effect of 5th and 7th Harmonic Components
 5m
sin
5 2
For 5th harmonics K P5 cos and K d 5
2 5
m sin
2
7m
sin
7 2
and for 7th harmonics K P7 cos and K d 7
2 7
m sin
2

So, Emf Equation for 5th harmonics

E1 = 4.44k p 5 k d 5 Tph
And for 7th harmonics
E 2 = 4.44k p 7 k d 7 Tph
So Net Emf, E = E12 E 22

Ques 10) Explain the effect of armature flux on main field flux when an alternator is operating at: i)
Lagging pf ii) Unity pf.
State the reason of accounting the effect of armature reaction as a fictitious reactance in calculations. (10)

Ans: Effect of Armature Flux on Main Field Flux

Refer Module 2, Page no. 15, Ques. 2

Effect of Armature Reaction as a Fictitious Reactance

Refer Module 2, Page no. 16, Ques. 3

Ques 11) A 3 phase, 6000V star connected alternator has the following OCC at normal speed.

Field Ampere (A) 14 18 23 30 43

Terminal Voltage (V) 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

With armature short circuited and full load current flowing, the field current is 17A and when the
machine is supplying full load of 20000kVA at zpf, the field current is 42.5A and terminal voltage is
6000V. Determine the field current required when the machine is supplying full load at 0.8pf lagging. (10)

Ans: While plotting O.C.C., convert the given line voltages to the phase values.

(Voc)ph 2309.4 2886.75 3464.1 4041.45 4618.8

V
L
3
Voltage Volts Scale
For zero p.f. saturation curve two points are given.
x-axisOne
= 1cmis
short
5A circuit condition I f = 17A i.e., when terminal
y-axis = 1cm 500V
voltage is zero. This is point A (17A, 0V) on x axis Second point is If = 42.5A required to got rated terminal
5000
voltage, supplyingEphfull load. This point
Air lineP O.C.C.
4000
6000 R Zero p.f curve
42.5AE1ph
, 3464.1V
3 P
3000 Q S

The O.C.C. and potier triangle is shown in the figure 3.43.

2000

1000
B

0 If (Amp)
C 10 A 20 30 40 50
Ff1 = 26 A 42.5 A
17 A FR
36.58 A

Figure 3.43
From potier triangle PQR, the armature leakage reactance drop is (RS) = 0.9cm
IphXLph = (RS) scale = 0.9 500 = 450V

Raph is negligible as not given.

So obtain E1ph by adding vectorially Iph XLph to Vph as shown in the figure 3.44.
cos = 0.8 lagging

E1ph A
O
IaXLph

Vph
Iph

Figure 3.44

In triangle OAB
(E1ph)2 = (OB)2 + (AB)2
= (Vph cos)2 + (Vph sin + IphXLph)2
= (3464.1 0.8)2 + (3464.1 0.6 + 450)2
E1ph = 3751.41V
From O.C.C. Ff1 = 26A

The field current for balancing armature reaction can be obtained from potier triangle, which is length, PS.

FAR = (PS) scale = 2.9cm 5 = 14.5A

Now add vectorially Ff1 and FAR as shown in the figure 3.45.

Using cosine rule for triangle OAB,

(OB)2 = (OA)2 + (AB)2 2 (OA) (AB) cos (OA AB)

(FR)2 = (Ff1)2 + (FAR)2 2(Ff1) (FAR) cos (90 + )
= cos1 0.8 = 36.86
(FR)2 = (26)2 + (14.5)2 2 26 14.5 cos (90 + 36.86)
FR = 36.58A

Thus the total field excitation required is 36.58 A.

 B
FR FAR

90 + 14.5A

O 26 A Ff1 A

Figure 3.45

Part-C

Note: Answer any Two questions.

Ques 12) A salient pole alternator has direct and quadrature axis reactances of 80% and 60%
respectively. It is having a resistance of 10%. Determine its regulation if the generator delivers.
i) Full load at rated terminal voltage and 0.8 pf lagging
ii) 3/4th Full load and 0.8pf lagging. (10)

Ans: Given,
Ra = 10% = 0.1 p.u., Xd = 0.8 p.u., Xq = 0.6 p.u.

Let terminal voltage be 1 p.u and full load armature current as 1 p.u.
Vt sin I a X q
1) tan {cos = 0.8 log}
Vt cos I a R a
1 0.6 1 0.6
1.33
1 0.8 1 0.1
= 53.13
= = 53.13 36.86
= 16.27
Id = Ia sin = 1 sin 53.13 = 0.799
Iq = Ia cos = 1 0.6 = 0.6

Now Ef = Vt cos + Id Xd + Iq Ra
= 1 cos 16.27 + 0.799 0.8 + 0.6 0.1
Ef = 1.659 p.u
E f Vt
% Regulation 100 65.9%
Vt
2) At 3/4th load Ia = 0.75 p.u
1 0.6 0.75 0.6 1.05
tan 1.2
1 0.8 0.75 0.1 0.875
= 50.19
= = 50.19 36.86 = 13.33
Id = Ia sin = 0.75 0.768 = 0.576
Iq = Ia cos = 0.75 cos 50.19 = 0.480
Ef = Vt cos + Id Xd + Iq Ra = 1 cos 13.33 + 0.576 0.8 + 0.48 0.1
Ef = 1.482

E f Vt
% Regulation 100
Vt
1.482 1
100
1
 = 0.482 100
= 48.2%

Ques 13) With the help of a phasor diagram explain the parallel operation of alternators under no load
and loaded condition. (10)

Ans: Parallel Operation of Alternators under No Load and Loaded Condition with Phasor Diagram
Consider two alternators operated in parallel as shown in the figure 1.

I1 I2

Z1 Z2 Load
V Z

E1 E2

Figure 1

E1 E2

Figure 2: Phasor Diagram at Load

E1

E2

Figure 3: Phasor Diagram at No Load

The characteristics of two alternators operated in parallel are given below.

1) The induced emfs in the two alternators are in the same phase as far as external load or circuit is considered.
It is shown in the figure 2.
2) In the local circuit, the two emfs are in phase opposition as shown in the figure 3.
3) If no load is connected to the alternators only circulating current I sy will flow in the circuit which is given
by.
E E2
Isy 1
Z1 Z2
4) When there is load on the alternators operated in parallel the division current is as given below.
E1 E1 E 2
I1
Z1 Z ZZ
Z Z1 Z1 Z 2 1
Z2 Z

Ques 14) Derive the expression for the mechanical power developed in a 3 phase Induction motor. Draw
the approximate equivalent circuit also. (10)

Ans: Expression for Mechanical Power

Refer Module 4, Page no. 49-50, Ques. 15

Part-D

Note: Answer any Two questions.

Ques 15) A 2.4kW, 400V, 50Hz, 3 phase, delta connected slip ring Induction motor has a stator resistance
of 0.36/phase and a rotor resistance of 0.06/phase. Stator to rotor turns ratio is 2.
No Load test data: 400V, 3.2A, Cos 0 = 0.17
Blocked rotor test: 210V, 16A, Cos s = 0.35.
Draw the circle diagram and find line current, pf, efficiency at Full load and maximum torque. (10)

Ans: From no load test,

cos 0 = 0.17, 0 = 80.21
I0 = 3.2A, V0 = 400 V = VL

From B.R. test,

cos sc = 0.35, se = 69.51
VL
ISN I sc
Vsc
400
16 30.47 A.
210
And WSN = 3 VL I SN cos sc
3 400 30.47 0.35
= 7388.58W

Chose current scale say 1cm = 2A.

1) Draw vector OO' = I0 = 32A, i.e., 1.6cm as per current scale at an angle of 80.2 w.r.t. voltage axis.
2) Draw horizontal line from O parallel to X-axis.
3) Draw vector OA = ISN = 30.47 i.e., is 15.24cm as per scale at an angle of 69.5 w.r.t voltage axis.
4) Join O'A This is output line.
5) Now draw bisector of O'A to meet horizontal line draw of O' at point C. This is the centre of the circle.
6) With C as centre and CO' as radius, draw a semicircle to meet horizontal line from O' at B.
7) Draw from A on the X-axis, meeting it at D.
(AD) = 50cm = WSN
WSN 7388.58
Power scale 1394.072 W/cm
( AD) 5.3

Now, rotor Cu losses are half the total Cu loss. Hence point E will be between A and E such that
AE 1 1
i.e, AE AF
AF 2 2
Join O'E. This is the torque line.
8) To locate full load point, draw AA' such that AA' represents full load output to the power scale.
2.4 103
AA' 1.72cm
1394.072
9) Draw parallel to the o/p line from A' to meet circle at point P. This is full load point.
10) Draw vertical line from P to intersect o/p line at Q, torque line at R, base line at S and X-axis at T.
So at full load,
i) Line current = (OP) current scale
= 2.9 2 = 5.8A
QR Rotor Cu loss 0.1cm
ii) Slip, s PR 0.0526 5.26%
Rotor i/p 1.9cm
 O/P PQ 1.8
iii) Efficiency 0.8035 80.35%
I / P PT 2.24
iv) cos = cos (made by OP with voltage axis)
= cos 40 = 0.766lagging
v) For max torque, draw line parallel to torque line and tangential to circle, at point J. Draw vertical line
JK
(JK) = 5.5cm = 5.5 1394.072
= 7667.4 synchronous watts
This is the max torque.

Refer the circle diagram shown in the figure below:

Voltage
Scale 1cm = 2A

J A'

69.5 P
K
Q F B
R
O' S
O T C D
Figure
Ques 16 a) With the help of a neat diagram, explain how an Induction motor can he started using a star
delta starter. (05)

Ans: Star-Delta Starter

Refer Module 5, Page no. 65-66, Ques. 11

Ques 16 b) Determine approximately the starting torque of an Induction motor in terms of full load
torque when started by means of:
i) Star delta starter
ii) Auto transformer with 50% tapping. Ignore I.
The short circuit current of motor at normal voltage is 5 times the full load current and slip at FL is 5%.
(05)

Ans: Refer Module 5, Page no. 67, Ques. 13

Ques 17) Explain the following starting methods of a single phase Induction motor.
i) Split phase starting
ii) Capacitor start-capacitor run starting. (10)

Ans: Split Phase Starting

Refer Module 6, Page no. 80-81, Ques. 7

Capacitor Start-Capacitor Run Starting

Refer Module 6, Page no. 82-83, Ques. 7