Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Subsurface Exploration
Introduction
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Definition
The process of determining the layers of
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Scope of Soil Investigation
The scope of a soil investigation depends on the
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Phase I: Collection of available information such as
site plan,
type, size, and importance of the structure,
loading conditions,
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Site Plans showing locations of ditches,
driveways, culverts, utilities, and pipelines.
site.
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Traffic control requirements during field
investigations
Location of underground and overhead
utilities
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Environmental issues
Erosion features, and surface settlement
Flood levels
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Phase IV Preliminary site investigation
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Depth of Bore holes or Test pit
Approximate required minimum depth of bore hole shall be
predetermined
Depth can be changed during drilling depending upon
subsurface conditions
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3.5 m
10 m
16 m
24 m
6m
stories
No of
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3
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5
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(a)Min Depth of boring is at which the
net increase of stress = 1/10 estimated net stress (q)
on the foundation
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'
= 0.05
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Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37
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Method suggested by Sowers and Sowers (1970)
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How Deep?
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How Deep (Bridges)?
Boring depth is governed by various factors,
including:
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Foundation type
Foundation load
Lowering of grade line at underpass?
Channel relocation, widening, dredging?
Scour?
Rules of Thumb
Generally speaking, 50- 80 is reasonable
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How Deep (Retaining Walls)?
Boring depth is governed by various factors,
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including:
Wall type (Fill vs. Cut)
Lowering of grade line at wall?
Scour?
Rules of Thumb:
Fill Walls: Depth = Wall Height +/-
Soil Nailed Walls: Depth = Through Nailed Area,
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LPB L
(L>B)
A A
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B A B B B B
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B
B A B A B
L=W
A
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Pile
D = 25 to 100,
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confirm
H
competent
B strata
D = 1 B or 1 H
(E)
(D)
PILES
RETAINING WALLS
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Water Surface
H
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d
D = 10 minimum *
= B when B H
= H when B > H
(A) DEEP CUT AND FILL SECTIONS ON SIDE HILLS
D = H1 minimum
HIGH EMBANKEMNTS
(C)
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Points to note
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How Many Borings & How Deep?
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Spacing of Bore holes or Test pit
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How Many Borings?
Conventional Wisdom
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How Many Borings?
Structure or Subsurface Spacing of Borings (ft)
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Project Variability
Irregular 100-1000 (200, typical)
Highway
Average 200-2000 (500, typical)
Subgrade
Uniform 400-4000 (1000, typical)
Irregular 25-75
The
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exploration
cost generally
should be 0.1
to 0.5% of
the cost of the
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A soil exploration program usually involves test
pits and /or soil borings.
A detailed soil exploration consists of:
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44
Methods of Subsurface
Exploration
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Destructive Methods
Non- Destructive Methods
Percussion Boring
Wash Boring
Rotary Boring
Diamond core drilling
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the excavated material should be placed
on surface
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Augers
Gravel
Auger
Helical
Auger
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Helical Auger
Extension
Rod Post Hole
PostPp
Hole Auger
Auger
Dutch
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1. The sand auger tips are formed to touch in order
to hold the very dry and sandy soils.
2. Tips of the mud auger are spaced further apart
than the regular soil bucket to allow for easier
removal of heavy, wet soil and clay.
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boggy soil.
A sand version is available where the blades
are much wider and closer together to help
capture the loose material, but a bucket
auger can retain this material with greater
ease
cylinder shape,
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Stony Soil Auger
Used in stony soils,
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This method may be used in all types of soil
including sandy soils below the water table
but is not suitable if the soil is mixed with
gravel, cobbles etc.
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depths of 60 m or more.
stem auger;
(b) Typical drilling
configuration;
(c) Sizes of hollow stem
auger flights;
(d) Stepwise center bit;
the bottom.
Shell is also similar as a cylinder with
cutting edge and hinged flap at the
bottom.
Used for drilling a deeper bore hole.
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DRILLING RIG
PERCUSSION
LIGHT
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LIGHT PERCUSSION
DRILLING TOOLS
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The rig is very light and can be
readily towed with a four-wheel
drive vehicle. It is also very easy
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soil
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WASH BORING
Wash boring is a relatively old method of boring
small-diameter exploratory holes in fine-
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grained soil.
Soil exploration below the ground water table is
usually very difficult to perform by means of
pits or auger-holes. Wash boring in such cases is
a very convenient method provided the soil is
either sand, silt or clay.
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The purpose of wash boring is to drill holes only
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Layout for small-scale
rotary core drilling
DRILLING
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Rotary Wash Drilling
System:
(a)Typical drilling
configuration;
(b) Casing and
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driving shoe;
(c) Diamond, drag,
and roller bits;
(d) Drill fluid
discharge;
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