Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications 2nd Ed (2000)

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FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A Series of Monographs, Textbooks, and Reference Books
EDITORIAL BOARD
Owen R. Fennema University of WisconsinMadison
Marcus Karel Rutgers University
Gary W. Sanderson Universal Foods Corporation
Steven R. Tannenbaum Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Pieter Walstra Wageningen Agricultural University
John R. Whitaker University of CaliforniaDavis
1. Flavor Research: Principles and Techniques, R. Teranishi, I. Homstein, P. Issenberg,
and E. L. Wick
2. Principles of Enzymology for the Food Sciences, John R. Whitaker
3. Low-Temperature Preservation of Foods and Living Matter, Owen R. Fennema,
William D. Powrie, and Elmer H. Marth
4. Principles of Food Science Part I: Food Chemistry, edited by Owen R. Fennema Part
II: Physical Methods of Food Preservation, Marcus Karel, Owen R. Fennema, and Daryl
B. Lund
5. Food Emulsions, edited by Stig E. Friberg
6. Nutritional and Safety Aspects of Food Processing, edited by Steven R. Tannenbaum
7. Flavor Research: Recent Advances, edited by R. Teranishi, Robert A. Flath, and
Hiroshi Sugisawa
8. Computer-Aided Techniques in Food Technology, edited by Israel Saguy
9. Handbook of Tropical Foods, edited by Harvey T. Chan
10. Antimicrobials in Foods, edited by Alfred Larry Branen and P. Michael Davidson
11. Food Constituents and Food Residues: Their Chromatographic Determination, edited
by James F. Lawrence
12. Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry, edited by Lewis D. Stegink and L. J. Filer,
Jr.
13. Handbook of Vitamins: Nutritional, Biochemical, and Clinical Aspects, edited by
Lawrence J. Machlin
14. Starch Conversion Technology, edited by G. M. A. van Beynum and J. A. Roels
15. Food Chemistry: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Owen R.
Fennema
16. Sensory Evaluation of Food: Statistical Methods and Procedures, Michael O'Mahony
17. Alternative Sweetners, edited by Lyn O'Brien Nabors and Robert C. Gelardi
18. Citrus Fruits and Their Products: Analysis and Technology, S. V. Ting and Russell L.
Rouseff
19. Engineering Properties of Foods, edited by M. A. Rao and S. S. H. Rizvi
20. Umami: A Basic Taste, edited by Yojiro Kawamura and Morley R. Kare
21. Food Biotechnology, edited by Dietrich Knorr
Start of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation

22. Food Texture: Instrumental and Sensory Measurement, edited by Howard R.
Moskowitz
23. Seafoods and Fish Oils in Human Health and Disease, John E. Kinsella
24. Postharvest Physiology of Vegetables, edited by J. Weichmann
25. Handbook of Dietary Fiber: An Applied Approach, Mark L. Dreher
26. Food Toxicology, Parts A and B, Jose M. Concon
27. Modern Carbohydrate Chemistry, Roger W. Binkley
28. Trace Minerals in Foods, edited by Kenneth T. Smith
29. Protein Quality and the Effects of Processing, edited by R. Dixon Phillips and John
W. Finley
30. Adulteration of Fruit Juice Beverages, edited by Steven Nagy, John A. Attaway, and
Martha E. Rhodes
31. Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, edited by Michael P. Doyle
32. Legumes: Chemistry, Technology, and Human Nutrition, edited by Ruth H. Matthews
33. Industrialization of Indigenous Fermented Foods, edited by Keith H. Steinkraus
34. International Food Regulation Handbook: Policy Science Law, edited by Roger D.
Middlekauff and Philippe Shubik
35. Food Additives, edited by A. Larry Branen, P. Michael Davidson, and Seppo
Salminen
36. Safety of Irradiated Foods, J. F. Diehl
37. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease, edited by Robert S. Lees and Marcus
Karel
38. Food Emulsions: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Kre Larsson and
Stig E. Friberg
39. Seafood: Effects of Technology on Nutrition, George M. Pigott and Barbee W. Tucker
40. Handbook of Vitamins: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Lawrence
J. Machlin
41. Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Klaus J. Lorenz and Karel Kulp
42. Food Processing Operations and Scale-Up, Kenneth J. Valentas, Leon Levine, and J.
Peter Clark
43. Fish Quality Control by Computer Vision, edited by L. F. Pau and R. Olafsson
44. Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages, edited by Henk Maarse
45. Instrumental Methods for Quality Assurance in Foods, edited by Daniel Y. C. Fung
and Richard F. Matthews
46. Listeria, Listeriosis, and Food Safety, Elliot T. Ryser and Elmer H. Marth
47. Acesulfame-K, edited by D. G. Mayer and F. H. Kemper
48. Alternative Sweeteners: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Lyn
O'Brien Nabors and Robert C. Gelardi
49. Food Extrusion Science and Technology, edited by Jozef L. Kokini, Chi-Tang Ho, and
Mukund V. Karwe
50. Surimi Technology, edited by Tyre C. Lanier and Chong M. Lee
51. Handbook of Food Engineering, edited by Dennis R. Heldman and Daryl B. Lund
52. Food Analysis by HPLC, edited by Leo M. L. Nollet
53. Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications, edited by Ching Kuang Chow
54. Clostridium botulinum: Ecology and Control in Foods, edited by Andreas H. W.
Hauschild and Karen L. Dodds
55. Cereals in Breadmaking: A Molecular Colloidal Approach, Ann-Charlotte Eliasson
and Kre Larsson
56. Low-Calorie Foods Handbook, edited by Aaron M. Altschul
57. Antimicrobials in Foods: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by P.
Michael Davidson and Alfred Larry Branen
58. Lactic Acid Bacteria, edited by Seppo Salminen and Atte von Wright
59. Rice Science and Technology, edited by Wayne E. Marshall and James I. Wadsworth

60. Food Biosensor Analysis, edited by Gabriele Wagner and George G. Guilbault
61. Principles of Enzymology for the Food Sciences: Second Edition, John R. Whitaker
62. Carbohydrate Polyesters as Fat Substitutes, edited by Casimir C. Akoh and Barry G.
Swanson
63. Engineering Properties of Foods: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by
M. A. Rao and S. S. H. Rizvi
64. Handbook of Brewing, edited by William A. Hardwick
65. Analyzing Food for Nutrition Labeling and Hazardous Contaminants, edited by Ike J.
Jeon and William G. Ikins
66. Ingredient Interactions: Effects on Food Quality, edited by Anilkumar G. Gaonkar
67. Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications, edited by Alistair M. Stephen
68. Safety of Irradiated Foods: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, J. F. Diehl
69. Nutrition Labeling Handbook, edited by Ralph Shapiro
70. Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and
Processing, edited by D. K. Salunkhe and S. S. Kadam
71. Food Antioxidants: Technological, Toxicological, and Health Perspectives, edited by
D. L. Madhavi, S. S. Deshpande, and D. K. Salunkhe
72. Freezing Effects on Food Quality, edited by Lester E. Jeremiah
73. Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
edited by Keith H. Steinkraus
74. Carbohydrates in Food, edited by Ann-Charlotte Eliasson
75. Baked Goods Freshness: Technology, Evaluation, and Inhibition of Staling, edited by
Ronald E. Hebeda and Henry F. Zobel
76. Food Chemistry: Third Edition, edited by Owen R. Fennema
77. Handbook of Food Analysis: Volumes 1 and 2, edited by Leo M. L. Nollet
78. Computerized Control Systems in the Food Industry, edited by Gauri S. Mittal
79. Techniques for Analyzing Food Aroma, edited by Ray Marsili
80. Food Proteins and Their Applications, edited by Srinivasan Damodaran and Alain
Paraf
81. Food Emulsions: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Stig E. Friberg and
Kre Larsson
82. Nonthermal Preservation of Foods, Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cnovas, Usha R.
Pothakamury, Enrique Palou, and Barry G. Swanson
83. Milk and Dairy Product Technology, Edgar Spreer
84. Applied Dairy Microbiology, edited by Elmer H. Marth and James L. Steele
85. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiology and Functional Aspects, Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, edited by Seppo Salminen and Atte von Wright
86. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage,
and Processing, edited by D. K. Salunkhe and S. S. Kadam
87. Polysaccharide Association Structures in Food, edited by Reginald H. Walter
88. Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Biotechnology, edited by Casimir C. Akoh and
David B. Min
89. Spice Science and Technology, Kenji Hirasa and Mitsuo Takemasa
90. Dairy Technology: Principles of Milk Properties and Processes, P. Walstra, T. J.
Geurts, A. Noomen, A. Jellema, and M. A. J. S. van Boekel
91. Coloring of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, Gisbert Ottersttter
92. Listeria, Listeriosis, and Food Safety: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited
by Elliot T. Ryser and Elmer H. Marth
93. Complex Carbohydrates in Foods, edited by Susan Sungsoo Cho, Leon Prosky, and
Mark Dreher
94. Handbook of Food Preservation, edited by M. Shafiur Rahman
95. International Food Safety Handbook: Science, International Regulation, and Control,
edited by Kees van der Heijden, Maged Younes, Lawrence Fishbein, and Sanford Miller

96. Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications: Second Edition, Revised and
Expanded, edited by Ching Kuang Chow
Additional Volumes in Preparation
Main Seafood Enzymes: Their Influence on Postharvest Seafood Quality, edited by

Norman F. Haard and Benjamin K. Simpson
Safe Handling of Foods, edited by Jeffrey M. Farber and Ewen C.D. Todd
Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
edited by Karl Kulp and J. G. Ponte, Jr.
Handbook of Water Analysis, edited by Leo M.L. Nollet
Food Analysis by HPLC: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Leo M.L.
Nollet

Page i
Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications

SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND EXPANDED
Edited by
Ching Kuang Chow
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky

Page ii
ISBN: 0-8247-6782-9
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Current printing (last digit):
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Page iii
Preface
Since the first edition of Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications was
published in 1992, voluminous new information on fatty acids in various foods and food
products has become available. There has also been a large expansion of new knowledge
dealing with the biological effects and health implications of fatty acids. In addition to
being essential for normal growth, development, and maintenance, there is an increasing
recognition that fatty acids play important roles in mediating the activation and expression
of genes, which in turn regulate cellular signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Furthermore, excess intake of fats in general, and certain types of fatty acids in particular,
have increasingly been implicated in the etiology of a variety of disorders including
cardiovascular disease, cancer, immunity and inflammatory diseases, renal disease,
diabetes, neuromuscular disorders, liver disease, visual dysfunction, psychiatric
disorders, and aging. Understanding the mechanisms by which fatty acids are involved in
the pathogenesis of these disorders is essential for effective preventive measures.
Overweight and obesity affect more than 40% of the adult population in the United States
and a significant number in foreign countries. Overweight and obesity have been
recognized as major determinants in many noncommunicable diseases, including diabetes
mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke, and as risk factors for several types of
cancer, muscular-skeletal disorders, and respiratory problems. Because fat has the highest
energy density, concern about health problems associated with obesity and overweight
has led to the development of fat substitutes, such as the fat-based fat substitute olestra,
approved by the Food and Drug Administration for certain commercial applications.
Recently, the rapid advance in biotechnology has allowed for selective alteration of fatty
acid composition in oil crops. In the near future it will be possible to commercially
produce oil crops that contain desirable proportions of specific fatty acids. Due to the
distinct health implications of various dietary fats, genetic manipulation of fatty acid
composition in oil crops can have enormous impact not only on our well-being, but also
on global economy.
In addition to updating original chapters, new chapters have been added that cover
subject areas that were not covered adequately or at all in the first edition: "Isotopic
Methods for Assessing Lipid Metabolism" (Chapter 4), "Fatty Acid Content of
Convenience Foods" (Chapter 13), "Fat-Based Fat Substitutes" (Chapter 16), ''Fatty Acid
Regulation of Gene Expression and Fat Cell Differentiation" (Chapter 28), "Fatty Acids,
Lipids, and Cellular Signaling" (Chapter 29), "Satiating Effects of Fats" (Chapter 34),
"Fatty Acids and Growth Development" (Chapter 35), "Fatty Acids and Aging" (Chapter
36), "Fatty Acids and Liver Disease" (Chapter 38), "Fatty Acids and Visual Dysfunction"
(Chapter 39), and "Fatty Acids and Psychiatric Disorders" (Chapter 45).
This updated and expanded volume presents the current knowledge of fatty acids in
common foods and food products. It also provides the reader with state-of-the-art
information on the important

Page iv
and widely diversified field of fatty acids and their health implications. However, since
the precise role of fatty acids in the etiology of various disorders has yet to be delineated,
it is not the intention of this book to present a unified view on the health implications of
fatty acids or to provide guidelines for fatty acid consumption.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the contributors for their
cooperation and excellent work. Without their participation this project would not have
been a reality. I would also like to thank Maria Allegra, Rod Learmonth, and Ann Pulido
of Marcel Dekker, Inc., for their assistance and support during the course of this project.
Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Shukwei, for her understanding and patience over these
past many years.
CHING KUANG CHOW

Page v
Contents
Preface iii
Contributors ix
1. Fatty Acid Classification and Nomenclature
1
Kelly Lobb and Ching Kuang Chow
2. Chemical and Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
17
John M. deMan
3. Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatography to Lipid
Separation and Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative
47
Analysis
Robert G. Ackman
4. Isotopic Methods for Assessing Lipid Metabolism
Joanne K. Kelleher, Gary B. Nickol, and Bernhard 67
Lindenthal
5. Fatty Acids in Meats and Meat Products
83
Ki Soon Rhee
6. Fatty Acids in Milk and Dairy Products
109
Robert G. Jensen
7. Fatty Acids in Poultry and Egg Products
125
Austin H. Cantor, Eric A. Decker, and Victoria P. Collins
8. Fatty Acids in Fish and Shellfish
153
Robert G. Ackman
9. Fatty Acids in Vegetables and Vegetable Products
175
Andrew C. Peng

Page vi
10. Fatty Acids in Oilseeds (Vegetable Oils)

209
Pamela J. White
11. Fatty Acids in Fruits and Fruit Products
239
Basil S. Kamel and Yukio Kakuda
12. Fatty Acids in Food Cereal Grains and Grain Products
271
Robert Becker
13. Fatty Acid Content of Convenience Foods
285
Maria G. Boosalis
14. Fatty Acid Isomers in Foods
307
Margaret C. Craig-Schmidt and Brenda M. Holzer
15. Genetic Alteration of Food Fats and Oils
357
Earl G. Hammond
16. Fat-Based Fat Substitutes
375
Casimir C. Akoh
17. Commercial Applications of Fatty Acid Derivatives in
Foods 387
Ronald J. Jandacek
18. Effects of Processing and Storage on Fatty Acids in
Edible Oils 411
Vickie Tatum and Ching Kuang Chow
19. Factors Affecting Stability and Nutritive Value of Fatty
Acids: Culinary Practices
427
Simon 0. Little, Sharyn G. Armstrong, and James G.
Bergan
20. Antioxidants in Dietary Lipids
Marvin Cohen, Roseanna S. Robinson, and Hemmi N. 439
Bhagavan
21. Absorption and Transport of Dietary Lipid
451
Vernon A. Welch and Jiirgen T. Borlak
22. Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism
481
Gary J. Nelson
23. Interaction of Dietary Fatty Acids, Carbohydrates, and
517
Lipids on Carbohydrate Metabolism
Bla Szepesi
24. Dietary Fatty Acids and Minerals
541
Henry C. Lukaski
25. Reappraisal of the Essential Fatty Acids
557
Robert S. Chapkin

Page vii
26. Fatty Acids and Membrane Function

569
Carolyn D. Berdanier
27. Dietary Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
585
Daniel H. Hwang
28. Fatty Acid Regulation of Gene Expression and Fat Cell
Differentiation 597
James M. Ntambi and Anna M. Sessler
29. Fatty Acids, Lipids, and Cellular Signaling
607
Geza Bruckner
30. Biological Effects of Palm Oil in Humans
619
Randall D. Wood
31. Biological Effects of Geometrical and Positional
Isomers of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans 637
Randall D. Wood
32. Safety and Health Effects of Isomeric Fatty Acids
667
J. Edward Hunter
33. Biological Effects of Oxidized Fatty Acids
687
Ching Kuang Chow
34. Satiating Effects of Fats
711
Zoe S. Warwick And Colleen M. McGuire
35. Fatty Acids and Growth and Development
729
Margit Hamosh
36. Fatty Acids and Aging
763
Carlo Pieri
37. Dietary Fat, Immunity, and Inflammatory Disease
777
Gilbert A. Boissonneault
38. Fatty Acids and Liver Disease
809
Amin A. Nanji
39. Fatty Acids and Visual Dysfunction
817
Dennis R. Hoffman
40. Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Diseases
Geza Bruckner 843
41. Dietary Fatty Acids and Cancer

865
Howard P. Glauert

Page viii
42. Fatty Acids and Renal Disease

883
Stuart K. Ware
43. Dietary Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Metabolism in
Diabetes 915
Sam J. Bhathena
44. Fatty Acids and Neuromuscular Disorders
963
Jeffrey K. Yao
45. Fatty Acids and Psychiatric Disorders
995
Jeffrey K. Yao and Ravinder D. Reddy
Index 1013

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Page 1013
INDEX
A
Abetalipoproteinemia, 787, 832
treatment, 832
Absorption:
cholesterol, 852
lipid, 452455
n-3 fatty acids 484
products of digestion, 453
short-chain fatty acids, 455, 484
triglycerides, 453
venous circulation, 484
minerals, dietary lipids
calcium, 542544
copper, 545, 550
iron, 547, 551
magnesium, 545, 550
zinc, 545, 550
Acacia, 260
seed, 260
Acatalasia, 964
Acetic acid, 4, 731
Acetyl CoA, 486
Acetylenic acids, 910
Acid value, 19
Acorn, 250
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 778
Active oxygen method (AOM), 26
Acute phase response, 787
Acute renal failure, 886
acyl carrier protein, 487
Acyl CoA cholesterol acyl transferase, 459
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, 977981
beta-oxidation, 980
organic acidurias, 979
treatment, 981
Acyl CoA oxidase deficiency, 964
Acyl lipids, 48
Acylcarnitine, 976977
Acylcarnitine transcase, 976, 977
Acyltransferase, 459
Adipic acid, 5
Adipocyte differentiation, 601603
adipocyte gene, 602
lipogenic gene, 603
polyunsaturated fatty acids, 601
prostaglandins, 602
Adipose tissue:
adipocyte differentiation, 601603
trans fatty acid, 344
triglyceride, 847
Adrenic acid, 8, 973
Adrenoleukodystrophy, X-linked, 969971
beta-oxidation, 969
metabolic defect, 969
plasma fatty acids, 972
treatment, 970

Page 1014
Age effect:
macular degeneration, 834
membrane, 766
fatty acid, 767770
Aging theories, 764766
caloric restriction, 764
food restriction, 764
free radical, 764
glucocorticoid cascade, 764
living rate, 770
oxidant stress, 765
Alcohol, 689
Alcoholic liver disease, 809810
cytochrome P-450, 811812
fatty acids, 809
pathogenesis, 809810
Aldehydes, 2223, 687
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 699
Aleuritic acid 11
Alepramic acid, 13
Aleprestic acid, 13
Alepric acid 13
Aleprolic acid, 13
Aleprylic acid, 13
Aliphatic acid, 2, 689
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 24, 689
Alkaline phosphatase, 577
Alkyl DHAP synthase deficiency, 964
Allenic, 7
Almond, 250,
trans fatty acids, 330
Alpha-linolenic acid, 731
Alpha-oxidation, 966
Amazonian palm, 253
Ambrettolic acid, 19
Amaranth, 202
Amyloidosis, 794
Analysis, fatty acids, 4761
Anchovy, 49
Angelfish, 166
Animal diet, 9193
Animal fats:
fatty acid composition, 8493
processing, 417
trans fatty acids, 59, 319, 340
Annonaceae, 258,
Antimicrobial lipids, 404
Antioxidants:
activity, 439
atherosclerosis, 858
canola oil, 421
corn oil, 440
cottonseed oil, 440
dietary lipids, 439447
free radicals, 688
mechanism, 439
oat oil, 219
potential, 442447
processing, 421422
storage stability, 421
Antioxidant potential, 442447
coconut oil, 446
corn oil, 446
fish oil, 444, 445
olive oil, 442, 444
palm oil, 442, 443
rapeseed oil, 446
soybean oil, 446
sunflower seed oil, 446
Apolipoproteins, 455, 456
cholesterol transport, 464
chylomicron, 456
dietary lipids, 658
enzyme activation, 456
human plasma, 455
hypocholesterolemic effect, 473
lipid transfer, 456
lipoprotein secretion, 456
metabolic role, 456, 463
receptor recognition, 456
Apotic disease, 751, 794
Apple, 242
seed, 247
Apricot, 242
kernel, 247
Arachidonic acid, 731, 973
eicosanoid formation, 587, 888
liver disease, 812
milkfat, 744749
Asclepiadaceae, 258
Asthma, 793
eicosanoids, 793
n-3 fatty acid, 793
Atherogenesis, 856
diabetes, 917
fatty acid, 631633, 856859
injury hypothesis, 857
lipid hypothesis, 857

Page 1015
[Atherogenesis]
lipid peroxidation hypothesis, 857
n-3 fatty acids, 857
vascular events, 857859
Atherogenic fatty acids, 856859
Atherosclerosis
(see also coronary vascular disease):
dietary lipids, 845
hyperlipedemia, 845
isomeric fatty acids, 668
oxidized lipid, 858
vascular events, 856859
ATPase, 577, 699
Auricolic acid, 10
Autoxidation, 1823, 687, 688
induction, 19, 688
initiation, 18, 688
lard, 19
oil processing, 412
peroxy radical, 19, 688
propagation, 19, 688
storage, 419420
termination, 19, 688
Avacado, 242
fresh, 624
pit, 624
seed, 248
Awarra pulp, 253
kernel, 253
Azelaic acid, 5
B
B-cell, 778, 779
Babassu, 210, 253
Baby food, trans fatty acids, 317, 342
Bakery products, trans fatty acids, 337-340
Banana, 242
Baobab, 258
Bars, 287
Barley, 278279
pearled, 272
Basil, 263
Basophils, 778
Bass, black sea, 154
Batten's disease, 831832
lipid metabolism, 832
Beechnut, 250
Beef (muscle):
cooking, 8587, 9496
fatty acid composition, 50, 8587, 90
trans fatty acids, 317, 318
Beef liver
(see also liver):
fatty acids, 317
Beef tallow:
fatty acid, 88
Behenic acid, 4
Benefat, 382
caloric, 379
Benzidine value, 19
Beta-carotene, 23, 858
Beta-oxidation, 966
acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, 977981
defective, 971978
mitochondrial, 977
peroxisomal, 965967
retinal, 819
Bifunctional enzyme deficiency, 964
Bile acids, 469
Biological effects:
isomeric fatty acids, 637660
monosaturated fatty acids, 640660
palm oil, 619633
oxidized fatty acids, 667701
Biological tissue, lipid degradation, 431
cooking, 431
Biosynthesis, fatty acids, 492
Biotin, 486, 487
Black cumin, 263
Black sea bass, 154
Black walnut, 250
Bleaching, 412, 415
Blood
(see also plasma and serum):
lipids, 644, 658, 659
lipoproteins, 455, 58, 659
Blueberry, 242
Bluefish, 154
Body weight regulation, 721723
carbohydrate, 721722
fat, 722723
Bogue, 163
Bologna, trans fatty acids, 318
Borneo tallow nut, 255
Brain, 998
Branched-chain fatty acids, 5
butter, 114
Brassidic acid, 7
Brazil nut, 250
Breads, trans fatty acids, 338340

Page 1016
Bream, 163, 167
Breast cancer, dietary fat, 867
mammary carcinogenesis, 870871
prospective studies, 867
Broccoli, 591
Bronchoconstriction, 588
Buckwheat, 272, 279280
Buffalo gourd, 260
Butolic acid, 19
Butter, 114, 210, 314
(see also milk and milk fats):
analysis, 58
branched fatty acids, 114
calcium, 503
monounsaturated fatty acid, 114
saturated fatty acids, 114
trans fatty acids, 58, 311, 314, 315
Butterfat, 210, 395
calcium absorption, 543
serum lipid, 653
Butterfish, gulf, 154, 157
Butter ghee, serum lipid, 628
Butternut, 250
Butyric acid, 4, 731
C
Cabbage, fatty acids, 182189
cultivars, 183, 185
glycolipids, 185
neutral lipids, 185
phospholipids, 185
sauerkraut, 185186
storage, 184
Cacao seed, 255
Cakes, 288
Calcium, dietary fat, 542544
absorption, 543
animal studies, 542544
human studies, 544545
interaction mechanism, 550
retention, 543
utilization, 543
Calcium channel, 612, 613
Calendic acid, 8
Caloric effect, cancinogenesis, 872
Calorie restriction, 764
fatty acid, 767769
membrane, 766
cAMP, eicosanoids, 588
Cancer:
dietary fatty acids, 865874
brain, 871
breast, 866867
colon, 866, 870871
epidemiological studies, 865867
experimental studies, 867871
liver, 869870
mammary, 867, 870871
mechanism, 871873
nutrition, 867
omega 3 fatty acids,
pancreas, 870871
prostate, 871
renal, 871
skin, 868
Candies, 290
Canola, 363
Canola oil, 211213
(see also rapeseed oil)
erucic acid, 211212
fatty acid, 28, 50, 210
frying test, 213
hydrogenated, 28, 39, 212
iodine value, 39
glucosinates, 211
refractive index, 39
oxidative stability, 212213
storage effect, 421
Cantaloupe seed, 247
Canthaxanthin, 441
Capelin, 159
Caprenin, 379
Capric acid, 4, 731
Caproic acid, 4, 731
Caproloic acid, 7
Caprylic acid, 4, 731
Carbohydrates:
blood lipids, 518
body weight regulation, 721722
dietary, 517
energy utilization, 519
fatty acid catabolism, 521531
milkfat, 734
hepatic enzymes, 521
lipogenesis, 521
lipoproteins, 518
physiological interaction, 518521
satiety effects, 712714, 716724
thermogenesis, 519

Page 1017
Carcinogenesis:
aldehydes, 698699
colon, 868
dietary fat, 867873
hepatic, 868,
mammary, 870
mechanism, fatty acid, 871873
caloric, 872
eicosanoid metabolism, 872
induction of gene expression, 873
initiation, 872
lipid peroxidation, 873
membrane fluidity, 871
multistage, 868
signal transduction, 873
toxicity, 871
nutrition, 867
pancreatic, 870
skin, 868
Cardiovascular disease, 843859
atherosclerosis, 845, 856
dietary factors, 845
dietary lipids, 846, 855
death rates, 844
eicosanoids, 847851
hypertriglyceridemia, 845
lipids, 855856
lipoprotein, 851855
risk factor, 845
trans fatty acid, 846, 854
Carnitine:
fatty acid beta-oxidation, 977
muscle deficiency, 978
primary deficiency, 976978
secondary deficiency, 979981
systemic deficiency, 977978
translocase, 977
transporter, 977
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase, 577, 976, 977
Carotennoids, 441442,
alpha, 441, 442
antioxidant activity, 440
beta, 23, 441, 442
canthaxanthin, 441, 834
lutein, 441, 442
lycopene, 441, 834
olive oil, 442
palm oil, 442
rapeseed oil, 442
soybean oil, 442
Carp, 164
Cashew, 250
Cassava, 202
Castor oil, 41
Catabolism, fatty acids, 490493
Catalase, 764
Catalpic acid, 8
Catfish, 154, 164, 165
Cauliflower, 186, 189
Caustic refining, 412, 414, 417
Cavedano, 164
Cell-mediated immunity, 777778
Cell signaling, 607714
fatty acid, 609
ion channel, 614
phospholipase, 609613
platelet activation factor, 613
protein kinase C, 613
Cereals, trans fatty acids, 338
Cereal grains and grain products, 271281
cereal grains, 274
degradative effect, 272
flavor, 272
functionality, 273
occurrence, 271
total lipids, 272
Cereal grain: 274281
barley, 278279
buckwheat, 279280
drum wheat, 275276
lipid content, 272
maize, 277278
millet, 280281
oats, 278
rice, 276277
sorghum, 281
wheat, 274275
Ceromelissic acid, 4
Ceroplastic acid, 4
Cerotic acid, 4
Cervonic acid, 731
Cetoleic acid, 7
Chain shortening, 742
Channel catfish, 154
Char, 164
Chaulmoogric acid, 13
Cheese, trans fatty acids, 316
Cheeseburger, trans fatty acids, 332, 334

Page 1018
Cheese snacks, trans fatty acids, 336, 337
Chemical properties, fatty acids, 1731
autoxidation, 1823
ester interexchange, 29
halogenation, 29
hydrogenation, 2528
hydrolysis, 31
isomerization, 20
oxidative fission, 2930
photooxidation, 23
reactivity, 1718
thermal oxidation, 2324
Chemotaxis, 588, 699, 783
Cherry, 242
kernel, 247
Chestnut, 250
Chia seed, 262
Chicken:
cooking, 8587, 9496
fatty acid, 8587
breast, 8587
canned, 140
cooked, 8587, 95
dietary effect, 142149
egg, 138139
fat, 138, 210
frankfurter, 141
gizzard, 137
heart, 136
hens, 139
leg, 8587
liver, 134
muscle, 125126
roll, 140
skin, 126, 131132
trans form, 317, 319
Chinese chestnut, 250
Chinese melon, 262
Chinese tallow, 255
nut shell, 255
Chips, 303
Chironji fruit, 242
Cholesterol:
absorption, 469, 852
bile acid, 469
circulating, 630
dietary cholesterol, 467468
dietary lipids, 467469, 496, 624631
ester, 732, 853
esterase, 459
excretion, 469
fish oil, 495
function, 732
lipoproteins, 467469, 493497
metabolism, 852
immune response, 784785
lipoprotein, 467
dietary lipid, 467
metabolic regulation, 469
metabolism, 852, 853
milk, 110, 733
non-dietary factors,
polyunsaturated fatty acids, 469, 496
cholesterol metabolism, 469
lipoprotein metabolism, 471
redistribution, 469
regulation, 853
reverse transport, 463
synthesis, 470
transport, 463, 496497, 852
triglyceride structure, 469
utilization, 465
Cholesteryl ester, 853
milk fat, 110
Chronic renal failure, 887
Chromium, 936
Chub, 164, 165
Chylomicron, 852
(see also low-density lipoproteins)
fatty acid transport, 460
lipoproteins, 852
metabolism, 460
remnant, 852
remant receptor, 456, 461
Citrus seed oil, 210
Clam, surf, 159
Classic Refsum's disease, 964967
Classification, fatty acids, 115
acetylenic, 910
branched, 32
cis, 6
conjugated, 67, 1011
cyclic, 1213
dicarboxylic, 5
epoxy, 1112
hydrocarbons, 24
hydroxy, 1012
polyhydroxy, 11
isomeric, 6
keto, 10

Page 1019
[Classification]
long chain, 4
monosaturated, 6, 7
n system, 2
omega system, 2
oxygenated, 1012
epoxy, 1012
hydroxy, 1011
keto, 10
polyunsaturated, 610
conjugated, 7
methylene-interrupted, 8
non-methylene-interrupted, 9
saturated, 26
short chain, 4
straight chain, 4
trans, 6
unsaturated fatty acids, 610
Cleaning, 412, 413
Cocoa bean, 363
Cocoa butter, 210, 396
equivalents, 397
extender, 397
replacers, 397
serum lipids, 652
substitute, 397
Coconut, 253
Coconut oil, 220221, 363
fatty acid, 210, 364, 624
interfacial tension, 40
iron absorption, 548
iron retention, 543
membrane, 573, 577
serum lipids, 627, 629
surface tension, 41
tocopherol, 440
viscosity, 41
Cod, 159, 167
Cohune oil, 210, 253
Colon cancinogenesis, 869
Colorectal cancer, 866
Colostrum, fatty acid, 745
Combretaceae, 257
Composite diet:
analysis, 343
fatty acids, 343
Condiments, 256264
Confectionery fats, 396
Conjugated linoleic acid, 78, 5758, 677681
antiatherogenic properties, 681
anticarcinogenic properties, 121, 679681
body composition, 681
butter, 116,
cheese, 121
hydrogenated oil, 678
milk, 119, 121
occurrence, 678
safety and health concern, 120121, 677681
Consumption, trans fatty acids, 348
Convenience foods, 285306
bars, 287
cakes, 288
candies, 290
chips, 303
cookies, 292
cracker, 304
custards, 302
doughnuts, 295
entre, 300
French toast, 296
frozen desserts, 297
frostings, 289
gelatins, 297
muffins, 295
pancakes, 296
pies, 299
pizza, 300
popcorn, 305
pretzels, 305
puddings, 301
puff pastry, 298
shakes, 297
syrup, 291
topping dessert, 297
toaster pastries, 298
trail mix, 305
waffles, 296
Convolvulinic acid, 10
Cooked egg
Cookies, 292
Cooking: 428
culinary practices, 429430
fatty acid, 8587, 9496, 430431, 433
lipid degradation, 431
analytical methods, 431432
processing, 412, 413
Cooking oils (see vegetable oils)
Copper, dietary fat, 545547, 550
retention, 546, 547

Page 1020
Coriander seed, 263
Coriolic acid, 11
Corn (see also sweet corn), 272, 277278
Corn oil, 213214, 363, 366
fatty acid, 50, 210, 364
iron absorption, 548
oxidation, 214
satiating effect, 718720
serum lipids, 625, 629, 655
tocopherols, 440
ubiquinone, 213
Corn starch, satiating effect, 719
Coronary vascular disease (see cardiovascular disease),
Cottonseed oil, 214216, 363
cyclopropenoids, 215
density, 42
fatty acid composition, 26, 210, 215, 363
hydrogenated, 26,
membrane, 573, 577
surface tension, 41
tocopherols, 216, 440
viscosity, 41
Cow's milk (see milk)
Crab, 159, 165, 166
Crackers, 304
Crepenyic acid, 10
Cream, satiating effect, 718, 719
Croaker, Atlantic, 154
Croton aldehyde, 40
Crucifiers, 182
Crystallization, 3033
Cucumber, 187, 190195
glycolipids, 190, 194
neutrol lipids, 190, 193
phospholipids, 190, 195
storage, 191192
total lipids, 190, 192
Cucurbits, 187
Culinary practices, 428431
dry heat, 428
fat/oil, 428
water, 428
Cupha seed, 253
Currant, 242
seed, 247
Cust, 159
Custards, 302
Cyclic dimeric acid, 689
Cyclic ether, 689
Cyclic fatty acids, 1213
bovine milk, 120
Cyclic hydrocarbon, 689
Cyclic monomeric acid, 689
Cyclooxygenase, 24, 888
adipocyte differentiatiom, 602, 603
atherogenesis, 857
cell signaling, 608
eicosanoids, 588, 589, 847, 888, 890
Cystic fibrosis, 975
Cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase, 602
Cytochrome P-450, 699
liver disease, 811812
monooxygenase, 890
Cytokines, 778
D
Dairy fat, 395
Dairy products (see butter and milk)
Date seed, 248
Daturic acid, 4
De novo systhesis, fatty acids, 485490
regulation, 486490
synthetase complex, 487
Degumming, 412, 414
Dehulling, 412, 413
Densipolic acid, 10
Deodorization, 412, 414, 415
Desaturase, 466, 489, 577
arachidonic acid synthesis, 489
dietary control, 466
docosapentaenoic acid formation, 973
eicosanoid formation, 847
gene expression, 600
hormonal control, 467
liver, 770772
n-3 fatty acid, 489
retinal, 819
Desaturation, 742
Desaturation reactions, 465467
desaturase, 465467
dietary control, 466
NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, 465

Page 1021
Dextrose, satiating effect, 718
Development and fatty acid, 729752
DHAP alkyl transferase deficiency, 964
Dhupa fat, 255
Diabetes, fatty acids, 915939
fatty acid oxidation, 929930
hyperlipidemia, 917
hyperlipoproteinemia, 917
metabolic effect, 919925
essential fatty acids, 920
fish oil, 921924
free fatty acids, 925
gamma-linolenic acid, 920
metabolism, 925933
binding proteins, 930931
desaturation, 926727
eicosanoid conversion, 928929
oxidation, 929930
tissue fatty acid, 916918
treatment effect, 933937
exercise, 933934
fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, 935
hypoglycernic agents, 934935
lipid lowing agents, 936
lipolysis inhibitors, 935935
metal ions, 936937
oral hypoglycemic agents, 934935
other agents, 937
Diabetic neuropathy, 917, 973975
fatty acid biosynthesis, 973974
treatment, 974975
Diabetic retinopathies, 833834
Diacylglycerol, milk, 110
Dibasic acid, 689
Dicarboxylic acids, 56
Dienes, milk, 120
Diet (food) restriction, 766769
Dietary carbohydrate, 518521
blood lipids, 521
energy utilization, 519
lipoprotein, 521
thermogenesis, 519
Dietary fatty acids
(see also dietary lipids):
absorption, 484
calcium, 542544
cancer, 875873
carbohydrate, 517
cardiovascular disease, 846, 855
carcinogenesis, 867873
cholesterol, 469471
digestion, 483
immunity and inflammatory disease, 777794
linoleic acid, 489
malic enzyme, 530
membrane, 577
metabolic differences, 498499
metabolism, 485
catabolism, 490493
synthesis, 485490
minerals, 541551
physiological effects, 493
circulating lipoproteins, lipids and cholesterol, 493
conversion to eicosanoids, 497
de novo synthesis, 493
quantities, 482
sources, 482
trans fatty acids,
transport, 484
Dietary lipids/fats:
atherosclerosis, 631633, 658859
cardiovascular disease, 846, 855
desaturation reactions, 742
digestion, 452
eicosanoids, 586587
function, 451
hepatic enzyme, 459
immunity and inflammatory disease, 789, 791794
cholesterol, 784785
enternal lipids, 787
level and degree of saturation, 778780
oxidized lipids, 785
parenteral lipids, 787
plasma lipoprotcins, 785787
specific fatty acids, 781784
inflammatory disease, 789794
lipogenesis, 521531
metabolism, 485
short-chain fatty acids, 731
Digestion:
fatty acids, 452453, 483484
intestine, 452

Page 1022
[Digestion]
lipase, 484
oxidized fats and oils, 694695
Diacylglycerol, cell signaling, 608
Dietary fatty acids, physiological effects, 493498
circulating cholesterol, lipids, lipoproteins, 493497
Dihomo-g-linolenic acid, 8, 489, 591, 888, 973
Dihydroxyoleic acid, 11
Dihydroxystearic acid, 11
Dissociation energy, 1819
Doughnuts, 295
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 160
blood lipid, 746
diabetic neuropathy, 973
lactation, 745, 749
metabolism, 498, 819,
milk fat, 743751
pregnancy, 749
retinopathies, 825830
seafood, 159, 161167
visual function, 821824
Docosapentaenoic acid, 769, 819, 888
Dolphin, 154
Dopamine, 1002, 1004
Dressing, trans fatty acids, 331
Dried egg, 140, 146
Drying, 412, 413
Duck:
egg, 146
liver, 135
muscle, 128
Durian, 242
seed, 248
Durum wheat, 275276
E
Eel, 159, 164, 166
Eggs and egg products, fatty acid, 137149
chicken, 138146
cooked, 139140, 145
dried, 140, 146
egg yolk, 138139, 145
whole egg, 140141, 146
dietary effect, 142146
[Eel]
duck, 146
egg substitute, 141, 147
factor affecting, 142
genetic, 142
goose, 146
quail, 146
serum cholesterol, 654
species, 146
turkey, 146
Egg substitutes, 141, 147
Egg yolk, 138139, 145
Egusi seed, 247
Eicosanoids, 586591
biosynthesis, 586591
fatty acids, 589591
regulation, 588589
blood lipid, 746
carcinogenesis, 872
cardiovascular disease, 847851
conversions, 497498
formation, 847
liver disease, 812
milkfat, 746
physiological actions, 587
renal, 888892
renal disease, 892902
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 160 482
(see also n-3 fatty acids)
retinal, 819
seafood, 159, 161167
Eleastearic acid 8 40
Emperor, red, 166
Emulsifiers, 380381, 399
glycerol esters, 381
sucrose fatty acid esters, 380
Enanthic acid, 4
Endogenous acids, 498499
Endoperoxides, 847
Endothelium, 849
Endoperoxides, 857
Endothelium, 857
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide), 857
Energies of applied radiations, 429

Page 1023
Energies of chemical bonds, 429
English walnut, 250
Enlongase, fatty acid, 489
Enlongation, 742, 819, 847
Enoyl CoA isomerase, 491
Enteral lipids, immune system, 787789
cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 789
intralipid, 788
medium chain triglyceride, 788
long chain triglyceride, 788
n-3 fatty acid, 788
Enterocyte, 453
Enterohepatic cycle,
Entre, 300
Enzymatic oxidation, 2425, 687
Erythrocytes (red blood cells), 996, 998
Eosinophils:
chemotaxis, 588
immune system, 778
Epoxy, fatty acid 1112, 689
Erucic acid, 7
canola oil, 211213
rapeseed oil, 211213
Essential fatty acids, 557562
(see also n-3 and n-6 fatty acids)
atopic disease, 751
deficiency symptoms, 558, 973
desaturation, 973
diet, 560
eicosanoids, 585587
linoleic acid, 557
linolenic acid, 559
metabolic fate, 560, 973
physiological functions, 561
recommended intake, 560
requirement, 557, 559
Ester interchange, 3031
Esterification, phospholipids, 492
Ethyl ester, fatty acid, 913
European chestnut, 250
Exercise:
diabetes, 933934
fatty acid metabolism, 934
immune function, 934
Exogenous acids, 498499
Extraction, lipids, 4751
recovery, 4951
Exocarpic acid, 10
F
Fat
(see also fatty acids):
atherogenesis, 858
Fat, satiating effect, 712725
physiological mechanism, 721
specific effect, 715, 722
Fat, serum lipid, 627
Fat and oil production, 240241
Fat-based fat substitutes, 375380
alkyl glyceride fatty acid polyesters, 378
dialkyl dihexadecylmolonate, 379
esterified propoxylated glycerol, 380
olestra (olean), 375378
polycarboxylic acid components, 380
polyol fatty acid polyesters, 377
sorbestrin, 379
Fat cell differentiation, 601603
Fast foods, trans fatty acids, 331334
Fat free diet, membrane, 573
Fat substitutes, 375384, 406408
emulsifiers, 389381
fat based, 375380
medium chain triglycerides, 383
structure lipid, 381383
Fatty acid analysis 4765, 968
Fatty acids:
absorption and transport, 451473
aging, 763773
analysis, 4761
atherogenic, 631633
cancer, 865874
cardiovascular diseases, 843859
catabolism, 490493
cell signaling, 607615, 873
cereal grains and grain products, 271281
chemical and physical properties, 1746
classification and nomenclature, 113
convenience foods, 285306
culinery practice, 427435
diabetes, 915939
diet restriction, 766769
eicosanoids, 585591
essential, 557562, 585586, 846848
fat cell differentiation, 601603
fish and shellfish, 153170
food restriction, 766769
fruit and fruit products, 239264
genetic alteration, 357369
growth and development, 729752
isomeric fatty acids, 637660, 667681
isomers in foods, 308348

Page 1024
[Fatty acids]
meat and meat products, 83101
metabolism, 485499, 848848
milk and dairy products, 109122
minerals, 541551
neuromuscular disorders, 963982
oilseeds (vegetable oils), 209229
oxidation, 687689
oxidized, 687701
physiological effects, 493499
poultry and egg products, 125149
processing and storage, 411422
psychiatric disorders, 9951007
temperature response, 430431
transport, 484485
vegetable and vegetable products, 175202
visual dysfunction, 817835
Fatty acid catabolism, 490493
adipose tissue, 491
beta oxidation, 490
dienoyl CoA reductase, 491
docosahexaenoic acid, 491
enoyl-CoA, 491
phospholipid esterification, 492
retroconversion, 491
trans enoyl CoA isomerase, 491
Fatty acid derivatives:
antimicrobial lipids, 404
cocoa butter and confectionery fats, 396398
commercial applications in foods, 387407
dairy fats, 395396
emulsifiers, 399
fat substitutes, 406408
fish oil, 404
high fat formulation, 404
infant formulas, 402403
intravenous feeding, 403
lard, shortening, tallow and pan sprays, 391394
liposomes, 404
margarine and spreads, 394395
medical food applications, 402
medium-chain triglycerides, 403
peanut butter, 396
salad and cooking oils, 398391
salad dressings, 398399
schizophrenic patients, 1004
structure lipids, 403
Fatty acid desaturation, 926, 489
Fatty acid ethyl ester, liver disease, 813
Fatty acid function, 732
Fatty acid incorporation, 1003
Fatty acid isomers in foods, 307348
animal fats, 319
dairy products, 313316
diet estimates, 335, 341348
biological tissue, 344
consumption, 345348
dietary records, 344
disappearance data 345
laboratory analysis, 343
fast foods, 331334
human milk, 335, 341
infant foods, 335, 342
margarine, 320, 322327
mayonnaise, 321, 331
meats, 314, 316318
membrane function, 569580
milk and dairy products, 117120
positional isomers, 310311
processed foods, 334340
salad dressings, 321, 331
sauces, 321, 331
shortenings, 320, 328329
soups, 321, 331
sources, 309310
trans isomers, 311313
vegetable oils, 321, 330
Fatty acid metabolism, 485
beta-oxidation, 490, 492, 966
catabolism, 490493
defect, 971978
diabetes, 915939
circulating lipids, lipoproteins and cholesterol, 493497
eicosanoids, 497
endogenous acids, 498499
essential, 48489, 560, 973
exogenous acids, 498499
metabolic differences, 498499
non-essential, 486, 490
synthesis, 485490
Fatty acid oxidation, 1825, 687789
aging, 764765
antioxidant, 687, 688
autoxidation, 688
enzymic, 687
free radical, 688
inhibitors, 935

Page 1025
[Fatty acid oxidation]
photooxidation, 687, 688
products, 688689
thermal, 687, 688
Fatty acid synthesis, 485490, 485490
animal tissue, 488
de novo syntnthesis, 486489, 493
dietary lipid, 522
n-3 fatty acid, 492
synthetase complex, 486490
acyl carrier protein (ACP), 487
acyl CoA, 486
animal tissue, 488
biotin, 486, 487
dehydrogenase, 488
desaturase, 484, 489
enlongase, 489
enoyl ACP reductase, 487
hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrogenase, 487
ketoacyl ACP reductase, 487
ketoacyl-ACP synthetase, 487
regulation, 522530
thioesterase, 487
Fatty acid transport, 455457, 484485
apolipoprotein, 484
chylomicron, 485
enterocyte, 484
lipoprotein lipase, 485
Faveleira, nut, 251
Feed, milkfat, 734
Fennel, 263
Fenugreek seed, 263
Fetus fatty acids, 730
Fig, 242
seed, 248
Filbert, 251
Fish:
consumption, 168
coldwater, 157158
cooking, 433
fresh water, 161
scientific name, 157
Fish oil
(see also n-3 or omega-3 fatty acids):
acyl-lipids, 48
analysis, 159
commercial applications, 404
consumption, 168
diabetes, 921924
docosaheaenoic acid, 159, 161167
eicosapentaenoic acid, 159, 161167
fatty acids, 153165
health consideration, 167170
medical food application, 404406
membrane, 577
processing effects, 418
tocopherols, 442
Flaking, 412, 413
Flavor reversion, 18
Flax (linseed oil), 216217
Florida pompano, 433
Flounder, southern, 154, 163
Flying fish, 163
Food cereal grains, lipids:
degradative effects, 272
flavor, 272273
functionality, 273
occurrence, 271
thermal deterioration, 273274
Food characteristics, 430
Food fats and oils:
genetic alteration, 357369
isomers, 667
Formic acid, 4
Frankfurter, 318
Free fatty acids
diabetes, 925
frying test, 213
milk, 110
Free radicals, 1823
schizophrenic patients, 1001
French toast, 296
Fries, 332334, 338340
Frostings, 289
Frozen dessert, 297
Fruits and fruit products, fatty acids, 241264
butters, 254
condiments, 256
kernels, 244245
lesser known, 256
mesocarp, 241244
palm, 252254
nuts, 245252
pulp, 243244
seeds, 244245
spices, 256
G
Gadelaidic acid, 7
Gadoleic acid, 7
Gag grouper, 154

Page 1026
Gamma-linolenic acid, 731, 916
Garlic, 263
Gas chromatograph combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry, 7980
Gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry, 79
Gas-liquid chromatography, 47, 5159
fatty acid analysis, 5152
milk fatty acids, 110112
operation, 5257
theoretical (relative) response factor, 55
Gaspereau, 159
Gastric acid excretion, 588
Geletins, 297
Gene expression, fatty acids, 597603
beta-oxidation gene, 599
carcinogenesis, 873
lipogenic gene, 599
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, 599601
peroxisome proliferator responsive element, 600
polyunsaturated fatty acid binding protein, 600, 601
polyunsaturated fatty acid responsive element, 600
posttranscriptional control, 601
retinoid receptor, 600
transcriptional control, 599
Genetic alteration, fatty acids, 357369
constraints on composition, 359362
glyceride structure, 367
plant species, 362367
utilization, 367369
Genetic factor, fatty acid composition, 9394
Geometrical and positional isomers
(see also trans and isomeric fatty acids):
biological effects, 637660
configuration, 638
foods, 310348
Gestation, milkfat, 734
Ginko, 251
Gizzards, lipids:
chicken, 137
turkey, 137
Glucose, satiating effect, 719
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase:
control of lipogenesis, 521529
lipogenesis, 521
regulation, 522525
starvation, 524526
Glucosinates, 211
Glutamatergic neurotransmission, 1002
Glutaric aciduria, 964
Glutathione peroxidase, 764
Glutathione S transferase, 699
Glutenin, 276
Glycerides, function, 732
Goby, 163
Gooseberry, 242
seed, 247
Goose, fatty acids:
egg, 146
liver, 135
muscle, 129
Goosefish (monkfish), 154
Grain products (see cereal grains)
Grape, 242
seed, 247
Grapefruit, 242
seed, 247
Green pepper, 591
Grinding, 412, 413
Grouper, 154
cooked, 433
Growth and fatty acid, 727752
cognitive function, 746748
protective function, 751752
Grunt, white, 154
Guava, 242
seed, 248
Gulf butterfish,
Guindilla seed, 258
Gurnard, 163
Guttiferaceae, 258
Gymnosperm, 262
H
Habitual diet, serum lipid, 627
Haddock, 159
Hake, 159, 163
Halibut, 159, 166
Ham sandwiches, trans fatty acids, 332
Hamburgers, trans fatty acids, 332
Harvest fish, 154
Hazelnut, 251
Heart, fatty acid:
chicken, 136
turkey, 136
Heat content curve, 38
Helenynoic acid, 11
Hemp seed, 363
Hepatic fatty acid, 810
Hepatic lipase, 459
Hepatocarcinogenesis (liver cancer), 868

Page 1027
Herring, 159, 161, 162
Hickory, 251
High fat formulation, 404
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
(see also lipoproteins):
cholesterol transport and metabolism, 463465
synthesis, 457
transport, 459
Hind, speckled, 154
Homo-linoleic acid, 731
Hormelic acid, 13
Hormonal effects:
immune system, 777778
Human milk fat:
content, 734736
composition, 733736
factors affecting, 734
pasteurization, 751
Hussar, 167
Hydnocarpic acid, 13
Hydrogen peroxide, 764
Hydrogenated oils:
membrane, 573
milkfat, 734
occurrence, 638639
serum lipids, 640660, 668675
spectral properties, 3839
Hydrogenation, 2528
catalyst, 416
isomeric fatty acid, 639640
selective, 2627
Hydrolysis, 31,
Hydroperoxides, 1824, 416417, 689
atherogeriesis, 857
degradation products, 2123, 695701
digestion, 695
eicosanoids, 847
metabolism, 691695
Hydroxyalkenals, 699701
4-hydroxynonenal, 699701
Hydroxy fatty acids, 1011, 689
conjugated, 11
milk fat, 120
unconjugated, 10
Hydroxyl radical, 764, 1001
Hydroxyphytanic acid, 966, 968
Hydroxyphytanoyl CoA decarboxylase, 966
Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase, 459
Hyperoxaluria, 964
Hyperpipecolacidemia, 964
Hypertension, renal disease, 896898
eicosanoids, 896898
eicosapentaenoic acid, 897
Hypertrophic neuropathy, 975
serum phospholipid, 975
Hypocholesterolemic effect, mechanism, 469473
enhanced LACT activity, 470471
increased excretion
redistribution, 469
reduced absorption, 469
reduced synthesis, 470
changes in fluidity and receptors, 471472
changes in particle size, 472
increased catabolic rate, 471472
modification of apolipoproteins, 473
reduced LDL and VLDL synthesis
Hypoglycemic agents, diabetes, 934935
biguanides, 934
sulfonylureas, 934
I
Ideal solution theory, 361
Immune response, 778
eicosanoids, 588, 778
lipids and lipoproteins,
oxidized lipid, 785
vitamin E, 785
Immune system, 777778
basophils, 778
cell-mediated, 777778
cytokines, 778
endotoxemia, 786
hormonal, 777778
macrophages, 778
natural killer cells, 778
neutrophils, 778
phagocytes, 778
Immunity, dietary fat, 778
cell-mediated,
cholesterol, 784785
essential fatty acid, 780781
level, 778780
oxidized, 785
parenteral and enteral lipids, 787789
plasma lipoprotein, 785787
specific fatty acid, 781784
type, 778780

Page 1028
Immunological renal disease, 895, 898902
nephritis, 895, 898901
nephrosis, 895, 901
nephrotoxicity, 895, 901902
Indian wood apple seed, 262
Induction period, 19
Infant foods, trans fatty acids, 342
Infant formulas, 402
Infantile Refusum's disease, 964, 971972
beta-oxidation, 971
neurological deficits, 971972
plasma fatty acid, 972
treatment, 972
Inflammation, 789791
dietary fat, 789
eicosanoids, 790
Inflammatory bowel disease, 793794
eicosanoids, 793
neutrophils, 793
Inflammatory disease, 789794
amyloidosis, 794
asthma, 793
dietary lipids, 789, 791794
eicosanoids, 790
inflammatory bowel disease, 793794
psoriasis, 791
rheumatoid arthritis, 791792
Infrared absorption, 40
Infrared spectroscopy, 40
Insulin secretion, 588
Intermediate-chain fatty acid, 731
Interaction, dietary corbohydrates and lipids, 517531
Interestified fat, 627
Interfacial properties, 40
tension, 4041
Intralipid, satiating effect, 718
Intramuscular fat, 83
Intravenous feeding, 403
Iodine value, 26, 39, 210
Ipurolic acid, 11
Iron, dietary fat, 547551
absorption, 548
animal study, 547
human studies, 548
meat factor, 549
retention, 547
Isanic acid, 10
Isanolic, 10, 11
Isolation, lipids, 4751
Isomerase, 888
Isomers, fatty acids, 2627
(see also trans fatty acids)
antiatherogenic properties, 681
anticarcinogenic properties, 679681
body composition, 682
cancer, 675677
cell signaling, 615
coronary heart disease, 668
foods, 667
formation, 27
health effects, 667682
intake, 669, 672, 677
occurrence, 638639
safety, 667682
serum lipid, 640660, 668675
U S diet, 677
Isomerization, 20, 2527
hydrogenation, 27
processing, 412
Isoricinoleic acid, 10
Isotopic methods, 6780
Isotopic tracer, 6976
J
Jacaric acid, 8
Jack, Crevalle, 155
Jack fruit, 248
Jalapinolic acid, 10
Japanic acid, 5
Japonica seed, 260
Jojoba oil, 407
Juniperic acid, 10
K
Kamlolenic acid, 11
Karaka seed, 260
Keto fatty acids, 4, 689
milk fat, 120
ketone, 689
kidney (see renal)
Kingfish, southern 155
Kokum fat, seed, 255
L
Lacceric acid, 4
Lacceroic acid, 4
Lactation, milkfat, 734, 749, 750
Lactone, 689
Lady fish, 155
Lamb lipids
(see also mutton tallow):
cooking effect, 8587, 95

Page 1029
[Lamb lipids]
fatty acids, 8587
Lard, 391
(see also pork)
autoxidation, 19
fatty acids, 88, 210, 390, 624
density, 42
membrane, 573, 577
Lasca, 164
Latent heat of fusion, 3536
Lauric acid, 4, 731
Lauroleic acid, 7
Lecithin, 459
Lecithin-cholesterol acyl traqnsferase, 459
Leguminosae, 259
Lemon, 243
Lesquerolic acid, 10
Lettuce, 591
Leukocytes, 777, 778
Leukotrienes, 24 , 586590
(see also eicosanoids)
biosynthesis, 586587
cell signaling, 608
chemotaxis 892
inflammation, 789, 892
physiological function, 588
renal, 888892
vasoconstriction, 892
Light-induced lipid oxidation, 832
Lignoceric acid, 4
Lime seed, 247
Lindoric acid, 7
Linoleic acid: 8, 40
arachidonic acid conversion, 489, 847
deficiency symptoms, 558
enlongation, 160, 847
gene expression, adipocyte, 603
isomers, 118120, 592
metabolic fates, 560
oxidized, 695697
requirement, 559
Linolenic acid, 8, 731
alpha, 731, 819
enlongation, 160, 847
gamma, 489, 591592, 731, 916, 973
isomers, 119
metabolic fate, 560, 818, 847, 973
mineral retention, 547
requirement, 559
Linseed, 366
Linseed oil (flax), 210, 216217, 363, 591
flaxseed, 217
nutritive value, 217
Lipase, 398, 407, 484, 847
Lipids (see fats or fatty acids)
Lipid disorders, diabetes, 935937
fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, 935
lipid-lowering agents, 936
lipolysis inhibitors, 935936
metal ions, 936937
Lipid lowering agents, 936
Lipid metabolism:
carbohydrate, 518
compartment, 6769
diabetes, 925927, 933937
hepatic enzymes, 521
isotopic methods, 6780
isotopomers, 72
lipogenesis, 521
lipoprotein, 518
practical applications, 7677
radioisotopes, 7172
stable isotope, 72, 7477
tracer activity, 7071
Lipid peroxidation, 765
carcinogenesis, 873
signal transduction, 1003
schizophrenics, 1003
Lipid transfer protein, 464465
cholesteryl ester, 465
lipoproteins, 464465
phospholipid transfer, 464
triacylglycerol, 465
Lipogenesis, 521531
carbohydrate, 528
dietary lipid, 521531
fatty acid synthetase, 522
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 522528
glycogen, 524
hepatocytes, 528
malic enzyme, 522, 529531

Page 1030
[Lipogenesis]
NADPH, 522
starvation, 526
Lipoic acid, 858
Lipolysis, inhibitors, 935936
Lipoprotein lipase, 459, 577
Lipoproteins:
apolipoproteins, 456
assembly, 453456
cholesterol, 467469, 852, 853
dietary cholesterol, 467468
dietary fatty acid composition, 468469
dietary lipid level, 469
hypocholesterolemic mechanisms, 469474
transport, 463464
triacylglycerol structure, 469
circulating, 493
fatty acid, 851855
homeostasis, 851855
monounsaturated fatty acids, 854
lipase, 459, 577
lipid transfer, 455465
apolipoproteins, 456, 473
catabolic rate, 471
cholesterol utilization, 465
chylomicron, 460462, 852
fatty acids, 851855
fluidity, 471
high-density lipoproteins (HDL), 463
lipid transfer protein, 464465
low density lipoproteins, 462463
macrophages, 786
oxygen radicals, 786
particle size, 472
receptors, 461462, 471
reverse cholesterol transport, 463464
synthetic rate, 471, 471
very low density lipoproteins, 460, 462
receptor-independent uptake, 462
receptor-mediated uptake, 461
size, 472
structure 455456
synthesis 457
high density lipoprotein, 457
low density lipoprotein, 457
transport, 463465
cholesterol, 463
triglyceride-rich, 453, 852
uptake, 461463
receptor-independent, 462
receptor-mediated, 461
Liposomes, 404
Lipoxygenase, 2425, 420, 588, 590
atherogenesis, 857
cell signaling, 608
eicosanoid formation, 687, 888
Lipoxin, 587, 588
Liquid separation, 4751
Liver, lipids:
beef, 317
chicken, 134
disease, 809814
duck, 135
fatty acid, 810
goose, 135
microsome, 768769
mitochondria, 770772
pathology, 691
turkey, 134
Liver disease, 809814
alcoholic, 809810, 812
arachidonic acid, 812
cytochrome P-450, 811812
fatty acid ethyl esters, 813
hepatocarcinogenesis, 868
hepatic fatty acid, 810812
peroxidsome proliferator activated receptors, 813
Lobster, 159, 165
Living rate theory of aging, 770
Long-chain fatty acid, 731
blood lipid, 744746
cognitive function, 746748
human milk, 741746
diet, 743
lactation, 743
Long chain triglycerides, 4
excretion, 730
growth, 739
Longsut, 623

Page 1031
Loquats, 243
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
receptor, 461, 462
receptor-independent intake, 462
Lumequic acid, 7
Lunch meat, trans fatty acids, 317318
Lutein, 441, 442
Luteotropic action, eicosanoid, 588
Lycopene, 441, 442
Lysolecithin, 459
Lymphocytes, 778
M
Macadamia, 251
Mackerel, 155, 159
canned, 162
cooked, 433
Mackeral oil, membrane, 577
Macrophages, 778
Macular degeneration, 834
age-related, 834
antioxidants, 834
oxidative damage, 834
Mafura, 251
Magnesium, dietary fat, 545, 550
Maize lipid, 277278
(see also corn)
endosperm, 278
germ, 278
total, 278
Malic enzyme, 530531
lipogenesis 530
Malonic acid, 5
Malvalic acid, 13
Malondialdehyde, 687
Malonate esters, 407
Malonyl CoA, 486
Maltose, satiating effect, 719
Malvaceae, 261
Mammary carcinogenesis, 870871
Mandarin seed, 247
Mango, 243
kernel, 249
Mangosteen, 623
Manaoic acid, 13
Maple seed, 260
Margaric acid, 4
Margarines, 394395
serum lipids, 653
tocopherols, 449
Masclar disease, 976981
carnitine deficiency, 976981
Mayonnaise, 321, 331
Mead's acid, 8
Meal, satiating effect, 718719
Meats and meat products, fatty acids, 83108
beef, 8587
chicken, 8587
depot fat, 83
factors affecting composition, 84936680
cooking, 8587 9496, 98
diet, 9193
environmental factor, 9394
genetic factor, 9394
species, 8489
tissue site, 8991
health concern, 9699
intramuscular lipid, 83
lamb, 8587
oxidation, 99101
oxidation products, 100
pork, 8587
processing, 88
subcutaneous fat, 9091
undesirable, 9697
veal, 8587
Medical food applications, 402
Medium-chain fatty acid, 731
colostrum, 738
mature milk, 737
prepartum secretion, 737
postpartum colostrum, 737
serum, 738
Medium-chain triglycerides, 383, 403
absorption, 739741
caloric, 379
excretion, 739
growth rate, 739
structure lipids, 403404
Meliaseae, 257, 259, 261
Melissic acid, 4
Melon seed, 247
Melting, 3133
Melting points, 33, 360

Page 1032
Membrane fluidity, 577, 857, 1001
carcinogenesis, 871
Membrane function, 576580
atherogenesis,
ATPase, 579
compartment, 576
dietary fat, 577
fluidity, 577, 857, 871
ion pump, 579
metabolic regulation, 576
Membrane lipid composition and structure, 569576
age effects, 575576
dietary effects, 573574
disease effects, 572573
fluid mosaic model, 569573
hormonal effects, 574575
phospholipid composition, 571572, 770772
Menhaden oil: 405
hydrogenated, 405
Mesta (kenaf), 260
Metabolic differences, 498499
Metabolic neuropathies, fatty acid abnormalities, 864981
diabetic neuropathies, 973975
multisystem neural degeneration plus, 976976
musclar disorder, 976
peroxisomal disorder, 964973
Metabolism, fatty acids, 453
catabolism, 490493
defect, 971978
diabetes, 925937
desaturation, 926927
oxidation, 929930
treatment effect, 933937
endogenous, 498499
enzymes, 459
exogenous, 498499
synthesis, 486490
Metal ions, diabetes, 936937
chromium, 936
molybdenum, 937
vanadium, 936
Microcirculation, 588
Milk and dairy products, fats, 109122
(see also butter)
bovine milk, 119120, 311, 313
branched-chain, 114
butter, 115118, 311
cheese, 313, 316
cholesterol, 110
cholesteryl ester, 110
composition, 109110, 733736
content, 734
diacylglycerol, 110
dienes, 120
fatty acid, 112122, 733
branched, 114
cyclic, 120
diene, 114, 120
free, 110
hydroxy, 120
isomers 117120, 735736
keto, 120
monoene, 114, 120
polyene, 114, 120
saturated, 114, 120
seasonal influence, 113
triene, 114, 120
human, 733
monoacylglyceril, 110
phospholipid, 110
serum lipid, 626
triacylglycerol, 110
Microsomal fatty acid, 768769
Millet, 281282
Mimosaceae, 261
Minerals, dietary fat, 541551
absorption, 543
calcium, 542544, 550
copper, 545547, 550
iron, 546551
magnesium, 545, 550
retention, 543, 546, 547
utilization, 543
zinc, 545547, 550
Mineral oil, calcium absorption, 543
Miscella stripping, 412, 413
Mitochondrial beta-oxidation, 977
acyl CoA dehydrogenase, 977

Page 1033
[Mitochondrial beta-oxidation]
carnitine, 977
carnitine palmitoyltransferase, 977
Mitochondrial fatty acid, 770773
pigeon, 770772
rat, 770772
Molybdenum, 939
Monkfish, 159
Monocytes, 777, 778
Monosaturated fatty acids, 67, 390
cis form, 638
dietary effect, 92
isomers, 637660
lipoproteins, 854
salmon, 50
thrombosis, 850
trans form, 638
vegetable oil, 50, 390
Montanic acid, 4
Moraceae, 258
Moroctic acid, 8
Mowrah fat, kernel, 255
Muffins, 295
Mullet, 155, 163
Multiple sclerosis, 975
Multisystem neuronal degeneration plus, 975976
serum phospholipids, 975
treatment, 976
Murumuru, 253
tallow, 210
Mussel, 159
Mustards seed, 263
Mutagenicity, 698699
Mutton tallow (sheep fats):
composition, 88
Myristic acid, 731
N
N-3 fatty acids, 560
biosynthesis, 492
deficiency, membrane, 577
diabetes, 921924
eicosanoids, 586587
fish oil, 921924
food systems, 591
gamma-linolenic acid, 731, 916
lipoproteins, 855
membrane, 577
metabolic conversion, 489
milkfat, 733, 742, 751
nomenclature, 2
oxidized, 694
physiological functions, 561, 587
seafoods,
N-6 fatty acids, 2, 560, 561
deficiency, membrane, 577
deficiency symptoms, 558
diabetes, 919921, 973
lipoproteins, 854
milkfat, 733, 751
Nabk, 243
NADPH, fatty acid synthesis, 522
Natural killer (NK) cells, 588, 778
Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, 964, 971972
beta-oxidation, 971
neurological deficits, 971
plasma fatty acids, 972
treatment, 972
Nephritis, 691, 887, 895, 898899
Nephron (see also renal), 884
Nephrosis, 887, 895, 901
Nephrotoxicity, 895, 901902
Nephrotoxins, 887
Nervonic acid, 7, 8
Neuroimmunological disease, 981982
abnormal fatty acid metabolism, 981982
Reye's syndrome, 981982
metabolic disturbances, 981982
pathogenesis, 982
treatment, 982
Neuromuscular disorders and fatty acids, 963982
acatalasia, 974
adrenoleukodystrophy, 964
alpha-oxidation, 966
beta-oxidation, 966
carnitine deficiency, 976981
cystic fibrosis, 975
diabetic neuropathy, 973975
enzyme deficiencies, 964
essential fatty acid deficiency, 975

Page 1034
[Neuromuscular disorders and fatty acids]
glutaric aciduria, 964
hyperoxaluria, 964
hyperpipecolatemia, 964
hypertrophic neutopathy, 975
infantile Refsum's disease, 964
metabolic neuropathies, 964976
abnormal fatty acid metabolism, 975
peroxisomal disorders, 964975
multiple sclerosis, 975
multisystern neuronal degeneration plus, 975
muscular disease, 976981
primary carnitine deficiency, 976978
secondary carnitine deficiency, 979981
neuroimmunological disease, 981
Reye's syndrome, 981982
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, 964
peroxisome deficiency disorders, 984976
assembly deficiency, 964
enzyme deficiency, 964
Refsum's disease, 981982
Reye's Syndrome, 964, 981
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, 964
Zellweger Syndrome, 964
Neutrophils, chemotaxis, 588
Nisinic acid, 8
Nitric oxide, 608
synthase, 608
Nomenclature, fatty acids, 12, 47
delta system, 2
English system, 2
IUPAC system, 1, 2
n system, 2
omega system, 2
semi-systemic, 2
structural system, 2
systematic, 2
trivial, 2
Non-immunological renal disease, 892898
eicosanoids, 893896
hypertension, 896898
partial nephrectomy, 895
subtotal renal ablation, 892896
Nutmeg butter, kernel, 255
seed, 263
Nutritive value and culinary practices, 427435
O
Oats, 272, 278
Oat oil, 210, 217219, 363, 364
antioxidants, 219
cultivars, 218
tocopherols, 219
Obtusilic acid, 7
Octene, 40
Octopus, 163
Ocular anatomy, 817819
Oilseeds (vegetable oils), 209229
processing effects, 412417
Okra seed, 257
Olefinic compounds, 2628
hydrogenation, 2728
Oleic acid, 7, 8, 731
serum lipid, 627, 656
Oleo oil, calcium absorption, 543
Olestra (olean), 375378, 407408
butter, 378
caloric, 379
confectionery, 378
cooking, 378
dairy products, 378
frozen desserts, 378
frying, 378
gravies, 378
margarine, 378
processed meat products, 378
salad dressing, 378
sauces, 378
shortening, 378
snack products, 377378
soups, 378
spread, 378
Olive, 243, 624
Olive oil, 219220
viscosity, 41
Omega-3 fatty acids
(see also n-3 fatty acids):
deficiency, 821
diabetes, 921924
enlongation, 160
fish, 154167
metabolic pathway, 819

Page 1035
Omega-6 fatty acids
(see also n-6 fatty acids):
diabetes, 919921
fish, 154167
omega-3 deficiency, 168
Onagraceae, 261
Onion, 263
seed, 263
Optical properties, 36
Orange, 243
seed, 247
Ouricuri, 253
Oxalic acid, 5
Oxidant stress theory, 765
Oxidation, fatty acids:
aging, 765
autoxidation, 1823, 419420, 688
beta-, 491
diabetes, 929930
enzymatic oxidation, 2425, 687
light-induced, 832
processing, 100
species, 100101
tocopherol, 101
photooxidation, 23, 687
products, 1824, 689
thermal oxidation, 2324, 687
Oxidation products, fatty acids, 1825, 689, 695
alcohol, 689
aldehydes, 2122, 689, 697701
aliphatic acid, 689
cyclic, 689
epoxide, 689
fats and oils, 689
free radicals, 2022
hydroperoxides 1824, 689, 692
hydroxy, 689
isomers, 2022
keto, 689
lactone, 689
polymeric materials, 689, 692
small compounds, 689, 692
volatile compounds, 21
Oxidative fission, 2930
Oxidative rancidity, 18,
Oxidative stability, 687689
genetic alterations, 357
vegetable oils, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220
Oxidized lipids:
absorption, 690691
dietary nutrients, 694695
degree of oxidation, 690694
frying oil, 691
liver pathology, 691
nephritis, 691
polymerized oil, 690
respiratory disease, 691
tumors, 691
Oxygenated fatty acids, 1013
cyclic, 1213
hydroxy, 11
polyphydroxy, 11
Oxysterol, 857
Oyster, 159, 166
Ozonide, 29
P
Padagobio, 164
Palm, 220221
kernel, 253
pulp, 253
Palm kernel oil, 220221,
fatty acid, 210, 364, 623, 624
viscosity, 41
Palm oil, 363
atherogenic, 631633
carotenoids, 442
crystallization curve, 37
fatty acid, 210, 364, 622624
heating curve, 38
hydrogenated, 3738
supply, 619622
tocopherols, 440
Palmitelaidic acid, 7
Palmitic acid, 4, 73, 76, 731
Palmitoleic acid, 7, 8, 731
Palmolein, serum cholesterol, 630

Page 1036
Pan spreads, 393394
Pancakes, 296
Pancreas carcinogenesis, 870
Pancreatic cholesterol lipase, 459
Pancreatic lipase, 459, 484
Pandaceae, 257
Papaya, 243
kernel, 249
Papilionaceae, 259
Parenteral lipids, 787789
cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 789
intralipid, 788
medium chain triglyceride, 788
long chain triglyceride, 788
n-3 fatty acid, 788
Parinaric acid, 8, 40
Parrot fish, 167
Partial nephrectomy, 895
eicosanoids, 895
linoleic acid, 893
Pasta, satiating effect, 719
Pasteurization, milkfat, 751
Pastry and pastry crust, trans fatty acids, 338340
Passion fruit seed, 249
Pathological consequences, 999
Pea, 196, 197
Peach, 243
kernel, 248
Peanut, 366
Peanut butter, trans fatty acids, 338, 340
Peanut oil, 221222, 363
atherogenic effect, 221
cultivar, 221
fatty acid, 26, 210, 364
hydrogenated, 26
serum lipids, 630
Pear, 243
Pecan, 251
Pelargonic acid, 4
Pepper, 180181
Pepperoni, 318
Perch, 166
Peripheral airway, constriction, 588
Peroxide value, 19,
Peroxidizability index, 770772
Peroxisome, 492
Peroxisome beta-oxidation, 492, 966, 969
defect, 969, 971
neuromuscular disorders, 969971
phospholipid esterification, 492
Peroxisomal disorders, 830, 964981
adrenoleukodystrophy, 964, 969971
beta-oxidation, 966969
classic Refsum's disease, 964, 965
fatty acids, 972
infantile Refsum's disease, 964, 971
metabolic defects, 965968
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, 964971
phytanic acid, 830, 965966, 968
retinopathies, 830831
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, 964, 968969
thiolase deficiency, 964
Zellweger's syndrome, 964, 971
Peroxisomal thiolase deficiency, 964
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, 599603
alcoholic liver disease, 813
fatty acids, 813
response genes, 600
Petroselinic acid, 7, 367
Phagocytes, 778
Pheasant muscle fat, 139
Phellonic acid, 10
Phosphatidate phosphatase, 577
Phospholipids:
atherogenesis, 857
cell signaling, 608
degradation, 1003
eicosanoids, 847
erythrocytes, 996
esterification, 492
function, 732
mammals, 732
membrane, 48, 571, 731
neuromuscular disease, 975
platelets, 996
serum, 975
structure, 570
Phospholipases, 491, 492, 587, 608613
A2, 610
C, 611
calcium dependent, 611
cell signaling, 608613
D, 612

Page 1037
[Phospholipases]
eicosapentaenoic acid, 491
Photooxidation, 23,
Physical properties, fatty acids, 3143
crystallization, 3133
density, 4243
dissociation energy of hydrogen, 18
fire point, 43
flash point, 43
fractionation, 3334
interfacial properties, 4041
isomerization, 20
latent heat of fusion, 36
melting, 3133
optical properties, 36
polymorphism, 3435
refractive index, 3639
rheological properties, 43
smoke point, 43
specific heat, 35
solubility, 4041
thermal properties, 3536
viscosity, 4142
Physical refining, 412, 415, 417
Physiological functions, 561562
Phytanic acid, 965969
analysis, 968
CoA synthase, 966
demeylination, 966
hydroxylation, 965
metabolic pathway, 966
Refsum's disease, 830, 965
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, 968
Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, 966
Pickle, 190195
Pies, 299
Pigeon, fatty acids, 318
Pike, 164
Pindo, 253
Pine nut, 251
Pineapple, 243
Pistachio, 251
Pizza, 300
Plant oils, 330
Plasma lipids
(see also serum lipids):
apolipoprotein, 455
branched fatty acid, 968
carotenes, 442
dietary fats, 644
human, 644, 658, 659
lipoproteins, 455, 658659, 785
lutein, 442
phytanic acid, 968
schizophrenic subjects, 997
Platelet,
activating factor, 849
aggregation, 588
atherogenesis, 857
eicosanoid, 588, 847
endothelium interaction, 849851
phospholipids, 996
thrombosis, 849
vasoactive amines, 849
Platelet activating factor, 613
atherogenesis, 857
Platelet derived growth factor, 849, 857
Plum, 243
Pollack, bluefish, 159
Polymerization, 23
Polymers, fatty acid, 689
biological effect, 690694
metabolism, 690693
tissue, 695
Polymorphism, 3435
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 79, 390
atherogenesis, 857
abnormal metabolism, 975
dietary treatment, 976
beta-oxidation, 633
beef, 50
binding protein, 600
cancer, 871873
absorption, 469
distribution, 469
excretion, 469
LCAT activity, 470
synthesis, 470
diabetic neuropathy, 973976,
essential fatty acids, 585, 780

Page 1038
[Polyunsaturated fatty acids]
immunity, 778784
inflammation, 789
intake, 560
lipoprtotein metabolism, 471473
catabolism, 471
fluidity, 471
particle size, 472
synthesis, 471
methylene-interrupted, 8
mineral balance, 541551
mineral retention, 542547
non-methylene-interrupted, 9
response element, 600
salmon, 50
thrombosis, 850851
Pompano, Florida, 433
Pomegranate, 249
Popcorn, 305
Poppy seed, 260, 363
Porgy, 155, 163
Pork lipids
(see also lard):
effect of cooking, 8587, 95
fatty acid composition, 8587, 90
Positional isomers, 2527
(see also trans fatty acids)
consumption, 348, 669, 672
foods, 667
occurrence, 638639
safety and health concern, 667681
serum lipid, 658660
tumor incidence, 676
Posttranscriptional control (see also gene expression), 601
Potassium channel, 614
Potatoes, fatty acids, 176180
chips, 177179
cultivars, 177
fried, 332, 334
Poultry, fatty acids, 8587
cooking, 8587
dietary effect, 133134, 142149
egg, 138139, 146
gizzard, 137
heart, 136
liver, 134, 135
muscle, 125133
chicken, 8587, 126, 131132
duck, 128
goose, 129
pheasant, 129
quail, 130
separable fat, 131
turkey, 127, 133
Poultry products, fatty acids, 125137
cured products, 141
processing effect, 131132, 140
Pregnancy, milkfat, 734, 949, 750
Pretzels, 305
Pristanoyl CoA, 966
Pristanoyl CoA dehydrigenase, 966
Processed foods, trans fatty acids, 334335
Processing, fats and oils, 388, 389
animal fats, 417
alkali refining, 389
antioxidants, 421422
bleaching, 389, 412, 417
caustic refining, 412, 417
cleaning, 412, 413
cooking, 412, 413
dehulling, 412, 413
degumming, 389, 412
deodirization, 389, 412, 417
drying, 412, 413
extraction, 389, 412, 413
fish oil, 418
flaking, 412, 413
grinding, 412, 413
hydrogenation, 412, 416, 417
miscella stripping, 412, 413
oilseed, 413417
physical refining, 412, 417
rendering, 417
rolling, 412, 413
seed selection, 412, 413
storage, 413, 419
supercritical carbon dioxide processing, 418419
undesirable changes, 419421
hydrolysis, 420
isomerization, 421
oxidation, 419

Page 1039
Propionic acid, 4,
Prostacycline, 592, 847, 857
Prostaglandins, 24, 586591
(see also eicosanoids)
cardiovascular, 588, 857
formation, 586, 588590
inflammation, 588, 789
isomerase, 888
platelet aggregation, 588
reductase, 888
renal, 588, 888892
synthetase, 888
thrombosis, 588
Protein kinase, 603
calcium/calmodulin-dependent, 603
mitogen activated, 603
Proximate analysis, 48
Prune kernel, 248
Psoriasis, 791
fish oil, 791
leukotrienes, 791
Psychiatric disorders, fatty acids, 9951007
major depression, 10051007
schizophrenia, 9951005
Psyllic acid, 4
Puddings, 301
Puffy pastry, 298
Pumpkin, seed, 248
Punic acid, 8
Pyrulic acid, 10
Q
Quahog, 159, 166
Quail, fatty acids:
egg, 146
muscle, 130
Quince, 243
R
Radioisotopes, 7172
Rag, silver, 155
Rainbow trout, 164
Rambutan, 623
Rancidity, 18
Randomization, 30
Rapeseed, 363
Rapeseed oil, 363
fatty acid, 210, 364
low erucic acid, 211213
tocopherols, 440
viscosity, 41
Raspberry, 242
Rat mitochondria, 770772
Rate of appearance, 7779
Reactive oxygen species, 764
Redfish, ocean perch, 159
Red snapper, 156
Red emperor, 167
Refractive index, 3638
phytanic acid, 830
Renal (kidney):
disease, 886887
acute renal failure, 887
chronic renal failure 887
diet, 902903
nephritis, 887
nephrosis, 887
nephrotoxic renal disease, 887
eicosanoids, 888896
leukotrienes, 888, 892
production, 888
prostaglandins, 889, 892
thromboxanes, 892
functions, 883886
hypertension, 896896
immunological disease, 898902
non-immunological disease, 892898
Renal failure, 886887
acute, 886887
chronic, 887
Renal system, 883886
Rendering, 417
Respiratory disease, 691
Retinal, 817820
anatomy, 818
ecosapentaenoic acid, 819
linolenic acid, 819
Retinitis pigmentosa, 824
electroretinographic function, 829
Retinoid receptor, 600
Retinopathies, fatty acids, 824832
abetalipoproteinemia, 832
Batten's disease, 831832
fatty acid abnormalities, 826828

Page 1040
[Retinopathies, fatty acids]
peroxisomal disorders, 830831
retinitis pigmentosa, 824828
Usher's disease, 831
Retroconversion, docosahexaenoic acid, 491
Reye's Syndrome, 981982
metabolic disturbance, 981
pathologies, 982
Rheological properties, 43
Rheumatoid arthritis, 791792
eicosanoids, 792
neutrophil, 792
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, 964, 968971
hydroxyphytanic acid, 968
phytanic acid, 968
plasma fatty acid, 972
Rice, 272, 276277
bran, 210, 276, 363
brown, 276
white, 276
Rice oil, 210, 222223, 277, 363
Ricinoleic acid, 10
Roach, cobite, 164
Rolling, 412, 413
Rooster, 318
Roselle seed, 258
Rubber tree, 623
Rudd, 164
Runner, blue, 155
S
Sabinic acid, 10
Safflower, 366
Safflower oil, 223224, 363
fatty acids, 210, 364
membrane, 577
Salad dressings (see also dressings), 398399
Salmon, fatty acids, 50, 159, 161
effect of feed, 170
Salad dressings, 321, 331
Sandalwood, 259
Santalbic acid, 10
Saponification value, 210
Satiating effects, 711725
caloric densities, 713
carbohydrate, 712721, 723724
corn oil, 719, 720
corn starch, 719
cream, 719
dextrose, 718
fat, 715724
glucose, 719
individual difference, 715, 722
intralipid, 718
learned control, 723725
maltose, 718, 719
meal, 712, 715
mixed meal, 718, 719
olive oil, 720
pasta, 719
physiological mechanism, 721
safflower oil, 720
skim milk, 718
yogurt, 718, 719
Saturated fatty acids, 26, 390
chemical name, 4
diabetes, 924925
milk fat, 120
molecular formula, 4
reactivity, 17
salmon, 50
serum lipid, 656, 658
thrombosis, 849
trivial names, 4
Sauce, trans fatty acids, 331
Sausages, trans fatty acids, 317318
Savetta, 164
Scad, 155, 163
Scallop, 159, 166
Schizophrenia, 9951005
biochemical mechanisms, 10021004
fatty acid incorporation, 1003
phospholipids degradation, 1003
polyunsaturated fatty acid, 1002, 1004
essential fatty acid treatment, 1004
impaired membrane dynamic, 999, 10011002
dopamine transporter receptor, 1002
free radical production, 10011002
glutamatergic neurotransmission, 1002

Page 1041
[Schizophrenia]
membrane fluidity, 1001
serotonin, 1002
membrane lipids, 996999
brain, 999, 1000
erythrocytes, 996, 998, 999
plasma, 997
platelets, 996
Scorpionfish, 163
Seafood (see fish or fish oil)
Sea trout, spotted, 155
Seeds, 258, 261
oil, 259, 260
Sepia, 163
Serotonin dysfunction, 1002
Serum (see also plasma) lipids,
dietary fats, 624628
palm oil, 624631
Sesame oil, 210, 224225, 363, 364
Shad, American, 155
Shakes, 297
Shark, 156
Shea butter, kernel 255
Sheep fat, membrane lipids, 573, 577
Sheepshead, 156
Shellfish 165166
(see also fish):
acyl lipids, 48
crustacea, 165
mulluscs, 166
Short-chain fatty acid, 731
absorption, 455
Shortenings, 320321, 392393
Shrimp, 159, 166
Signal transduction, 1003
carcinogenesis, 873
Singlet oxygen, 23,
Skin carcinogenesis, 868
Small molecular weight compounds, 695701
digestion, 695
hydroxyalkenals, 699701
malondialdehyde, 697699
tissue, 695
Smelt, 159
Smoke point, 43
Smooth muscle cell, contraction, 588
Snapper, red 156
cooked, 433
Sodium channel, 613
Solanaceous crops, 176181
Sole, winter flounder, 159
Solubility, 40
Sorbestrin, 379
Sorghum, 272
Soursop seed, 249
Soybean, 196, 197, 365
Soybean oil, 225227, 363
acyl group, 368
density, 42
hydrogenated, 26, 226, 622, 652654
lipoxygenase, 27
membrane, 577
stability, 227
supply, 621
viscosity, 41
Spanish flag, 167
Specific heat, 3536
Spectral properties, 38, 40
infrared, 38
ultraviolet, 40
Spices, 256264
Spinach, 197, 591
Sponge gourd, 260
Spot, 156
Spreads, 394
Spurge fruit, 262
Squid, 159, 163
Stable isotope, 7476
Stearic acid, 4, 499, 731
Stearidonic acid, 8
Stearolic acid, 10
Sterculic acid, 13
Sterculiaceae, 261
Sterols, function, 732
Storage effects, 419421
autoxidation, 419
hydrolysis, 420
isomerization, 420
oxidation, 419
photooxidation, 420
Storage lipid, 732
Strawberry, 243
Structure lipids, 378, 381383, 403, 732
benefat, 379, 382

Page 1042
[Structure lipids]
caprenin, 379, 381
neobee and captex series, 382
red blood cells, 732
Sturgeon, 159
Subtotal renal ablation, 892896
Succinic acid, 5
Sunflower oil, 227229, 363, 366
fatty acid, 50, 210, 364
frying, 229
membrane lipids, 573
serum lipids, 653
viscosity, 41
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, 418419
Superoxide anion, 588, 764, 1001
Superoxide dismutase, 764
Surface tension, 41
Sweet almond, tocopherols, 440
Sweet corn, 200201
(see also corn)
chip, 201, 202
high oil, 201
Sweet potatoes, 197200
development, 197
storage, 198200
Swordfish, 159
Syrups, 291
T
T-cell, 778, 779
Table spreads, trans fatty acids, 322327
Tallow, 393
(see also beef and mutton)
energy deposition,
energy expenditure,
Tamarind, 243, 623
seed, 249
Tangerine, 243
Taramira, 263
Tariric acid, 10
Tempering, 33
Thapsic acid, 5
Thermal effect of food, 520
Thermal oxidation, 2324
Thermal properties, 3536
heat content curve, 35
latent heat of defusion, 36
specific heat, 36
Thermogenesis, 519521
brown adipose tissue, 519
cafeteria diet, 520
futile cycle, 520
glucose-induced, 520
obesity, 519
thermal effect of food, 520
Thioesterase, 487
Thiokinase, 491
Thiolase, 491
Thrombosis:
platelet-endothelium interaction, 849851
mono-unsaturated fatty acids, 850
Thromboxanes, 24, 586590
(see also eicosanoids):
atherogenesis, 857
biosynthesis, 586, 587
dietary fatty acids, 586, 847
cardiovascular disease,
formation, 888
physiological function, 588
platelet-endothelium interaction, 857
renal, 888892
vasoconstrition, 891, 892
Tilefish, 156
Tilliaceae, 257
Tobacco seed, 260, 363
Tocopherols, 440
canola oil, 212
coconut oil, 440
corn oil, 440
cottonseed oil, 440
margarine, 440
oat oil, 219
olive oil, 440
oxidized fats and oils, 694
palm oil, 440
peanut oil, 440
rapeseed oil, 440
rice bran oil, 223
safflower oil, 440
soybean oil, 440
structure, 440
sunflower oil, 440
sweet almond, 440
wheat germ, 440

Page 1043
Tocotrienols:
coconut oil, 440
palm oil, 440
structure, 440
wheat germ oil, 440
Tomatoes, fatty acids, 176180
green house, 180
processing, 179180
seed, 179, 248
Topping dessert, 297
Toxicity, 872
Trail mix, 305
Trans fatty acids, 6
(see also isomeric fatty acids)
analysis, 5560
animal fats, 313, 319
anticarcinogenic properties, 679681
beef, 317319
bovine milk, 118119, 313
butter, 117, 311, 314315, 346
cheese, 316
chicken, 317319
cholesterol, 651654
composite diets, 343
configuration, 638
cookies, 338340
dairy products, 313, 315, 316
diabetes, 924
fast foods, 331334
hydrogenation, 639640
hydrogenated soybean oil, 621
human milk, 341
infant foods, 342
intake estimate, 335
lard, 319, 346
lipoproteins, 854
margarines, 311, 312, 320, 322327, 346
mayonnaise, 331
meats, 313, 317318, 346
milk fats, 118119, 314315, 346
nomenclature, 6
occurrence, 592, 638640
per capita daily consumption, 346
pork, 317319
processed foods, 334, 338340
safety, 667682
salad oils, 321, 346
sauces, 331
shortenings, 312, 320, 328329, 346
soups, 331
snack items, 336337
table spreads, 322325
tallow, 319
vegetable oils, 321, 331, 346
yogurt, 316
Transferase, acyl CoA-cholesterol acyl, 459
Transcriptional control (see also gene expression), 599601)
Transport, lipids, 455465
cholesterol, 463
chylomicron, 460
enzymes, 459
lipoproteins, 455463
metabolism, 459465
structure, 455457
synthesis, 457
receptor, 461
transfer protein, 464465
Triacylglycerol, hydrolysis, 459
Tropic oil, 622
Trout, 159, 167
Triggerfish, gray, 156
Tripalmitin, calcium absorption, 543
Tristearin, calcium absorption, 543
Tropical oils, 622
Tsuzuic acid, 7
Tucum oil, 210
kernel, 253
pulp, 253
Tumor incidence, 676, 691
Tuna, 161, 162
Tung, 262
Turbot, 159
Turkey, fatty acids:
canned, 140
cooked, 136137
egg, 146
feed, 133134
frame, 139
gizzard, 137
ham, 141
heart, 136
liver, 134
muscle, 126127
roll, 140
roasted, 133
skin, 133
trans form, 318319

Page 1044
Turnip, 186190
Turnover, 334
U
Ucuhuba butter, kernel, 255
Ultraviolet absorption, 40
Unsaturated fatty acids, 610
(see also polyunsaturated fatty acids)
cis, 6
conjugated, 78
monosaturated,
polyunsaturated, 910
reactivity, 1718
tetraenes, 8
trans, 6
trienes, 8
Unsaturation index, 770772
Urticaeae, 263
Usher's disease, 831
Ustilic acid, 11
V
Vaccenic acid, 78
Valeric acid, 4
Vanadium, 936
Vanaspati, serum lipids, 628
Vasoconstriction, 847, 891, 892
pro-aggregatory, 857
Vasodilation, 588, 847, 857, 892
anti-aggregatory, 857
Veal
(see also beef):
cooking, 8587
fatty acid composition, 8587, 95
Vegetables:
crucifers, 182187-
cucurbits, 187196
pulse crops, 196202
solanaceous crops, 176181
Vegetable oils, 209229
fatty acid composition, 210,
halogenation, 29
membrane, 577
processing, 412
storage effect, 419
Vegetables and vegetable products, 176202
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
metabolism, 460461
receptor, 462
synthesis, 447
Viscosity, 4142
Visual disorders, 832834
age-related macular degeneration, 834
diabetic retinopathy, 833834
light damage, 832833
polyunsaturated lipids, 832833
Visual function:
development, 821824
dysfunction, 821834
fatty acid, 817835
measurement, 820821
electroretinography, 820
visual acute test, 821
Viamin C:
atherogenesis, 858
Vitamin D, aclcium absorption, 543
Vitamin E
(see also tocopherol):
abetalipoproteinemia, 832
activity, 439
immunity response, 785
oxidized fats, 694695
Volatile, fatty acids, 47
analysis, 59
W
Waffles, 296
Wax ester, 407
Walnut, 591
Weakfish, 156
Weaver, 163
Wheat germ tocopherols, 440
Wheat lipids:
bran, 275
germ, 275
endosperm, 275
glutenin, 276
whole grain, 275
whole kernel, 272, 274276
Whipped cream, 719
Whitefish, 165
Wild mustard, 263
Winter flounder, sole, 159
Wolffish, catfish, 159
X
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 964, 969971
long chain fatty acids, 969970
treatment, 970
X-ray diffraction, 34

Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications 2nd Ed (2000)

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of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation

Additional Volumes in Preparation

Main Seafood Enzymes: Their Influence on Postharvest Seafood Quality, edited by

Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications

Start of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation

Start of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation

10. Fatty Acids in Oilseeds (Vegetable Oils)

Start of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation

26. Fatty Acids and Membrane Function

41. Dietary Fatty Acids and Cancer

Start of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation

42. Fatty Acids and Renal Disease

Start of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation

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