Morpho 2 ST17moodle

Introduction to the Study of Language 2
Morphology 2
Julia Skala, ST17

based on Evelien Keizer ST16
Morphology sessions
Phonology
Morphology 1: Morphemes & allomorphs

Morphology 2: Word formation
Semantics
Syntax
ISL 2 2
Todays programme
}
1. The term morphology
2. What is a word/morpheme?
3. Types of morphemes Review
4. Allomorphy
5. Inflection vs. derivation
6. Word formation
ISL2 3
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone

abstract phonological physical realisation
category which of a speech sound
constitutes the [] beaten (Plag 2007: 33)
minimal distinctive unit narrow
in the phonology of a
/t/ [ ] brittle transcription
language (Plag 2007: [th] turtle
239)
broad transcription [t] understand
Morpheme vs. morph
ISL 2 4
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
[] beaten
Complementary
/t/ [ ] brittle
distribution
[th] turtle
[t] understand
_____________
conditioned
Morpheme vs. morph
ISL 2 5
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
[] beaten
Complementary
/t/ [ ] brittle
distribution
[th] turtle
[t] understand
phonologically
conditioned
Morpheme vs. morph
ISL 2 6
Review: Allomorphs
abstract phonological physical realisation

category which Phoneme vs. phone of a speech sound
constitutes the (Plag 2007: 33)
minimal distinctive unit [] beaten
in the phonology of a /t/ [ ] brittle
language (Plag 2007:
239) [th] turtle
[t] understand
smallest meaningful physical realisation

unit of language, Morpheme vs. morph of a morpheme, e.g.
traditionally viewed as an acoustic speech
a unit of form and [s] cats signal or
meaning (Plag 2007: orthographic symbol
{plural} [z] frogs
238) on a sheet of paper
[z] horses (Plag 2007: 238)
ISL 2 7
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
Morpheme vs. morph

Complementary
distribution
[s] cats
{plural} [z] frogs
[z] horses
phonologically
conditioned
ISL 2 8
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
Morpheme vs. morph

Complementary
distribution
[mais] mice
{mouse}{plural}
[mas][z] mouses
_____________
conditioned
ISL 2 9
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
Morpheme vs. morph

Complementary
distribution
[mais] mice
{mouse}{plural}
[mas][z] mouses
_____________
conditioned
ISL 2 10
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
Morpheme vs. morph

Complementary
distribution
[mais] mice
{mouse}{plural}
[mas][z] mouses
___lexically____
conditioned
ISL 2 11
Review: Allomorphs
mouse mouse
2 lexemes (word as an abstract unit in the vocabulary of a language (Plag 2007: 90)
ISL 2 12
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
Morpheme vs. morph phonologically

conditioned
___lexically____
{ } /fanat/ conditioned
_____________
{negation} { } /nfnt/ conditioned
ISL 2 13
Review: Allomorphs
Phoneme vs. phone
Morpheme vs. morph phonologically

conditioned
___lexically____
{ } /fanat/ conditioned
morphologically
{negation} { } /nfnt/ conditioned
ISL 2 14
Review: Types of morphemes
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 15
AUTONOMY
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 16
AUTONOMY
FUNCTION
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 17
AUTONOMY
FUNCTION
POSITION
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 18
AUTONOMY Free (lexeme) Bound (affix)
FUNCTION
POSITION
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 19
Lexical Grammatical Grammatical

FUNCTION (open) (closed)
Lexical (open)
(closed)
POSITION
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 20

Lexical (open)
(closed)
Function
Content word
Word
POSITION
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 21

Lexical (open)
(closed)
Function Derivational Inflectional

Content word
Word affix affix
POSITION
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 22

Lexical (open)
(closed)

Content word
Word affix affix
POSITION prefix suffix suffix
(Kortmann 2005:88)
ISL 2 23
quickly
Free (lexeme) Bound (affix)
this
could
hav ing helped (open) (closed)
Lexical (open)
(closed)
unhappy
have a child Content word
Word affix affix
prefix suffix suffix
ISL 2 24
5. Derivation vs. inflection
free bound
lexical cat, exam, elect, idea, ...

beauty, ...
(open class)
grammatical the, a, this, that, he, ...
there, will, ...
(closed class)
ISL2 25
free bound

beauty, ...
(open class)
there, will, ...
(closed class)
ISL2 26
free bound
lexical cat, exam, elect, idea,gra ...

beauty, ... mm
(open class) atic
grammatical the, a, this, that, he, aliza...
there, will, ... tion
(closed class)
ISL2 27
free bound

beauty, ... mm
(open class) atic
(closed class)
ISL2 28
free bound

beauty, ... mm
(open class) atic
(closed class)
Pronouns (a closed paradigm)

I we
you you
he she it they
ISL2 29
free bound

beauty, ...
(open class)
there, will, ...
(closed class)
Pronouns (a closed paradigm)
I we
you youall /yous
he she it they
ISL2 30
5. Derivational vs. inflectional affixes
Bound lexical affixes Bound grammatical affixes

(derivational) (inflectional)
real-ity, fond-ness tree-s, cat-s, bush-es,
re-write, dis-claim sing-ing, went
play-er, friend-ly These,
Kirsche-n, Auto-s English has
Kch-in, an-himmel-n sag-t, sag-t-e been loosing
farb-ig, Ge-schreib-sel ge-bund-en over time;
there are
spt-er
very few left
ISL2 31
5. Inflection Russian vs. Mandarin Classes of nouns:
different
declensions
N-CLASS I (m) N-CLASS II (f)
Case Sg Pl Sg Pl Sg Pl
Nominative (subj.) kod kodi sonata sonati

Accusative (obj.) kod kodi sonatu sonati
Genitive (of ...) koda kodov sonati sonat
Dative (to ...) kodu kodam sonate sonatam
Instrumental (with kodom kodami sonatoj sonatam
...) i
Prepositional kode kodax sonate sonatax
(about...)
Declination
Classes cases -> different forms

ISL2 32
5. Inflection Russian vs. Mandarin Classes of nouns:
different
declensions
N-CLASS I (m) N-CLASS II (f)
Case Sg Pl Sg Pl Sg Pl
Nominative (subj.) kod kodi sonata sonati
Accusative (obj.) kod kodi sonatu sonati
Genitive (of ...) koda kodov sonati sonat
Dative (to ...) kodu kodam sonate sonatam
Instrumental (with kodom kodami sonatoj sonatami
...)
Prepositional kode kodax sonate sonatax
(about...)
Declination
Paradigm
Classes cases -> different forms
ISL2 33
5. Inflection Italian vs. Mandarin
credere finire
Person Present Past Present Past Present Past
indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative
1 credo credei finisco finii
2 credi credisti finisci finisti
3 crede cred finisce fin
1 crediamo credemm finiamo finimmo
o
2 credete credeste finite finiste
3 credono crederono finisciono finirono
Conjugation
?
Neg.know. Like.inter
ISL2 I dont know. Do you like it? 34
Inflection in English:
Old English (until ca 1100): nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles,
pronouns were inflected
Norman conquest 1066: English resricted to spoken, only
Anglo-Saxons: change takes place in spoken language, writing
catches up)
Inflections gradually disappeared: in Middle English (14th C.),
which once again became the standard hardly any left
English today: only a limited number of grammatical relations
are expressed by inflection
ISL2 35
5. Inflection in English
suffix function examples

-s plural (nouns) cats, days
s possessive (nouns) Susan's
-ed past tense (verbs) played, stopped
-ed past participle (verbs) played, stopped
-s 3rd pers sg (verbs) plays, stops
-ing progressive (verbs) playing, going
-er comparative (adj.) warmer, colder
-est superlative (adj.) coldest, highest
and this is more
or less it
ISL2 36
Definitions
If new lexemes are created by adding an affix to a lexical base,

this is called derivation
If grammatical information and categories are expressed by

affixes, this is called inflection
ISL2 37
derivation inflection
can change wordclass never changes wordclass
variable form-meaning relationship stable form-meaning
affixes attach to a subset of relationship
possible bases attach to all possible bases
English: suffixes + prefixes English: only suffixes
ISL2 38
derivation inflection
can change wordclass never changes wordclass
variable form-meaning relationship stable form-meaning
affixes attach to a subset of relationship
possible bases attach to (almost) all possible
bases
English: suffixes + prefixes English: only suffixes
ISL2 39
5. Derivation in English: indication of complexity
amorphous immoral apolitical atypical untypical
Illegitimate amoral away antisocial awake asocial unsocial
inarticulate inexpensive infertile influx induce
anesthetic impose alive aside anew asleep aboard
ISL2 40
a- not/without
sorted by form Competes with
un- and in-
amorphous apolitical atypical immoral untypical
amoral away awake asocial antisocial Illegitimate unsocial
anesthetic alive aside anew asleep aboard impose
ISL2 41
a- not/without
un- and in-
ISL2 42
a- not/without
un- and in-
ISL2 43
a- not/without
Competes with
un- and in-
atypical untypical
asocial antisocial unsocial
amoral immoral
amorphous apolitical anesthetic Illegitimate inarticulate
inexpensive infertile
away awake alive aside anew asleep aboard influx induce impose
a- from OE Different from
on/in/at other adjectives
ISL2 44
a- not/without
Competes with
un- and in-
atypical untypical
amoral immoral
a- from OE no adverbs
cannot go into attributive position, only into predicative position
on/in/at
prepositional phrases originally (which couldnt do that)
ISL2 45
in- not/without
Usually with Latin
stems
atypical untypical
amoral immoral
in- in/into
ISL2 46
5. Derivation in English
a-1 [Greek a-]

not or without
anaesthesic (Greek aisthsis, sensation); amorphous (Greek morph,
form),
native English stems: apolitical; atypical
slightly different from other negative elements:
someone who is immoral does not conform to moral precepts, but
someone amoral lacks a moral sense
a person who is antisocial acts against the laws and customs of
society, but one who is asocial is hostile to social interaction.
From: Michael Quinion's Affixes: The Building Blocks of English, based on his book Ologies
and Isms: Word Beginnings and Endings (2002).
ISL2 47
a-2 [Old English prepositions of or on (sometimes as unstressed an), or the

Old English prefix a-]
Towards, of, in, into or at; marking some ongoing process or state;
movement onwards or away.
alive, OE on lfe, literally in life; aside, akin, anew
arise, OE a-, indicating an action or an intensification of an action; abide,
awake.
ISL2 48
in-1 (also il-, im-, ir-)

not; without [Latin in-]
This prefix is added to adjectives to give a negative sense (infertile,
inarticulate, inexpensive) and to nouns to indicate a lack of something
(inattention, incapacity, insensitivity).
The prefix is spelled il- before stems beginning in l (illegitimate), im-
before b, m, and p (immoral, impossible), and ir- before r (irrational,
irregular).
ISL2 49
in-2 (also il-, im-, ir-)

in, into [English in or Latin in-]
Words in in- that derive from Latin are to various degrees figurative;
sometimes the prefix gives additional force or emphasis. Examples include
incantation, incarcerate, indoctrinate, induce, infect, influx, impose and
inundate.
In other cases the prefix derives from English in, as with income, inlet,
insight, and intake; with these the literal sense of in is more often
retained.
ISL2 50
6. Word formation
ISL2 51
6. Word formation
How can we add new words to a language?
orc, en fuego, verklempt, wicked, clue,
leaf tea, wug , disapparate
pfrmtsh, yolkiness, hoover
ISL2 52
6. Word formation
en fuego
verklempt
wicked, clue
orc, hoover
wug, pfrmtsh
disapparate
leaf tea, yolkiness
ISL2 53
6. Word formation

Borrowed from
other languages en fuego
(through contact) verklempt
wicked, clue
orc, hoover
wug, pfrmtsh
disapparate
leaf tea, yolkiness
ISL2 54
6. Word formation

Borrowed from
verklempt
Semantic change
wicked, clue
orc, hoover
wug, pfrmtsh
disapparate
leaf tea, yolkiness
ISL2 55
6. Word formation

Borrowed from
verklempt
Semantic change
wicked, clue
Invented words
orc, hoover
wug, pfrmtsh
disapparate
leaf tea, yolkiness
ISL2 56
6. Word formation

Borrowed from
verklempt
Semantic change
wicked, clue
Invented words
orc, hoover
Nunc words wug, *pfrmtsh
Jean Berko Gleason
disapparate
leaf tea, yolkiness
ISL2 57
6. Word formation

Borrowed from
verklempt
Semantic change
wicked, clue
Invented words
orc, hoover
Nunc words wug, *pfrmtsh
Jean Berko Gleason
disapparate
leaf tea, yolkiness
ISL2 58
6. Word formation

Borrow from other
languages (loans) en fuego
verklempt
Semantic change
wicked, clue
Invented words
(neologisms) orc, hoover
(Nunc words) wug, *pfrmtsh
disapparate
Combination of leaf tea, yolkiness
existing elements ISL2 59
6. Word formation

Borrow from other
verklempt
Semantic change
wicked, clue
Invented words
disapparate
Combination of leaf tea, yolkiness Difference?
6. Word formation
Word formation processes:

a.Compounding
b.Affixation
c.Conversion
d.Shortenings
i. Clippings
ii. Blends
iii. Abbreviations
a. Acronyms
b. Initialisms
ISL2 61
6a. Compounding
Compounds:
leaf tea, desktop, laser treatment, migraine treatment, office
window, blackboard, green house, pencil tip, welcome drinks,
car ride, word-formation, center aisle
ISL2 62
6a. Compounding
Compounds:
leaf tea, desktop, laser treatment, migraine treatment, office
window, blackboard, green house, pencil tip, welcome drinks,
car ride, word-formation, center aisle
?
Location Part-Whole Instrument Purpose Kind
Different semantic relations

Very productive word formation process
ISL2 63
6a. Compounding
Compounds: ?
office window, desktop, laser treatment, migraine treatment, leaf tea,
center aisle, pencil tip, car ride, welcome drinks, word-formation,
blackboard,
? green house
Location Part-Whole Instrument Purpose Kind

Different semantic relations
Very productive word formation process
ISL2 64
Female
6a. Compounding blackbirds are
brown
Compounds:
office window, desktop, laser treatment, migraine treatment, leaf tea,
center aisle, pencil tip, car ride, welcome drinks, word-formation,
blackboard,
? green house
blackbird
Lexicalized
Very productive word formation process ?green board
whiteboard
Antidisestablishmentarianism
Rind-fleisch-eti-ket-tie-rungs-ber-wa-chungs-auf-ga-ben-ber-tra-gungs-ge-s
etz
door handle *door handle varnish shine cloth

Trschnalle Trschnallenlackpoliertuch
ISL2 65
6a. Compounding
Features of English compounds

Spelling
Stress
Complexity and constituency
Word-classes
ISL2 66
6a. Compounding
Alternative spellings variation:

headmaster, teapot, rooftop
mousepad (US), mouse mat (UK)
computer expert, bank statement
word-formation vs. word formation
wastebin, waste bin, waste-bin
Often lots of variation

Older ones more often spelled as one
ISL2 67
6a. Compounding
Stress:
English students
English STUdents
Meaning: students from England
Form: phrase (adjective + noun)
ENGlish students
Meaning: students who study English
Form: compound
In English noun compounds stress falls on the leftmost component.
ISL2 68
6a. Compounding
Phrases: Compounds:
a green house a greenhouse
a black board a blackboard
a red neck a redneck
?a walking stick, an ironing board a walking stick, an ironing board
a stone wall ?a stonewall
to stonewall
a red dress ?a reddress
ISL2 69
6a. Compounding
Phrases: Compounds:
to stonewall
a red dress ?a reddress
ISL2 70
6a. Compounding
Phrases: Compounds:
to stonewall very productive,
but not fully
a red dress ?a reddress predictable
ISL2 71
6a. Compounding
Stress:
English students
English STUdents
ENGlish students
Form: compound
In English noun compounds stress often falls on the leftmost component.
ISL2 72
6a. Compounding
Stress:
English students
English STUdents
ENGlish students
Form: compound
In English noun compounds stress often falls on the leftmost component.
ISL2 73
6a. Compound types
Left/Right N A V
N newspaper colour-blind to housekeep
A fast-food dark-blue to deep-fry
P undertow ---(?over- sensitive) to outsource
V playground --------- to crash-land
most productive least productive

N+N V+V
ISL2 74
6a. Complexity & constituency
wildlife sanctuary
wild + life + sanctuary
The right-hand element contributes the main elements of meaning.

plant house = "a kind of house"
vs. house plant = "a kind of plant"
chair lift vs. lift chair
ISL2 75
Compound Inflected forms Inflected forms
chair lift chair lifts *chairs lift

windmill windmills *windsmill
to crash-land crash-landed *crashed-land
Loan: cul-de-sac culs-de-sac cul-de-sacs
Inflection is added to the right-hand member.
ISL2 76
Right-hand member: determinant

Contributes main meaning
Determines word-class
Carries inflection
> compounds have a binary structure
ISL2 77
wildlife sanctuary
wildlife
wild life sanctuary
ISL2 78
wildlife sanctuary
wildlife
head
wild life sanctuary
ISL2 79
wildlife sanctuary
wildlife
head
wild life sanctuary
ISL2 80
6. Word formation

a.Compounding
b.Affixation
c.Conversion
d.Shortenings
i. Clippings
ii. Blends
iii. Abbreviations
a. Acronyms
b. Initialisms
ISL2 81
6b. Affixation
Prefixes Suffixes
unfold classify
mal-function baker
reread coldness
pre-view nursery
ISL2 82
6b. Affixation
Prefixes Suffixes
unfold classify
mal-function baker
reread coldness
pre-view nursery
Affixation: (prefix) + base + (suffix)

unhappiness
ISL2 83
6b. Affixation
Prefixes rarely change word-class of the derivative:
obey V > disobey V

manage V > mismanage V
function V > malfunction V
happy A > unhappy A
legal A > illegal A
member N > non-member N
argument N > counterargument N
witch N > bewitch V
war N > postwar A
ISL2 84
6b. Affixation
Prefixes rarely change word-class of the derivative:
obey V > disobey V

manage V > mismanage V
function V > malfunction V Sometimes
happy A > unhappy A exceptional things
legal A > illegal A happen:
member N > non-member N
We have to do
argument N > counterargument N everything above
witch N > bewitch V board.
war N > postwar A
ISL2 85
6b. Affixation
Suffixes tend to create derivatives of a certain word-class.
suffix bases derivatives

-ee employ, divorce, train employee, divorcee, trainee
verbs nouns
-al
-en
-wise
ISL2 86
6b. Affixation

verbs noun
-al fiction, tradition, culture fictional, traditional, cultural
-en
-wise
ISL2 87
6b. Affixation

verbs noun
nouns adjectives
-en
-wise
ISL2 88
6b. Affixation

verbs noun
nouns adjectives
-en black, wide, sick blacken, widen, sicken
-wise
ISL2 89
6b. Affixation

verbs noun
nouns adjectives
adjective verb
-wise
ISL2 90
6b. Affixation

verbs noun
nouns adjectives
adjective verb
-wise length, clock lengthwise, clockwise
ISL2 91
6b. Affixation

verbs noun
nouns adjectives
adjective verb
-wise length, clock lengthwise, clockwise
noun adverb
ISL2 92
6b. Affixation
Suffixes bring about a specific change in meaning:
Diminutive: leaflet, coverlet, booklet (not very productive in English)

Gender (female): actress, governess, stewardess
Augmentative: ultra-right, ultra-modern
Negative: unkind, innocent, discourage, non-member
Degree: cheapish, over-exposure
Action noun: election, organisation
Resultative noun: internment, employment, development
Resultative verb: sharpen, blacken, shorten
ISL2 93
6b. Affixation
One suffix can render a range of different meanings
(Polysemy: will be picked up in the lectures on Semantics)
Example: -er
commander, preacher, teacher
= "person who Vs" > Agent Nouns
mixer, toaster, slicer, dishwasher
= "thing with which one Vs" > Instrument Nouns
nailbiter, cliffhanger, debtor, drawer
????
ISL2 94
6b. Affixation
Example: -er
????
ISL2 95
6b. Affixation
Example: -er
????
ISL2 96
6b. Affixation
Example: -er
????
ISL2 97
Im a painter. Im a drawer.
6b. Affixation
Example: -er
nailbiter, cliffhanger, drawer
???? ????
ISL2 98
6b. Affixation
Example: -er
nailbiter, cliffhanger, drawer
????
ISL2 99
6b. Affixation
Combinations of affixes:
illogical
disagreeable
counterintelligence
counterclockwise
Combinations of affixation and compounding:

anti-aircraft missiles
communication breakdown
ISL2 100
6b. Affixation
il-logic-al
dis-agree-able
counter-intelligen-ce
counter-clock-wise

anti-air-craft missile-s
communicat-ion break-down
ISL2 101
6b. Affixation
il-logic-al
dis-agree-able
counter-clock-wise

What about: babysitter, sword-swallower, tearjerker?
ISL2 102
6b. Affixation
il-logic-al
dis-agree-able
counter-clock-wise

What about: babysitter, sword-swallower, tearjerker?
ISL2 103
6b. Affixation
Prefixes
rarely change word-class of the derivative
Suffixes
often change word-class of the derivative
create derivatives of a certain word-class
attach to bases of a certain word-class
ISL2 104
6. Word formation

a.Compounding
b.Affixation
c. ?
d.Conversion
e.Shortenings
i. Clippings
ii. Blends
iii. Abbreviations
a. Acronyms
b. Initialisms
ISL2 105
6c. Conversion
to book, chair, bag, ship, bike, breakfast, water

to free, clear
a play, fight, hit
a green, radical
ISL2 106
6c. Conversion
Conversion or zero-derivation:
Change in word class, but no overt marking (no affixation)
Very productive in English, esp. N > V:
book, chair, bag, ship, bike, breakfast, water
remember: English verbs have no specific endings
But also:
V > N: play, fight, hit
A > N: green, radical
A > V: free, clear
ISL2 107
6. Word formation

a.Compounding
b.Affixation
c.Conversion
d.?
e.Shortenings
i. Clippings
ii. Blends
iii. Abbreviations
a. Acronyms
b. Initialisms
ISL2 108
Lasagna is a Are you in the CIA?.
relicious food.
Not quite. I work for NASA.
Its a good
thing I put Where is Rob?
some in the
fridge for you Hes at the vet.
then.
Well, he needs to come in ASAP.
Oh great! I He needs to edit his article
do not think I before it goes into print.
will manage Im not sure he can. I think
to cook until I he and his dog have both
have passed caught the flue.
this exam.
And there I thought it was all the
11 words smog that
ISL2
has had him coughing. 109
Lasagna is a Are you in the CIA?.
relicious food.
Not quite. I work for NASA.
Its a good
thing I put Where is Rob?
some in the
fridge for you Hes at the vet.
then.
Well, he needs to come in ASAP.
Oh great! I He needs to edit his article
do not think I before it goes into print.
will manage Im not sure he can. I think
to cook until I he and his dog have both
have passed caught the flu.
this exam.
And there I thought it was all the
11 words smog that
ISL2
has had him coughing. 110
6d. Shortenings
relicious
fridge
exam
CIA
NASA
Rob
vet
ASAP
edit
flue
smog
ISL2 111
6d. Shortenings
exam, Rob, vet
relicious
fridge, flu
fridge
exam
CIA smog (smoke + fog)
NASA relicious (reheatable + delicious)
Rob
vet
ASAP
edit CIA, ASAP NASA
flue
smog
edit
ISL2 112
6d. Shortenings
Clippings:
exam, Rob, vet
relicious
fridge, flu
fridge
exam Blends:
CIA smog (smoke + fog)
NASA relicious (reheatable + delicious)
Rob
Abbreviations::
vet
ASAP Initialisms: Acronyms::
edit CIA, ASAP NASA
flue
smog Back-formations:
edit
ISL2 113
6d. Shortening: clippings
Proper nouns (names): Common nouns:

Patricia > Pat, Trish doctor > doc
Robert > Rob veterinary > vet
Richard > Rich gymnasium > gym
Elizabeth > Liz examination > exam
Nicholas > Nick refrigerator > fridge
Susan > Sue influenza > flu
= truncation airplane > plane
omnibus > bus
ad, lab, perp, vic, prob
Clippings: no change in meaning
We often keep (only) the stressed syllable
ISL2 114
6d. Shortening: blends
Blends:
Formed by combining parts of two words
smoke + fog > smog
motel, brunch, chunnel, Brexit, sitcom, saunarium,
infotainment, mockumentary
Part of the each base is deleted, sometimes of one base only
(breathalyze, paratroops, docudrama)
ISL2 115
6d. Shortening: abbreviations
Abbreviations:
formed from initial letters/sounds of several words
acronyms pronounced as a word
UNESCO, RAM, ROM, OPAC, TOEFL, NATO
initialisms pronounced letter by letter
TV, CD, PC, DJ, USA, UK, BNC, IPA
ISL2 116
Some abbreviations make it into the general vocabulary > spelling
laser
radar
asap
yuppy
dinky
ISL2 117
Some abbreviations make it into the general vocabulary > spelling
No more capital letters or full-stops in between
laser: lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

radar: radio detecting and ranging
asap: as soon as possible
yup-py: young urban professionals
dink-y: double income no kids
ISL2 118
6d. Shortenings: back-formation
Back-formation
what looks like a suffix is deleted, changing the class of
the word:
edit < editor; commentate < commentator
enthuse < enthusiasm; intuit < intuition
babysit, windowshop, day-dream, sleepwalk, chain-smoke
hamburger - Hamburg
ISL2 119
6d. Shortenings
shortening
more than one

one word
word
clipping blend abbreviation
back-
acronym
formation
initialism
ISL2 120
6d. Shortenings
Linguistic meaning is deleted rather than added

No change of word-class or meaning
1. Clippings
2. Blends
3. Abbreviations
We only change the form
ISL2 121
6. Word formation

a.Compounding
b.Affixation
c.Conversion
d.Shortenings
i. Clippings
ii. Blends
iii. Abbreviations
a. Acronyms
b. Initialisms
iv. Back-formation
ISL2 122
Productivity
high compounding
conversion
derivation
low shortenings
ISL2 123
Reading
More on word-formation:
Plag et al. 3.7. (pp. 93-108); pay attention also to 3.7.4. on
conversion!
Yule, chapter 6
For next time:
Yule ch.9: 113-115 (incl. semantic features) and 120
(homophones, homonyms, polysemy)
ISL2 124
and for edutainment:
Watch the video Rothman, Lily. 2013. 11 terms invented by How I

met your mother and identify the different processes that resulted
in the 8 words mentioned in the video.
ISL2 125
6. Remember: These are the different ways of
arriving at new words we have identified
Borrow from other

verklempt
Semantic change
wicked, clue
Invented words
disapparate
Combination of leaf tea, yolkiness
6. and these are the ones that fall under
word formation in a morphological sense,
so, the ones where we make use of existing
elements:
a.Compounding
b.Affixation
c.Conversion
d.Shortenings
i. Clippings
ii. Blends
iii. Abbreviations
a. Acronyms
b. Initialisms
iv. Back-formation
ISL2 127
Edutainment
Rothman, Lily. 2013. 11 terms invented by How I met your mother.

TIME. http://entertainment.time.com/2013/11/12/11-terms-
invented-by-how-i-met-your-mother/ . (19 October 2016).
Now, watch the video, please.
ISL2 128
Edutainment
possimpible
lawyered
stake sauce
awsful
desperation day
revertigo
super-date
to woo
ISL2 129
Edutainment
Here are some suggestions. Of course, all these were purposfully

created by the writers of the show. Maybe they will catch on,
though
possimpible blend: possible + impossible
lawyered affixation: lawyer + ed
stake sauce compound + semantic change (nunc word)
awsful ?blend: awsome + wonderful + semantic change?
desperation day affixation + compound
revertigo blend: revert + vertigo
super-date compound
to woo invented word (onomatopoetic)
ISL2 130

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Introduction to the Study of Language 2

Julia Skala, ST17

Morphology 1: Morphemes & allomorphs

Phoneme vs. phone

Morpheme vs. morph

Phoneme vs. phone

Phoneme vs. phone

abstract phonological physical realisation

smallest meaningful physical realisation

Phoneme vs. phone

Morpheme vs. morph

Phoneme vs. phone

Morpheme vs. morph

Phoneme vs. phone

Morpheme vs. morph

Phoneme vs. phone

Morpheme vs. morph

Phoneme vs. phone

Morpheme vs. morph phonologically

Phoneme vs. phone

Morpheme vs. morph phonologically

AUTONOMY Free (lexeme) Bound (affix)

AUTONOMY Free (lexeme) Bound (affix)

Lexical Grammatical Grammatical

AUTONOMY Free (lexeme) Bound (affix)

Lexical Grammatical Grammatical

AUTONOMY Free (lexeme) Bound (affix)

Lexical Grammatical Grammatical

Function Derivational Inflectional

AUTONOMY Free (lexeme) Bound (affix)

Lexical Grammatical Grammatical

Function Derivational Inflectional

POSITION prefix suffix suffix

prefix suffix suffix

lexical cat, exam, elect, idea, ...

lexical cat, exam, elect, idea, ...

lexical cat, exam, elect, idea,gra ...

lexical cat, exam, elect, idea,gra ...

lexical cat, exam, elect, idea,gra ...

Pronouns (a closed paradigm)

lexical cat, exam, elect, idea, ...

Pronouns (a closed paradigm)

Bound lexical affixes Bound grammatical affixes

Nominative (subj.) kod kodi sonata sonati

Classes cases -> different forms

suffix function examples

If new lexemes are created by adding an affix to a lexical base,

If grammatical information and categories are expressed by

English: suffixes + prefixes English: only suffixes

English: suffixes + prefixes English: only suffixes

amorphous immoral apolitical atypical untypical

Illegitimate amoral away antisocial awake asocial unsocial

inarticulate inexpensive infertile influx induce

anesthetic impose alive aside anew asleep aboard

amoral away awake asocial antisocial Illegitimate unsocial

inarticulate inexpensive infertile influx induce

anesthetic alive aside anew asleep aboard impose

amoral away awake asocial antisocial Illegitimate unsocial

inarticulate inexpensive infertile influx induce

anesthetic alive aside anew asleep aboard impose

amoral away awake asocial antisocial Illegitimate unsocial

inarticulate inexpensive infertile influx induce

anesthetic alive aside anew asleep aboard impose

asocial antisocial unsocial