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A.K.A Degenerative Joint Disease

is affecting especially the weight bearing joints, and characterized by degenerative
changes in articular cartilage and bony over growth at the joint margins.
Because the process is primarily degenerative with little inflammatory component, the
term is retained here because of common usage.

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it is the most often occurs at the ends of the fingers, thumbs, neck, lower back, knees,
and hips.
Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, though it most commonly affects joints
in hands, hips, knees and spine.
it is the most common form of arthritis and the most common joint disease
affecting more than 30 million individuals in the United States alone.
It is the most common form of arthritis.
It is the leading cause of chronic disability in older adults.
Most of the people who have OA are older than age 45, and women are more
commonly affected than men.
It is the leading cause of chronic disablity in older adults, costing the US greater than
$185 billion annually.

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Ideopatic cause (the etiology is still unknown)
Hereditary gene defect (A defect in one of the genes responsible for the
cartilage component collagen can cause deterioration of cartilage.)
Age (Age is the strongest risk factor for OA. Although OA can start in young
adulthood, if you are over 45 years old, you are at higher risk.)
Gender (OA is very common in women)
Obesity (increases the mechanical stress in a weight-bearing joint)
Metabolic disease (Diabetes mellitus, Pagets disease and blood disorders)
Lack of exercise
Heavy manual occupation (Construction and farming)

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Acute pain (causing loss of ability and stiffness)
 Pain is generally described as a sharp ache or a brning sensation in the
associated muscles and tendons. Occasionally, the joints may also be
filled with fluid. Humid and cold weather increases the pain in many
pts.
Crackling noise or crepitus
When the affected joint is moved or touched.
Muscle spasm and contractions in the tendons
Inflammation in the site (edema, redness, heat, loss of function and pain)
Affected joints appear larger, are stiff and painful and usually feel worse
The more they are used throughout the day, thus distinguishing it from
rheumatoid arthritis
Heberdens nodes (on the distal interphalengeal joints)
may form in osteoarthritis
water on the knee
OA is the most common cause of joint effusion and sometimes called
water on the knee in lay terms, an accumulations of excess fluid in or
around the knee joint

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Formation of bone cyst
Secondary synovitis (Synovial inflammation)
Genu varum (the presence of bowed legs- knees are apart and ankles are together
while standing)

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Nursing Diagnosis:
Chronic pain related to muscle spasm, joint inflammation
Impaired physical obilit related to pain, muscle atrophy
Nutritional imbalance: more than body requirement related to decreased
activity and mobility
Nursing Diagnosis:
Activity inlolerance related to fatigue and pain
Self care defecit related to oain, fatigue, and immobility
Disturb body image ralated to the effects of loss of body functions
Impaired walking related to pain in joints
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X-rays images of affected joint may reveal a narrowing space with joint,
which indicates that the cartilage is breaking down. It is also show bone
spurs around a joint.
Blood test may help rule out other causes of joint pain, such as
rheumatoid arthritis.
Joint fluid analysis the doctor may usea long needle to draw fluid out of
the affected joint. Examining and testing the fluid around your joint can
determine if pain is caused by gout or an infection.
Arthroscopy to see inside our joint in order to determine the cause of
pain

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Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) can relieve pain but doesnt reduce inflammation.
NSAIDs can reieve pain and reduce inflammation.
Tramadol has no inflammatory effect but can provide effective pain relief with few
side effects such as stomach ulcers and bleeding than those NSAIDs.

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Joint replacement- the surgeon removes damage joint surfaces and replaces them
with plastic and metal device called prostheses.
Cleaning up the are around the joint or Debridement surgeon removes loose
pieces of cartilage and bone from around your joint to relieve pain.
Realigning bones it s a surgery to realign bones may relieve pain.
Fusing bones surgeon also cann permanently fuse bones in a joint (arthrodes) to
increase stability and reduce pain.
Arthroplasty relieve pain without producing stiffness.

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Rest rest for 12-24 hours. Find activities that dont require to use joint repetitively. Try
taking a 10mins break every hour.
Exercise stick to gentle exercise such as walking, biking, or swimming. Exercise can
increase endurance and strengthen the muscles around joint.
Lose weight being obese or overweight increases the stress on weight-bearing joints,
such as our knees and hips. Even small amount of weight loss can relieve some pressure
and reduce pain.
 Use heat and cold to manage pain both heat and cold can relieve pain in joint. Heat
also relieves stiffness and cold can relieve muscle spasms.