A REVIEW OF THE EXISTING HYPOTHESES ON

THE ORIGIN OF THE SECONDARY SILICATE

ZONES AT THE CONTACTS OF INTRU-
SIVES WITH LIMESTONES.

BY W. L. UGLOW.

INTRODUCTION.

During the last ten years, the number of ore depositswhiclx

have been found at the contactsof intrusive igneousrocks with
limestoneshas rapidly increased. This has been in part the
resultof the clearerunderstanding and the easierrecognitionof'
thi.stype of depo,
sits which the study of contactmetamorphism
and ore depositionhas broughtabout. The investigationof the-
increasingnumberof depositshas naturally led to a discussion
as to the exact manner in which such bodiesof ore have origi-
nated. A number of different hypotheseshave been advocated
for the formation both of 'the ores and the con,
tact metamorphic
minerals which have been developedby 6he intrusive igneous
rocks in limestones. There has beennota little controversybe-
tween thosewho advocatethe different methodsof genesis. As
all geologistsand mining engineersmay not be entirely familiar
with the argumentswhich have been presentedby those who.
favor one or the other of the proposedhypo.theses, and because
more attentionhasbeengiven to the origin of the associatedores.
than to the study 'of the veryextensiveportionsof the contact
zoneswhere little or no ore ha:sbeen found, t,hewrker feels that
the followingcritical reviewof ,theexistingtheoriesis warranted.
Inasmuch as the ores which are associated with these contact.
zonesoccupybut a smallportionof the contactarea, more atten-
tion will be givento the non-metalliferous
portionthan to that
which is composedchiefly of ore bodies. The sourcesof in-
formationare the variouspublishedreportswhich have been
written .onthosedistrictswhichare of economic importance, as
x9
20 W. L. UGLOW.

they constitu'tethe major portion of the available literature on

the subject. Th.osefactswhich seemto havegeneralsignificance
have beentabulatedin the following pages,and it is hopedthat
the reader may obtain from thesetablesa clearer idea as to the
relative amount of accurateobservationwhich supportseither
one or the other of the two m'ostimportant hypotheses. It is
the writer's inten'tionto follow this review of the literature by
a paperbaseduponextensivefieldobservation.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMESTONE CONTACTS.

Distribution.--Contacts
of limestones
with intrusiveigneous
rocks occur in greatestnumberin the westernpart of the con-
tinent of North America. They are here developedalong the
borders of extensivebatholi'thsof igneous rock which have
invaded sedimentaryseriesand which have beenrevealedat the
surface by the erosk)nof the overlying covers. In the eastern
part of the continent they are less abundant. Some important
ones occur, however, in he Adirondacks,the highlandsof New
Jersey, and the Piedmont district. The metamorphosedsedi-
mentary rocks here are mostly Algonkian o.r Paleozoic. The
sedimentsin theseeasternoccurrences have probablybeen sub-
jected to repeateddynamicmetamorphism,so that all, or nearly
all, evidenceof early contaciactionhas beencompletelyobliter-
ated. In the western occurrences,on the other hand, the invaded
rocksare frequentlyof late Paleozoicor early Metazoicage, and
the contactzones,exceptfor weathering,remain today in prac-
tically their original condition. They furnish, iherefore, excel-
lent opportunitiesfor criti.calstudy.
Invaded Rocks.--The sedimentaryrocks into which the in-
trusives have made their way are not exclu.sivelylimestones.
Shales,sandstones,and conglomeratesare of frequent occurrence.
There are, of course,gradationsbetween all of these different
types. Limestonesfrequentlycontainsand'or clay; sandstones,
lime, clay,or iron; while the shalesmay :ontainlime or sand. In
nearly all of the westernoccurrencesa variety of sedimentary
rocks are present,and all of the main typesof sedimentswith
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. :2I

the intermediategradationsare more or less extensivelyrepre-

sented. Upon all of thesesedimen,tsthe intrusiveshaveexerted
contacteffect, but the ore bodieswhich are occasionallyfound
along the igneouscornactsare most comtnonlydevelopedin the
limestone.
AssociatedOres.--Many of the ore depositswhich are de-
veloped'alongtheselimestonecontac,
rs are sufficier.tly
extensive
and of suffi,cient value to be of considerable commercial im-
portance. This is particularly true in the case of iron and
copper. Iron is found in such associationas magnetitex and
specularite; copperoccursvery frequently as chalcopyriteand
bronite, tetrahedriteand cupriferouspyrites; lead an,d zinc are
oc'casionally found as galena and sphalerite;a native gold occurs
in wollastoniteat Chiapas,Mexico,4 and in arsenopyriteon the
SimillkameenRiver, B.C. ;5 platinum is foun,d in wollastonite;0
bismuth oc.cursas tetradymite'and bismuthinite;7 and silvers as
argentire, associatedusually with the copperdeposits. Of the
above-named metal-bearingminerals,iron and copperaloneoccur
in bodies of sufficient size and value to be of commercial im-
portance. In number and extent the iron depositsovershadow
the copper,and it is only necessaryto mention, in the caseof
copper, the camps at Clifton-Morenci, etc. Gold, silver, lead,
andzincare occasionally
recovered
asby-products.
C. K. Leith and E. C. Harder, "The Iron Ores of the Iron Springs Dis-
trict, Utah," U.S. G. S., Bull. 338, I9o8.
* E. C. Harder, "Iron Ores of Western and Central California," U.S. G.
S., Bull. 430; F. L. Ransome,U.S. G. S., Prof. Paper 2I (Bisbee); W. Lind-
gren, U.S. G. S., Prof. Paper 43 (Clifton-Morenci).
sW. O. Crosby,"The Limestone-GraniteContact-Depositsof Washington
Camp, Arizona," Trans. A. I. M. E., XXXVI., I9O5, p. 626.
' E. T. McCarty, "Mining in the Wollaston.ite Ore-Deposits of the Santa
Fe Mine, Chiapas,Mexico," Trans. Inst. Min. and Met., Vol. IV., 896, pp.
x69-89.
W. H. Weed, "Ore Depositsnear Igneous Contacts,"Trans. A. I. M. E.,
XXXlII., x9o3, p. 734.
6L. Hundeshagen, "The Occurrence of Platinum in Wollastonite on the
Island of Sumatra," Trans. Inst. Min. and Met., July 2x, I9O4.
W. H. Weed, "Ore Depositsnear Igneous Contacts,"Trans. A. I. M. E.,
XXXIII., I9O3, p. 733.
sW. Lindgren, "Copper Deposits of the Seven Devils, Idaho," U.S. G. S.,
2oth Ann. Rept., Part III., p. 249; E. T. McCarty, op. cit.
22 I/V. L. UGLOI/V.

Contact
Metamorphic
Minerals.'
Associated
withthemetallic
minerals are gangues.of lime silicatesand other contact meta-
morphicminerals,which showno marked variationwhetheriron
or copper
minerals
preponderate
in'theore.
Below is a list of the common ".contact-metamorphic"
minerals. They have been arranged in two distinct groups.
Group 2 includesthoseminerals which contain elementssuch as
boron, fluorine, chlorine or for other reasonslater discussedmay
be admidedly the productsof igneousemanation; group x con-
tains the disputedseriesof what will be here termed the "silicate
zone" group. It is mainly about 'thisgroup that discussionhas
arisen.
GROUP I. GROUP 2.

Grossularite(Ca, AI, SiO_). Scapolite (Ca, NaC1, A1, SiOn).

Andradite (Ca, Fe, SiO_).
Epidote (Ca, A1, Fe, SiO_,H_O).
Diopside (Ca, Mg, SiO_).
Tremolite (Ca, Mg, SiOn).
Actinolite (Ca, Mg, Fe, SiO_).
Wollastonite (Ca, SiO2).
Biotite (Mg, Fe, A1, SiO2,HO).
Calcite (CaCO).
Quartz (SiOn).
Vesuvianite (Ca, A1,F, SiO, OH).
Quartz (SiOn).
Muscovite (H, K, AI, SiO_).
Albite (Na, AI, SiO2).
Axinite (Ca, AI, Fe, Mn, B, SiOn).
Apatite (Ca, F, C1,P20).
Tourmaline (Fe, Mg, B, A1, SiOn).
Fluorite (CaF_o).

RELATIVE SUCCESSION OF THE TWO GROUPS.

Although the ore mineral,sare generally intergrown with the

secondarysilicates'there is much which indicatesa differencein
the time of formationof the metalliferousand gangueminerals.
Metallographic methods have been used on specimens,and in
many casesa definiteorder of crystallizationhasbeendetermined.
Kemp has shown that a,t San Jose, Mexico,x and at White
Knob, Idaho, 2 the ore-minerals were formed later than the
silicates,and often cut through them as v.einlets. Lekh an.d
xJ. F. Kemp, "The Copper Deposits of San Jose, Tamaulipas, Mexico,"
Trans. A. I. M. E., XXXVI., I9o6, pp. I78--2o3.
2j. F. Kemp and C. G. Gunther,"The White Knob CopperDeposits,
Mackay, Idaho," Trans. A. I. M. E., XXXVIII., I9o7, pp. 269-293.
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 23

Harder, in their Iron Springsbulletin, establisha succession

of.
first, silicate minerals and second,ore-minerals. Barrell ' draws
attentionto the samefeature at Marysville, Montana. S'tutzer a
determinedthe following order at .theWhite Horse Pass mines
in the Yukon: (a) pyroxene,and rarely magnetite,(b) magnet-
ite, (c) garnet with a few metallicsulphides,(d) amphiboleand
the greater part of the sulphides,(e) calcite. A{ Morenci,
Arizona, Lindgren4 recordsthe simultaneouscrystallizationof
the lime-silicatesand magnetite,t'ogetherwith someof the sul-
phides,while a great part of the sulphidesare plainly of later
formation, and cut the earlier mineralsin veinletsand stringers.
Spurr and Garrey* reach a similar co,ndusionin their observa-
tions upon the garnet-zonesof Velardefia, Mexico; and Ran-
some, in his new professionalpaperon the BreckenridgeDistrict,
Colorado,concedesa dual stage.

IIYPOTI-IESES OF ORIGIN.

The chief point on which geologistsdiffer is as to the mode

of origin of both the silicateand ore-minerals. The main views
may be given in brief:
I. All the minerals of the contact-zone are the result of re-
crystallizationof substancespresentbefore the limestonewas
metamorphosed. Ore-minerals and silicate-minerals are of the
same .origin. No introduction of material from t'he intrusive
has occurred. This is the hypothesis.
which Rosenbusch,
* Zirkel8
C. K. Leith and E. C. Harder, "The Iron Oresof the Iron SpringsDis-
trict, Utah," U.S. G. S., Bull. 338, I9o8.
J. Barrell,"Geologyof the MarysvilleMining District,Montana,"U.S.
G. S., Prof. Paper 57.
' O. Stutzer, "Die Kontaktmetamorphen Kupfererzlagerstaeten
yon White
Horse, Yukon," Zeitschr.leiirprakt. Geol.,March, 9o9,p. 2o.
'W. Lindgren,"The CopperDepositsof the Clifton-MorenciDistrict,"
U.S. G. S., Prof. Paper 43, 9o5.
5j. E. Spurr and G. H. Garrey, "The Copper Depositsof the Velardefia
District, Durango, Mexico," EcoN. GEOL.,Vol. III., p. 688.
6F. L. Ransome,
"Geologyand Ore Depositsof the Breckenridge
District,
Colorado," U.S. G. S., Prof. Paper 75, 9.
' Rosenbusch,
"MikroskoplschePhysiogralShie,"
3d ed.,p. 85.
sZirkel,"Lehrbuchder Petrographie,"
2d ed.,Vol. I., pp.87-588.
24 W. L. UGLOW.

and Br6gger advocate.and may be entitledthe old or original

hypo.t.h.esis.
2. A commonlyacceptedview at the presenttime is that .of
which J. F. Kemp seemsto be the chief supporter.. It is almost
diametricallyopposedto that of Rosenbusch,Zirkel and Br/Sgger.
Accordingto Kemp, the limestonefurnishesonly lime and some
carbon dioxide to the minerals of the con.tact-zone. He main-
tains that the intrusive on cooling emits great quantities o.f
vaporscontainingSiO2, A12Ooo, Fe2OaFeO, MgO, H20, as well
as metallic sulphidesand oxides. The silica, alumina, and iron
oxides unite with the lime of the limestone 'to form lime silicates.
Of course,if the originallimestoneshouldcontainsilica,alumina,
or iron oxide as impurities,they might well be used in the for-
mation of the second,ary minerals.
3. There are other views which seem more reasonablein that
they take a sort of intermediateposition with regard to the
above-mentioned two:
(.4) J. Barrell:2 A period of metamorphismf6110wsthe in-
trusion, during which gasesare expelledfrom the sediments,the
volumecontracts,and there is a generalrecrysallization.Sub-
sequentt.o his comesa peri,odof metasoma, tism, during which
a replacement.of the metam.orphosed sedimentstakes place, the
replacingmaterial comingas eruptiveafteractionsfrom the in-
trusive. Accordingto this view, the silicaand aluminaexisting
in carbonaterockscombinewith the basesand set free a propor-
tionate amount of. carbon dioxide. The absolute arnourn of lime
and magnesiais the same after the processis completedas be-
f,ore. The emanations,which proceedfrom the magma, during
l:hemetasomaticphaseof the contactaction, consistchiefly of
silica, iron .oxide, water, sulphur, besides,of course,other ore-
producingmpounds.
xJ. K. Kemp, "Contact Deposits: Types of Ore Deposits,"Mining and Sci-
entific Press, x9xx.
J. Bartell, "Geology of the Marysville Mining District, Montana," U.S.
G. S., Prof. Paper 57; "Physical Effects of Contact Metamorphism,"Am.
]our. Sc., x9o2, pp. 279-296.
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES, 2.5

(B) A. C. Lawson: The heatedintrusivedisturbstheground-

watercirculation,andgivesit newimpetus to workovertherocks
of t'hevicinity. This increasedactivityof the ground-wateris
responsible,then, for the formationof both the secondary
sili-
catesand the ores. In this way, Lawsonavoidsthe necessi.ty
of
lookingfor a contributionfrom the magma. In his own wrcs:
"The circulationwouldalwaysbe upwardon the peripheryof the
hot mass.... Such a circulation,of the heated ground-water
would be quite competence to do all that is ascribedto magmatic
wat.ers, includingthe formationof lime-silicatezones."
(C) W. Lindgren:2There is a combinationof a recrystalliza-
tion of impuritieswith an introductionof large amountsof SiO2
and Fe2Oa,and small amounts'of A12Oa,to form the secon. dary
silicates. The ore-mineralsare partly formed at the sametime
as the silicates,and are partly the result of a working.over of
the intrusivesby hot waters. In his earlier vork,a he statesthat
the "met.allic-mineralsare imergvownwith .the various gangue
minerals,--garnet, epidote,wollastonite,etc.--in such a man.ner
that they must be consideredas having a simultaneousorigin.
The theory of a subsequent introducti.onof the metallicores is
decidedlyuntenable." More recently,however,he h,ascometo
recognizemore or less definitely a sort of dual stage in the
formation of the contact-zones.
(D) C. K. Leith: 4 Accordingto the hypothesisset forth by
Leith and Harder in their Iron Springs,13ulletin, the secondary
silicatezone is largely a recrystallizationof constituents
,already
in the limestone, combined with an expulsion of the excess
calcium carbonate. This view doesnot by any means involve a
total absenceof infiltrated material from the intrusive, but its
advocatesmaintainthat the so-called,contact-zone
canbe li.tholog-
XA. C. Lawson, "Types of Ore Deposits--A Review," Min. and Sc. Press,
Feb. 3, 1912, P. 200,
aW. Lindgren, "Copper Depositsof the Clifton-Morenci District, Arizona,"
LI. S. G. S., Prof. Paper 43, I9o5.
*W. Lindgren, "The Character and Genesis of Certain Contact-Deposits:
Genesis of Ore-Deposits," I9oi, p. 726.
C. K. Leith and E. C. Harder, "The Iron Ores of the Iron Springs Dis-
trict, Utah," U.S. G. S., Bull. 338, I9o8.
26 W. L. UGLOW.

ically divided into 'two parts, one part of which is formed en-
tirely by recrystallizationin the early stagesof the metamor-
phism,and the otherpart by later additionof materialin the way
of emanationsfrom the magma. The mineralswhich bel.ongto
the first class are those mentioned in the left-hand columns on
pages7 and 8, while thoseof the secondclassinclude among
others th.oselisted in the righ,t-handcolumn on the samepages,
together with the metal'Itcminerals. It will be noticed that the
non-metallicminerals of the 1,atter,classnearly all contain an
elementmore or lessforeignto sedimentaryseries,e. #., boron,
fluorine,chlorine,beryllimn,etc. These are typically found in
mag-maticemanations. The metallic minerals may be either
direct contributionsfrom the magma, or hot water depositsre-
sulting from the xvorkingover of the hot intrusives. Defini,te
evidence is obtained in the area described of the earlier forma-
tion of the first class of minerals. The two periods no doubt
overlapped,but there is a somewhatwell-marked distinction in
the matter of time.
The magnitudeof the iron depositsof the West, especiallyas
they occur in connecti'onwith acidic intrusives,makes it almost
impossibleto supposethat they have been formed in any other
way than by direct introductionfrom the coolingmagma. The
copper deposits,on the other hand, are low grade and are dis-
seminated. The igneousrocks with which they are associated
s'h<)wthe resultsof leachingby hydrothermalaction,and alsocon-
tain traces of copper. There seemsto be no reason why .the
coppercould not have been at least partial,lycontributedby the
hot waters that leached the intru'sives. 2
The last hypothesisseemsto the wri:terto be the mos,tprobable.
In the presentpaper,an attemptis madeto collectand correlate
facts that will tend to substantiate,thishypothesis. During the
discussion,the applicationof the expressions "second,arysilicate
zone," "contact-zone," etc., .will be limited to that phasechar-
acterizedby the presenceof the minerals of the first class,as
x Personal communication.
2 Personal communication.
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 27

mentionedabove. It is freely admittedthat mineralscontaining

such elementsas boron, fluorine, beryllium, etc., required or
theirformation
a contribution
fromigneous
sources.
TABLE OF COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE.

Settingasidethe questionof how and when the ore-minerals

of the con,
tact-zoneswere formed, the problemresolvesitself into
the followingalternatiwe:(a) Is .the"secondarysilic.atezone"
the result of a combination of the lime of the limestone with other
oxidesfurnisheddirectlyby the intrusive,or (b) is it entirelythe
resultof a redistributi,onand recrystallizationof the impurities
already in the limestone, without any contribution from the
magma?
The evidenceobtainable from publishedarticl.eswhich deal
with this ques.tionhas been arranged in two columnsin he fol-
lowing tabulated summary. Arguments from each individual
publioationare presen,tedtogether,on one side or .otherof the
center line ac.c.ording
to the view to which theylend support.
Facts which equally favor or opposeboth hypothesesare no,t
n.oted in the compilation. Letters and figuresappendedto the
vari.ousparagraphsthus: (.4, pp. 99-2oo) refer to the list of
referenceson page 45 of this paper.
28 I47. L. UGLOW.

o
i .

o
o

o
ORIGIN 0I; SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 29
30 W. L. UGLOW.

4 4
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARYSILICATE ZONES. 31

o
u

u
32 W. L. UGLOW.
ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 33
34- W. L. UGLOW.
35,
36 W. L. UGLOW
ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 37
38 W.L. UGLOW.
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARYSILICATE ZONES. 39

o
u

u
4o W. L. UGLOW.
ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES 41
4:2 W. L. UGLOW.
ORIGIN OF SECONDARY
SILICATEZONES. 43
44 1. L. UGLOV'.
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 45

REFERENCES FOR PRECEDING TABLE.

`4. J. F. KEMP. Contact-Deposits:Types of Ore Deposits. Min. and

Sc. Press, I9II.
B. W.O. CROSBY.The Limestone-GraniteContact-Depositsof Wash-
ingtonCamp,Arizona. Trans.`4. I. M. E., XXXVI., I9O5,p. 626.
C. J. F. KEMP ^ND C. G. GUNTI-XER.The White Knob Copper De-
posits, Mackay, Idaho. Trans..4. I. M. E., XXXVIII., I9o7,
pp. 269-0-93.
D. F.L. R^rSOME. U.S.G.S., Prof. Paper 0-i (Bisbee).
E. W. LINI)GREN. U.S. G. S., Prof. Paper 43 (Clifton-Morenci).
F. GEORGE SMITm The Garnet-Formations of the C'hillagoe Copper
Field, North Queensland, Australia. Trans. .4. I. M. E.,
XXXIV., 19o4,p. 467.
G. W. P. BL^ICE. Copper-Ore and Garnet in Association. Trans..4.
I. M. E., XXXIV., I9O4, p. 886.
H. F L. R^NSOME.
U.S.G.S., Prof. PaperI2 (Globe,Ariz.).
.L J. oF. KEIP. The Copper-Deposits at San Jose, Tamaulipas,
Mexico. Trans..4. I. M. E., XXXVI., x9o5,p. 78.
K. W. H. WEED^ND J. B^RRELL.Geologyand Ore Depositsof the
Elkhorn Mining District, Jefferson County, Montana. U.S.
G. S., 22d Ann. Rept., Part II.
L. J. B^RRELL. P.hysical Effects of Contact Metamorphism.
Jour. $c., I9O0-, p. 279.
M. R. W. BROCX. Boundary Creek District, B.C. Summary Reports,
Can. Geol. Survey, I9O, p. 5x; I9O0-,P. 90-.
iV'. A. C. L^wsor. The CopperDepositsof the RobinsonMining Dis-
trict, Nevada. Univ. Cal., Dept. Geol., Bull., Vol. IV., 9o6,
p. 287.
O. J.F. KEMP. Rocks of the Eastern Adirondacks. Bull. Geol. $oc.
.4m., Vol. VI., I894, p. 241.
P. C.H. SMYTa, JR. Rocks of the NorthwesternAdirondack Region.
Bull. Geol. Soc. `4rn., Vol. VI., 894, p. 263.
Q.' J.E. SPURR ^NDG. H. G^RRE.The CopperDepositsof t.h:eVelar-
defia District, Durango, Mexico. Ecor. GEOL.,Vol. III., p. 688.
R. M.B. YuNa ^NI) R. S. McC^m:ER.The Ore Depositsof the San
Pedro District, New Mexico. Trans. A. I. M. E., Vol. XXXIII.,
I9O3, p. 350.
S'. W.H. WEEI). Ore Depositsnear Igneous Contacts. Trans..4. I.
M. E., Vol. XXXIII., 9o3, p. 715
T. W. LXrI)C.
REN,L. C. GRATON
ANDC. H. Gore)oN.The Ore Deposits
of New Mexico. U.S.G.S., Prof. Paper 68, I9XO.
U. E.C. H^m)ER. The Iron Ores of Western and Central California.
U.S. G. S., Bull. 430, 9o9, p. 0-I9.
46 w. L. UGLOW.

Vo W. LINDGREN. The Character and Genesis of Certain Contact-

Deposits; Genesisof Ore-Deposits,p. 7x6.
W. C.K. LEITa AnD E. C. HARD.R. The Iron Ores of the Iron Springs
District, Utah. U.S.G.S., Bull. 338.
X. J. BARaELL. Geologyof the Marysville Mining District, Montana.
U.S. G. S., Prof. Paper 57, x9o7.

SMMARY OF CRITERIA.
In the following summaryis a tabulation of the chief points
favoring one or oher of the two hypothesesdiscussedabove.
The lists are arranged without referenceto the specialdistricts
from whichthevariouspiecesof evidenceare taken. A few sug-
gestionsare alsoofferedwhich are in line with the hypothesis'of
recrystallization. It mustbe rememberedthat the useof the term
"secondarysilicatezone" is in accordance
with the interpreta-
tion given on page I4. '

xz/. CRITERIA WHICH FAVOR THE FORMATION OF THE SEC-

ONDARY SILICATE ZONES" BY RECRYSTALLIZATION
OF IMPURE LIMESTONES.

I. In every caseexamined,where detaileddescriptions of the

intrudedstrat,aweregiven,it wasnotedthat therewasa plentiful
supplyof SiO., AlcOa, Fe2Oa,scatteredthroughthe rock in the
way of quartz,kaolin, and limonite,hematiteor pyrite, to afford
materials for the formation of the silicates.
2. The natural recrystallizations.of impure sedimentsare al-
most exactly thosethat are found at intrusivecontacts: Sand-
stonesare al.teredto quartzites. Shales are altered to epidote-
amphibolerocks. Limestones(dolo.mitic) are altered to iron,-
garnet and diopside.
3. At2Oais practicallyunknownin igneousemanations.
4- The co.m'positestraight-linediagram describedin the suc-
ceedingsectionshowsa constancy of the SiO :AIOa:Fe(FeOa)
ratio throughoutthe changefrom fresh to altered rock.
5. The compositionof an average sampleof the rock from
the "contact zone" is practicallythat of a calcareousresidual
clay(that is,a limestone
aftertheCaCOahasbeendissolved
and
carriedaway). .
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 47

6. The garnet zones,as describedby severalof the writers,

seemt.o followthe impurebedsin the sediments,
ind,ependently
of the contact.
7. If the silicateswere form,edby infiltrationof material,it
wouldseema very peculiarfeaturethat just thoseoxidesshould
be addedwhic'hare a.lm.ostinvariablypresentas impuritiesin any
limestone horizon.
8. It would also be exceeedinglypeculiarthat theseoxides
shouldbe added in the same ratio as tha,t in which they are to
be found in the unaltered limestone series.
9- Massesof marble against the intrusiv.eseem capableof
explanati.on only on the recrystallization
hypothesis.It is diffi-
cult to eorceiveof hot siliceousvaporsbeing emi.ttedat the con-
tact with one bed and not with another.
IO. There is no reasonwhy the garnet zonesshouldfail, as
they d'overy often, just where SiO2 and A12Oaare wanting in
the limestone.
. Selectivemetamorphismon a large scale is a prominent
featureof theselimestonecontacts(see page3, No. 27).
2. Wherever the garnet masseswere examin.edin thin sec-
tion under the microscope,it was found that the garnet was
presentin well-definedcrysta,ls, many'of .themidiomorphicwith
residuarycalcite frequentlyo.ccupyingthe interstices. In some
cases,the crystals sh,oweddouble refraction probably due to
strain. It seemsmore probablethat thesecrystalsshould form
by a process.of r,ecrystalliza,ti'on
after eliminationof excesscon-
stituents,than by pure replacement(in which the structureand
texture of the replacedrock are usuallypreserved)or by infil-
tration.
3-T'he reaction-zonesof wollastonite,occurring between
nodulesof chertand the limestone,foundby Crosbyin the Wash-
ingto.ncamp,Arizona, are conclusiveproof of the formation of
at least some of the silicatesby recrystallizationwithout infil-
tration.
4. Lindgren's failure to find flui.d inclusi'onsin the quartz
grainsof the contactzone,althoughhe fo.undthem abundantlyin
48 I/V. L. UGLOI/V.

the quartz .of the intrusives,is evidencethat at least a d.ifferent

origin must be found for t'hequartz o.f the contactzone, from
that of the quartz of the igneousrocks.
5. The presenceof residuary calcite in the intersticesof
the garnet crystalsis difficult of explanationon the hypothesis
o.f infiltration. If SiO2 was introducedin gaseousor aqueous
form, why did it not unite with this lime, that often occursvery
closeto the contact,rather than passit by to seekother lime at a
greater distance?
I6. Recrystallizationinto marbl,eand silicatesobliteratesevi-
den.cesof volume change. Hence the fact that signs of reduc-
ti.on of volumecannotusuallybe seendoesnot argue againstre-
crystallization.
17. A comparisonof the "secondarysilicat.ezones" aroundin-
trusiveswith the talcoseand serpentinousmaterial formed by
shearingin the Randvilledolomiteof the Menomineeregion is
interesting. In the latter case,there has beenan eliminationof
CaCOa,and a recrystallization undergreat heat and pressure,in
the abser}ceof igneousrocks,of dol.omiticlimestonet.o silicates.
This is almost exactly the same result as occurs at limestone
contacts with intrusives.
8. In all casesof contact memmorphismof 1.imestones the
substancesapparentlyaddedby the intrusiveare silica, alu.mina,
and iron oxide. The metallic and other constituents which are
of undoubtedmagrn. atic origin vary widely in characterand quan-
tity. Sometimesthere is iron, sometimescopper,often both.
Again there is gold, silver, manganese. Nickel, titanium, beryl-
lium, boron, fluorine, molybdenum,tin, tungsten,tellurium, etc.,
occurfrequently. I.t seemsrather unusualthat the .typicalpneu-
matolyticconstituents shouldvary so widely from placeto pl.ace,
whilethe constituentsthat go to form the "contact-silicates"
shouldbe so uniform, if they are all supposed to.have the same
origin.
9. In most cases,evidenceis sufficientto showthat without:
much doubt,there are two stagesin the formation of the lime-
aU.S. G. S., Mon. 46, p. 22x.
 ORIGIN OF SECONDARY SILICATE ZONES. 49

stonecontact-zones.Thi,sf,avorsfhe recrystallization
ratherthan
the infiltration hypothesis.
20. Advocatesof the infiltrati,on,theoryargue that it is pre-
posterous to demandthe reductionof volumerequiredaccording
to the recrystal,
lizati.onhypothesis.On the otherhandit is just
as improbablethat there has beenan introductionof sucha tre-
mendousamount of material from the intrusive, as is required
by thosewho believein infiltra,tk)n.
2I. In accordance with the theoryof crystallizationof a magma
the volatile constituentsand mineralizersare emi,ttedchieflywhile
the magma is changingfrom the liquid to the solid form. If a
magma be in.tru,dedint,oa seriesof impure limestones,at a tem-
peratureof 1,000, for instance,is it not likely that great changes
will take place in the compositionof the invaded rock, wh.ilethe
intrusiveis coolingdown to the temperatureof crystalliza, tion?
As a matterof fact, it is a very commonoccurrence to find peg-
matire dikes, aplite dikes, quartz veins ("blouts" of Lawson)
cuttingacrossthe already formed "contact zone" of silicates. In
thesedikes and veins,the minera.lizersof the intrusiveare very
largely concentraered.
22. The katamorphismof limes.tones in the southernAppa-
lachiansgivesa residualclayeyma'reriaI,but is usedas iron ore.
The percentagesof Si02, A120a, Fe in the fresh limestoneare in
the sameratio as in the ore materiaD If anamorph,osed, these
deposits
wouldgivesecondary
sillcat,
eswithfreeironoxide.

B. CRITERIA WHICH FAVOR THE FORMATION OF THE SEC-

ONDARY SILICATE ZONES BY INFILTRATION OF MATERIAL.

I. In manycases,garnetmasses
are f.oundentirelyapart from
limestones,andapparentlyconnected
emirelywith intrusiveigne-
ous rocks.
2. As a general rule, the literature bears ou.t the sCatement
that basicintrusivesdo not producenearly as great a contact
zone as acidicones. Acidic magmasor thosehigh in silica are
t R. J. Holden, "The Brown Ores of the New River, Cripple Creek Dis-
trict, Va.," U.S. G. S., Bull. 285.
5o w. L. UGLOW.

the rocksenerally believedto be most richly providedwith the

so-calledmi,neral'izers2It is an in,terestingcoincidence
that cold,
basic rocks have been found by Rollin Chamberling to be the
richestin gases.
3- The garnet.of the contactzonesis in the majority of cases
the andradite (calcium-iron) variety. This demandsa large
amount of iron oxide.
4. A very intimate mixture of .chalcopyrite
with the silicates
in some campsincic,ates a simultaneouscrystallization.
5. In manylocalitiesin New Mexic:o,the beddingand locally
the fossilsare preservedin garnet.
xJ. F. Kemp, "Contact Deposits"; see "Types of Ore Deposits," H. F.
Bain.
R. Chamberlin, "Gases in Rocks," Publication IO6, Carnegie Institute of
Washington, I9O8.

(To be confirmed)

- I - I II I III