Class Notes PDF

EE04 704: POWER SYSTEMS III
Resource Materials
By
Sasidharan Sreedharan
(www.sasidharan.webs.com)
MODULE - I
Circuit Breakers
Vidya Academy of Science and Technology

Trissur, Kerala, India
(August- 2011)
8/3/2011
Module I
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Circuit Breakers : Principles of operation, different

types and their operations, ABCB, oil CB, SF6,vacuum
CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of over voltages,
surges and traveling waves, voltage waves on
transmission line, reflection and attenuation,
protection against lightning, earth wires, lightning
diverters, surge absorbers, arcing ground, neutral
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their
CLASS 1: MODULE 1 selection, BIL, coordination of insulation
EE04 704: POWER SYSTEM III
Class 1
Module II Module III

Protective Relays: Protective zones, requirement of Electric Traction: Systems of traction, speed
protective relaying, different types of relays and their time curve, mechanics of traction, braking,
applications, generalized theory of relays, protection power supply, systems of current collection.
scheme for generator, transformers, lines and bus bars,
static relays, amplitude and phase comparators, lock Electric Heating : Advantage of electric
diagrams of static relays, microprocessor based heating, resistance and induction arc furnaces,
protective relaying- overcurrent & impedance relays construction and field of application, high
frequency power supply and the principle and
application of dielectric heating - .
Module IV Books
1. Sunil S Rao :Switch gear protections ; Khanna
Publishers(11th edition)
Introduction to SCADA systems - block
2. 2. Soni, Gupta & Bhatnagar :A course in Electrical Power ;
diagram -communication between various Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
control centers three level control systems - 3. A.R.Van.C.Warrington :Protective Relays Vol 1 & 2 ;
functions and features. . Introduction to HVDC Chappman & Hall
transmission kinds of DC links comparison 4. Ravindranath M. Chander:Power System Protection and
Switchgear.
with HVAC systems PQ problems -
5. G. T. Haydt :Electric Power Quality.
introduction to FACTS FACTS controllers 6. Badriram : D.N Viswakarma : Power system protection &
SVC - STATCOM - UPFC switchgear .Tata McGraw Hill
7. Narain .G. Hingorani: Understanding FACTS. IEEE PRESS.
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Exam Scheme and Pattern Resource Materials

Sessional work assessment
2Assignments 30% All resource materials including class power points,
2 tests 60% selected notes, reference books, assignments, doubt
Regularity &Participation in class 10% clearings etc will be regularly posted in the website.
Total marks = 50 Students are requested to go through the same.
Exam Pattern
Q I - 8 short type questions of 5 marks, 2 from each module
Q II - 2 questions A and B of 15 marks from module I with choice to answer
www.sasisreedhar.webs.com
any one sasisreedhar@vidyaacademy.ac.in
Q III - 2 questions A and B of 15 marks from module II with choice to answer
any one
Q IV - 2 questions A and B of 15 marks from module III with choice to answer
any one
Q V - 2 questions A and B of 15 marks from module IV with choice to answer
any one
Contents Disturbances: Light or Severe

1. Circuit Breakers The power system must maintain acceptable
2. Protective Relays Power System Protection operation 24 hours a day
Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits
3. Electric Traction Small disturbances
The control system can handle these
4. Introduction to SCADA Systems Example: variation in transformer or generator load
Severe disturbances require a protection system
They can put in danger the entire power system
They cannot be overcome by a control system
Electric Power System Exposure to External

Power System Protection Agents
Operation during severe disturbances:
System element protection
System protection
Automatic reclosing
Automatic transfer to alternate power supplies
Automatic synchronization
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Damage to Main Equipment Protection System
A series of devices whose main

purpose is to protect persons and
primary electric power equipment from
the effects of faults
Blackouts Short Circuits Produce High Currents

Characteristics Main Causes
Loss of service in a large Overreaction of the Three-Phase Line
area or population protection system a
region Bad design of the b
Hazard to human life protection system c
I
May result in enormous
economic losses Substation Fault
Thousands of Amps I
Wire
Electrical Equipment Thermal Damage Mechanical Damage During

t Short Circuits
Very destructive in busbars, isolators, supports,
transformers, and machines
Damage Damage Curve
Damage is instantaneous
Time
Mechanical
Forces
f1 f2
i1
I
In Imd Short-Circuit i2
Rated Value
Current f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)
Rigid Conductors
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The Fuse Protection System Elements

Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Fuse Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Transformer Control cables
Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team DC Tripping Circuit

+
Circuit Breakers Current Transformers
Very High Voltage CT

Medium-Voltage CT
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Voltage Transformers Protective Relays
Medium Voltage
Note: Voltage transformers

are also known as potential
High Voltage transformers
Examples of Relay Panels How Do Relays Detect Faults?

When a fault takes place, the current, voltage,
frequency, and other electrical variables behave in a
peculiar way. For example:
Current suddenly increases
Voltage suddenly decreases
Microprocessor- Relays can measure the currents and the voltages

Based Relay and detect that there is an overcurrent, or an under
voltage, or a combination of both
Old Electromechanical Many other detection principles determine the
design of protective relays
The Future Diesel Traction - 1912
Improvements in computer-based protection

Highly reliable and viable communication
systems (satellite, optical fiber, etc.)
Integration of control, command, protection, The diesel engine was invented in the year 1893, by a
and communication young German Engineer, called Rudolf Diesel. But it was
only nineteen years later, that the first Diesel locomotive
Improvements to human-machine interface came into existence.
Since then, diesel traction has grown from strength to strength. Over 89,000
Diesel locomotives have been built in the world so far, the General Motors,
USA alone contributing to as many as 56,000 Locomotives.
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Electric Traction - 1881 SCADA
What is SCADA
Where and Why are SCADA systems used
What do SCADA systems Provide?
Evolution
After many decades of satisfactory performance, the steam Benefits
engines were to give way to more modern locomotives.
The year 1881 saw the birth of the first electric Railway run
by a German Engineer Werner Van Siemens using both
the rails to carry the current. Finding this a little too
dangerous, Siemens soon adopted the overhead electric
wires. Electric locomotives today raun on Rail roads in
many countries.
Traditional Control Traditional Control

Dedicated Consoles
Point to point communication
No network
No remote access
No remote diagnostic
Distributed Control Distributed Control

Advantages:
Distributed databases/ programs created from a
single development environment (also in front
end processor)
Distributed access
Network Protocol
Distributed diagnostic
PLCs
Display everything everywhere
Field Bus
Difficult:
Field Bus-Integrator
Integration of various field bus components
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SCADA ?SCADA ? What, Where and Why

Supervisory And Data
Control Acquisition What is SCADA and where is it used
Archiving, Logging, Supervisory Controls And Data Acquisition
Graphics and Batch processing Access Control, Alarms
Application area :
Industrial processes: chemical, power
generation and distribution, metallurgy etc.
Distributed database Nuclear processes: reactors, nuclear waste, ...
Data Server Data Server PLCs
Field Bus
Control Programs
What do SCADA Provide? SCADA functions MMI

Flexible and open architecture
Basic SCADA functionality
MMI
Alarm Handling and Trending
Access Control
Automation
Logging, Archiving, Report
Generation
Interfaces to H/W and S/W
Development Tools
Configuration Is SCADA the only Future ? ...

of SCADA Systems New Technology: JetWeb
Each node is an individual Web Server
All nodes and all I/O hooked up to the Ethernet
Data Server Data Server PLCs
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SCADA functions
Kerala Load Dispatch
SCADA functions FACTS Devices
Type Parameter Controlled FACTS Devices Functions
To alleviate OLL
Series Controllers Series P TCSC, SSSC, TCPAR
Increase TC
Compensate V
Shunt Controllers Shunt Q SVC, STATCOM
by injecting Q
Combined Series-Shunt Combination of series
Series P & Shut Q UPFC
Controllers & shunt controller
Types of FACTS Devices
FACTS devices are solid-state tcr

converter that have the capability of
control of various electrical
parameters in transmission circuit [13,
15,16]:
Thyristor Controlled
Compensator (TCSC)
Series Regards
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) etc
Unified Power Flow Controller

(UPFC)
sasidharan.webs.com
Static Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Syncronous Series

Compensator (SSSC), etc
47
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EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE

EE04 704:1:POWER
CLASS SYSTEM
MODULE 1 III
Fundamentals of Fault Clearing
Module I
earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation Distribution Board
House Wiring Miniature Circuit Breakers
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Why we need a circuit breaker Devices used for circuit breaking

1. During the operation of the power systems, it is often desirable and
necessary to switch on or off the various circuits (e.g., transmission lines,
distributors, generating plants etc.) under both normal and faulty
conditions.
1.Fuse and ironclad switches Fuses
2. Previously this function was performed by a switch and a fuse in series
with the circuit. 2.Isolators
3. However, such method has two disadvantages.
Firstly, when fuse blows out, it takes quite sometime to replace it and restore the supply 3.Circuit breakers
to the customers.
Secondly, a fuse cannot successfully interrupt the heavy fault currents that occur on the
modern high voltage power systems and large capacity circuits.
4. Therefore, with the advancement in power systems, there was a need to
develop a more reliable means of control.
5. The circuit breaker was developed to switch on and off the various circuits
of a power system
Air Circuit Breaker 1. Fuses and Iron Clad Switches

Fuse is an over current switch which operates when
the current exceeds a preassigned value
When the limit exceeds, it melts and causes the
current interruption.
The supply is restored only when a healthy fuse
replaces the damaged (melted) one in the line.
To permit this without any danger of shock to the
operator, fuses are connected on the load side of an
ironclad switch.
SF6 Circuit Breaker Fuses
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Distribution Board Fuse Cut Outs

3. Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is a complex circuit-breaking device with the
following duties:
I. Makes or breaks both normal and abnormal currents
II. Appropriately manages the high-energy arc associated with
current interruption.
III. The problem has become more acute due to interconnection
Iron Clad Cut Outs Metal Clad Switch Fuses Switch Disconnector of power stations resulting in very high fault levels.
IV. Effects current interruption only when it is called upon to do
so by the relay circuits. In fact they are required to trip for a
minimum of the internal fault current and remain
inoperative for a maximum of through fault current
V. Rapid and successive automatic breaking and making to aid
stable system operation
VI. Three pole (3-pole) and single pole (1-pole) auto-reclosing
arrangement
2. Isolators Fuses/ Circuit Breakers

An isolator is a switch connected after a circuit
breaker. Difference between fuse/circuit breaker protection
When a circuit or a busbar is taken out of service by and overload protection:
tripping the circuit breaker, the isolator is then open Fuses and circuit breakers protect circuit from
circuited and the isolated line is earthed through grounds and short circuits only.
earth switch so that the trapped line charges are Protect Motor Circuit and Power system from a
safely conducted to ground. short in the motor Circuit.
C.B.s are more expensive but can be reset, Fuses
are less expensive but can be real pain to
replace.
Isolators Basic Elements of Circuit Breaker
1.Contact.
3.Operating
2.Insulation.
Mechanism.
4.Arc quenches medium.
110 KV Isolator
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Circuit Breaker - Switching

What are Relays?
In addition to the making and breaking
capabilities, a circuit breaker is required to do
following tasks under the following typical Relays are electrical
conditions: switches that open or
Short-circuit interruption close another circuit
Interruption of small inductive currents under certain
Capacitor switching conditions.
Interruption of short-line fault
Asynchronous switching
Circuit Breaker - Duties

Relay Purpose
A circuit breaker is a switching i.e. current interrupting or
making device in switchgear.
Isolate controlling circuit from controlled
It is defined as a piece of equipment which can do any circuit.
one of the following tasks:
Control high voltage system with low
voltage.
Makes or breaks a circuit either manually or by Control high current system with low
remote control under normal conditions. current.
Breaks a circuit automatically under fault conditions Logic Functions
Makes a circuit either manually or by remote control
under fault conditions
Thus a circuit breaker is used for incorporating manual as well

Relay Types
as automatic control for the switching function. Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
Automatic control of the circuit breaker is incorporated with EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a
the help of relays particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more
contacts that rely on an armature (or lever) activated
The main advantage associated with the use of circuit breaker by the energized coil to open or close an electrical
is that, unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be circuit.
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or Solid-state Relays (SSRs)
automatically) to resume normal operation. SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is
that protect an individual household appliance up to large optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED,
usually with low-voltage DC power.
an entire city.
Microprocessor Based Relays
Use microprocessor for switching mechanism.
Commonly used in power system monitoring and
protection.
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How a Relay Works The Fault Clearing Process

The primary function of the circuit breakers
mechanism is to provide the means for opening and
closing the contacts.
When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the
trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and the
moving contacts are pulled apart by some
mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When the contacts of a circuit break are separated
under fault conditions, an arc is struck between
them.
The production of the arc generates enormous heat
Therefore, the main problem in the circuit breaker is
to extinguish the arc within the shortest possible
time
The fault clearing process Arcing Phenomena

When the current-carrying contacts are being separated, arc starts.
This phenomena of arcing is common to both dc and ac circuit breakers.
Arc gets extinguished every time the current wave passes through zero
Arc can restrike only if the transient recovery voltage across the
electrodes already separated and continuing to separate, reaches a
sufficiently high value causing breakdown.
The function of an ac circuit breaker is to prevent restriking of the arc,
which depends upon the following important factors:
1. The nature and pressure of the medium of arc
2. The external ionizing and de-ionizing agents present
3. The voltage across the electrodes and its variation with time
4. The material and configuration of the electrodes
5. The nature and configuration of the arcing chamber
Arc Extinction
Types of Arc
Arcs in the circuit breakers are categorized as:
Arc Voltage: a) High-pressure arcs: with ambient pressures of 1
atm and above
The Voltage drop b) Vacuum arcs
across the arc is
called Arc Voltage.
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Principle of Arc Extinction

Prior to discussing the methods of arc
extinction, it is essential to scrutinize the
factors accountable for the maintenance of
arc between the contacts. These are:
Potential difference between the contacts

Ionized particles between the contacts
Potential Difference between the

During the arcing period, the current flowing
between the contacts depends upon the arc Contacts
resistance. When the contacts have small separation, the
The greater the arc resistance, the smaller is potential difference between them is sufficient to
the current that flows between the contacts. maintain the arc.
The arc resistance depends upon the One way to extinguish the arc is to separate the
following factors: contacts to such a distance that potential
difference becomes inadequate to maintain the
arc.
Degree of Ionization
However this method is impracticable in high
Length of the Arc voltage systems where a separation of many
Cross-section of the Arc meters may be required.
Ionized Particles between the

a. Degree of Ionization
Contacts
The arc resistance increases with the decrease in
the number of ionized particles between the The ionized particles between the contacts
contacts. tend to maintain the arc.
b. Length of the Arc If the arc path is de-ionized, the arc extinction
The arc resistance increases with the length of will be facilitated.
the arc i.e., separation of contacts. This may be achieved by cooling the arc
c. Cross-section of the Arc removing the ionized particles from the space
between the contacts.
The arc resistance increases with the decrease in
the area of cross-section of the arc.
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Recovery Voltage and restriking

Methods of Arc Interruption
voltage
1. High Resistance Interruption:
Arc resistance is increased with time so that
the current is reduced to a value insufficient
to maintain it.
Used in DC Circuit breakers
(1) Arc lengthening.
(2) Arc cooling.
(3) Arc splitting.
(4) Arc constraining.
Methods of Arc Interruption

2. Low Resistance Interruption/current zero
interruption:
Arc resistance is kept at low value until the Regards
current zero.
At current zero Arc gets extinguishes by itself
naturally sasidharan.webs.com
Used in AC circuit breakers
(1) Cooling.
(2) Gap lengthening.
(3) Blast effect.
Recovery Voltage and restriking

voltage
Recovery Voltage
The normal frequency rms voltage that appears
across the breaker poles after final arc extinction
has occurred is termed as recovery voltage.
Restriking Voltage
The transient voltage that appears across the
contacts at the instant of arc extinction is called
the restriking voltage.
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Based on Voltage

EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULE SYSTEM
1 III
Class 3: June 28,2011
Types of Circuit Breakers
Module I Based on Location

Circuit Breakers : Principles of operation, different Indoor Circuit Breaker:
CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of over voltages, Medium and low voltage breakers are
surges and traveling waves, voltage waves on categorized as Indoor circuit breakers,
protection against lightning, earth wires, lightning Outdoor circuit breaker
earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their Circuit breakers which have air as external
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation insulating medium are classified as outdoor
circuit breakers.
Based on External Design

Dead tank circuit breakers
In the dead tank circuit breakers, the switching device is located,

with suitable insulator supports , inside a metallic vessel at ground
potential and filled with insulating medium.
In dead tank circuit breakers, the incoming and outgoing conductors

are taken out through suitable insulator bushings, and low voltage
type current transformers are located at lower end of both insulator
bushings, i.e. at the line side and the load side.
Live tank circuit breaker
In live tank circuit breakers, the interrupter is located I an insulator

bushing, at a potential above ground potential.
The live tank circuit breakers are cheaper (with no current
transformer), and require less mounting space.
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Based on Interrupting Media

air and oil was predominant interrupting media till late 70s.
But today, vacuum and SF6 are the only dominant interrupting
technologies, for medium and high voltage segments of circuit
breaker
The medium used for the arc extinction can be:

Oil
Air
Vacuum
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Accordingly, the circuit breakers may be classified into following

categories (which will be treated in detail in the present report):
Oil Circuit Breakers

Air-blast Circuit Breakers
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Method of arc extinction in circuit breaker.
High resistance interruption.

(1) Arc lengthening.
(2) Arc cooling.
(3) Arc splitting.
(4) Arc constraining.
Low resistance interruption.

(1) Cooling.
(2) Gap lengthening.
(3) Blast effect.
Regards
sasidharan.webs.com
2
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Fixed Fixed
contact contact
ARC ARC IS QUENCHED
ARC
BY
MEDIUM
Moving Moving
contact contact

EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULESYSTEM
1 III OPERATING
SF6 and Vacuum Circuit Breaker PRINCIPLE OF
BREAKER IN A CIRCUIT BREAKER
Module I OVERVIEW OF ARCS IN BREAKERS-:

types and their operations, ABCB, oil CB, SF6,vacuum During the separation
CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of over voltages, of contacts, due to
surges and traveling waves, voltage waves on large fault current and
transmission line, reflection and attenuation, high current density
at the contact region
the surrounding
diverters, surge absorbers, arcing ground, neutral medium ionizes and
earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their thus a conducting
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation medium is formed.
This is called the ARC.
Introduction
Only SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers are
currently being installed, but some air-blast
and oil circuit breakers are still in place in
distribution substations
Vacuum CBs are used for distribution voltages
SF6 CBs with the puffer mechanism are used
for transmission voltages.
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CLASSIFICTION OF CIRCUIT OVERVIEW OF SF6 GAS:-

BREAKERS
Electrical properties
OIL AIR VACCUM SF6 1. High dielectric strength
2. Excellent arc quenching ability

OIL AIR VACCUM SF6
3. Excellent thermal stability
CIRCUIT BLAST CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
BREAKER CIRCUIT BREAKER BREAKER
4. Good thermal conductivity
BREAKER
Physical & Chemical properties
1. Chemically inert
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 2. Non-

Non-toxic
3. Non-
Non-corrosive
4. Non-
Non-flammable
5. High density
6.High electro-negativity
Dielectric properties of SF6 gas:-
DS of sf6 is 2.5 times of air

DS of sf6 is 30% less than oil
DS of sf6 is equal to oil at
63700 N/m2
And 15% higher at 122500
N/m2
(D S - Dielectric Strength)
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Advantages of SF6 gas:-
1. Increased safety
2. Reduced size
3. Easy installation
4. Low maintenance
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER SF6 DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS

OPERATION
SF6
SPARK
SF4 + 2F
H2O M
SOF2 + 2HF MFn

H2O SiO2
SiF4 + 2 H2O
SO2 + HF
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER Amount of each decomposition product

OPERATION depends on :-
magnitude & duration of discharge

materials of construction of equipment
contamination levels of moisture and air inside the
equipment
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VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

REMOVAL OF SF6 BYPRODUCTS:-
Byproducts are corrosive & likely to affect the
organic materials.
Absorbent materials used in circuit breakers
activated alumina( effective for SOF2,H2S,SF2)
molecular sieves( sodalime-CaO.NaOH)-removes
stable gases such as SF4,SiF4 & S2F2
So suggested mix is 50/50 of sodalime & alumina.

The suggested weight of absorbent is 10% of the
weight of the gas
ADVANTAGES OF SF6 CIRCUIT

BREAKERS
Very short arcing period

Can interrupt much larger
currents as compared to
other breakers
No risk of fire
Low maintenance, light
foundation, minimum
auxiliary equipments
No over voltage problem
Vacuum is used as the arc quenching medium.

SF6 PUFFER TYPE CIRCUIT BREAKER
Basic principle is that arc wont sustain in vacuum
Employs the principle of contact separation
There is no ionization due to medium.
The initial arc caused by field and thermionic emissions during
the contacts separation, will die away soon, since there is no
further ionization because of vacuum.
Since vacuum offers the highest insulating strength and far
superior arc quenching properties than any other medium.
When the contacts in the vacuum circuit breakers are opened
in vacuum, an arc is produced between the contacts by the
The green/blue block does not move ionization of metal vapors of contacts.
The blue outline piston moves right However, the arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic
The arc is blown away by the blast of SF6 vapors, electrons and ions produced during arc rapidly
condense on the surface of the circuit breaker contacts.
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Advantages
Compact and Durable.
Low Operating energy since mechanism need to drive only small
masses at moderate speed for very short distances.
Because of the very low voltage across the metal vapor arc, energy
is very low.
(Arc voltage is between 50 and 100V.)
Metal vapor re-condenses on the contact and hence contact
erosion is extremely small.
No generation of gases during and after the circuit breaker
operation.
It can break any heavy fault current
They can successfully withstand lightning surges.
Regards
Sasisreedhar.webs.com
Construction
The vacuum circuit breaker consists of fixed contact,
moving contact and arc shield mounted inside the
vacuum chamber.
The movable member is connected to the control
mechanism by stainless steel bellows.
This enables the permanent sealing of the vacuum
chamber so as to eliminate the possibility of leak.
A glass vessel or ceramic vessel is used as the outer
insulating body.
The arc shield prevents the deterioration of the
internal dielectric strength by preventing metallic
vapors falling on the inside surface of the outer
insulating cover.
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Introduction
High pressure air-blast is used as arc quenching medium.
The contacts are opened in a flow of air-blast established
by the opening of the blast valve.
The air-blast cools the arc and sweeps away the arcing
products.
Consequently, the arc is extinguished and flow of current is
interrupted.
Whenever current at high voltages needs to be interrupted,
more breaking units are used, in series.
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE Dry and clean air supply is one of the most essential
EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULE SYSTEM
1 III requirements for the operation of the air-blast circuit
ABCB and Oil Circuit Breaker breakers.
Sequence of Operation of ABCB
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Conclusion
Other gases such as Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and
Hydrogen can also be used. But air is preferred because
of the fact that the Carbon dioxide tends to freeze, and
the hydrogen gas is very expensive.
This type of circuit breaker has been used earlier for
open terminal HV applications, for voltages of 245 kV,
and 400 kV up to 765 kV, especially where faster
breaker operation was required.
The interrupting capability of air circuit breaker is
usually increased by increasing the normal pressure
range. Normally, the pressure level is around 30 to 35
bars.
In order to maintain the insulation level and reliability
AXIAL BLAST ABCB of operation, it is required that the air to be very dry.
Currently, ABCBs are replaced by SF6 circuit breakers
Oil Circuit Breaker

Advantages
The risk of fire is eliminated in these circuit breakers.
The arcing products are completely removed by the
blast whereas the oil deteriorates with successive
operations.
The size of these breakers is reduced, as the
dielectric strength grows so rapidly
Due to the rapid growth of the dielectric strength,
the arcing time is also very small.
The arc extinction is independent of the fault current
to be interrupted.
Disadvantages Plain Oil Circuit Breaker

These circuit breakers are very sensitive to the
variations in the rate of rise of restriking
voltage.
The air-blast is supplied by the compressor
plant that needs considerable maintenance
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Advantages
1. Oil absorbs the arc energy to produces
hydrogen gas during arcing.
2. The hydrogen has excellent cooling properties
and helps to extinguish the arc. (In addition to hydrogen gas, a small
proportion of methane, ethylene, and acetylene are also generated in oil decomposition.)
Minimum
Oil
Circuit Breaker
3. The oil provides insulation for the live exposed
contacts from the earthed portions of the
container.
4. Oil provides insulation between the contacts
after the arc has been extinguished.
5. The oil close to the arc region provides cooling
Insulating oil (i.e., transformer oil) is used as an arc quenching

medium.
The contacts are opened under oil and an arc is struck between
Disadvantages
them.
1. Oil is inflammable and may cause fire hazards.
The surrounding oil dissociates into hydrogen.
The large volume of the hydrogen gas pushes the oil away from the 2. When a defective circuit breaker fails under
arc. pressure, it may cause explosion.
In an oil circuit breaker, the arc quenching process is entirely 3. The hydrogen gas generated during arcing,
dependent on arc energy generated. when combined with air, may form an explosive
The arc drawn across the contacts is contained inside the mixture.
interrupting pot, and thus the hydrogen gas formed by the vaporized
oil (gas) is also contained inside the chamber. 4. During arcing, oil decomposes and becomes
As the contacts move, and the moving contact separates, nozzle exit polluted by carbon particles, which reduces its
allows escape of the hydrogen gas trapped inside the interrupting dielectric strength.
chamber. 5. Requires periodic maintenance and
The escaping high pressure hydrogen gas, having a high thermal replacement.
conductivity, takes away the heat, thus making the contact gap cool
and free from ionization, immediately after current zero.
The arc extinction is facilitated by two processes: Types of Oil Circuit Breakers
1. Firstly, the hydrogen gas cools the arc, aiding Oil Circuit Breakers can be classified based on
the de-ionization of the medium between the
contacts. the quantity of oil used. The two popular types
are:
2. Secondly, the gas sets up turbulence in the oil
and forces it into the space between contacts, there
by eliminating the arcing products from the arc i. Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers
path. ii. Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
This results in extinguishing the arc and as a result

the circuit current is interrupted.
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8/3/2011
Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker

These circuit breakers use a large quantity of oil. The oil
has to serve two purposes:
1. It extinguishes the arc during opening of contacts.

2. It insulates the current conducting parts from one
another and from the earthed tank.
In the bulk oil circuit breakers, the interrupting unit is

placed in a tank of oil at earth potential and the incoming
and outgoing conductors are connected through insulator
bushings.
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)

These circuit breakers (MOCB) uses only a
small quantity of oil.
In such circuit breakers, oil is used only for arc
extinction; the current conducting parts
insulated by air or porcelain or organic
insulating material.
In these circuit breakers, the oil requirement
can be minimized by placing the interrupting
units, in insulating chambers at live potential,
on an insulator column.
Regards
sasidharan.webs.com
4
8/3/2011
Breaking Capacity
Breaking capacity is defined as the r.m.s. current that a circuit breaker is
capable of breaking at given recovery voltage and under specified
conditions (i.e. power factor, rate of rise of restriking voltage).
The breaking capacity is always stated at the r.m.s. value of fault current
at the instant of contact separation.
When the fault occurs, there is a considerable asymmetry in the fault
current due to the presence of a d.c. component.
(In the Britain, it is a usual practice to take breaking current equal to the symmetrical
breaking current. However, in America, the practice is to take breaking current equal
to asymmetrical breaking current. Therefore, the American rating given to a circuit
breaker is higher than the British rating.)
Breaking capacity in MVA in terms of the rated breaking current (I) and
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE rated service voltage (V) in three-phase circuit is:
EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULE SYSTEM
1 III
Circuit Breaker Ratings Breaking Capacity = sqrt 3 x V x I x 10-6 MVA
However, the agreed international standard of specifying breaking
capacity is defined as the rated symmetrical breaking current at a rated
voltage.
Introduction Making Capacity

It is the peak value of current (including d.c. component) during
A circuit breaker must operate under all the first cycle of current wave after the closure of circuit breaker.
conditions, but its operation becomes critical
when there is a fault in the system where There is always a possibility of closing or making the circuit
breaker is used. breaker under the short circuit conditions.
During fault conditions, a circuit breaker must The capacity of a circuit breaker to make current depends upon
open the faulty circuit and break the fault its ability to withstand and close successfully against the effects of
current. electromagnetic forces.
The ratings of the circuit breakers are also for

Making capacity is stated in terms of a peak value of current
breaking and making capabilities. instead of r.m.s. value.
Making Capacity = 2.55 x symmetrical breaking capacity
Short Time Rating

Circuit Breaker Ratings The period for which the circuit breaker is able to carry fault
current while remaining closed is known as short-time rating.
There are three ratings for breakers as: This rating is needed because sometimes a fault on the system is
of temporary nature and persists only for a second or two after
which the fault is automatically cleared (transient fault). For the
1. Breaking Capacity sake of continuity of the supply, the breaker should not trip in
such situations.
2. Making Capacity
This means that the circuit breakers should be able to carry high
3. Short-time Rating current safely for some specified period while remaining closed.
Circuit Breakers should have a specified short-time rating.
If the fault persists for a duration longer than the specified time
The circuit breaker ratings carefully selected
limit, the circuit breaker will trip, disconnecting the faulty section.
based on a particular application.
The short-time rating of a circuit breaker depends upon its ability
to withstand:
The electromagnetic force effects
The temperature rise
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Arc Voltage Rate of Rise of Restriking Voltage

It is the rate of increase of restriking voltage and is
Arc voltage is defined as the voltage that appears
abbreviated by R.R.R.V. its unit is kV/m sec
across the contacts of the circuit breaker during the
arcing period (the period in which the arc persists). It is R.R.R.V, which decides whether the arc will re-
strike.
[As soon as the contacts of the circuit breaker are If R.R.R.V is greater than the rate of rise of dielectric
separated, an arc is formed between them. The voltage strength between the contacts, the arc will re-
that appears across the contacts during this period, strike.
until the arc is extinct, is called the arc voltage. The The value of R.R.R.V depends on:
value of this voltage is highest at the zero current point.
This peak value of the arc voltage helps maintain the 1. Recovery voltage
current flow in the form of arc]. 2. Natural frequency of oscillations
Recovery Voltage
Recovery voltage is defined as the normal (50 Hz) voltage that
appears across the contacts of the circuit breaker immediately after
the final arc extinction. It is approximately equal to the system
voltage.
[When the contacts of the circuit breaker are opened, current drops to
zero after every half cycle. At some current zero, the contacts are Regards
separated adequately apart and dielectric strength of the medium
between the contacts attains high value due to the elimination of
ionized particles. At such an instant, the medium between the contacts Sasisreedhar.webs.com
is strong enough to prevent the breakdown by restriking voltage.
Consequently, the final arc extinction takes place and circuit current is
interrupted. Immediately after the final current interruption, the
voltage that appears across the contacts has a transient part. However,
these transient oscillations cave in rapidly due to the damping effect of
the system resistance and normal circuit voltage appears across the
contacts. The voltage across the contacts is of normal frequency and is
identified as recovery voltage].
Restriking Voltage
Restriking voltage is the transient voltage that appears
across the contacts at or near current zero during the
arcing period.
[The current interruption in the circuit depends upon the

high frequency transient voltage, the restriking voltage. If
the restriking voltage rises more rapidly than the
dielectric strength of the medium between the contacts,
the arc will persist for the next half-cycle. On the other
hand, if the dielectric strength of the medium builds up
more rapidly than the restriking voltage, the arc fails to
restrike and the current will be interrupted].
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Lightning Over Voltage

Lightning is an attempt by nature to maintain a
dynamic balance between the positively charged
ionosphere and the negatively charged earth.
Over fair-weather areas there is a downward transfer
of positive charges through the global air-earth
current.
This is then counteracted by thunderstorms, during
which positive charges are transferred upward in the
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE form of lightning.
EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULESYSTEM
1 III During thunderstorms, positive and negative charges
Over Voltages in Power Systems are separated by the movements of air currents
forming ice crystals in the upper layer of a cloud and
rain in the lower part.
Module I The cloud becomes negatively charged and

has a larger layer of positive charge at its top.
As the separation of charge proceeds in the
types and their operations, ABCB, oil CB, cloud, the potential difference between the
SF6,vacuum CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of centers of charges increases and the vertical
over voltages, surges and traveling waves, voltage electric field along the cloud also increases.
waves on transmission line, reflection and
The total potential difference between the
attenuation, protection against lightning, earth
two main charge centers may vary from l00
wires, lightning diverters, surge absorbers, arcing to 1000 MV.
ground, neutral earthing , basic concepts of
insulation levels and their selection, BIL,
Only a part of the total charge-several
hundred coulombs-is released to earth by
coordination of insulation
lightning.
Causes of Over Voltages
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STREAMERS
Lightning Protection System
Lightning Discharge
STEPPED LEADER The channel to earth is first established by a stepped
discharge called a leader stroke.
The leader is initiated by a breakdown between polarized
water droplets at the cloud base caused by the high electric
field, or a discharge between the negative charge mass in the
lower cloud and the positive charge pocket below it.
As the downward leader approaches the earth, an upward
leader begins to proceed from earth before the former
reaches earth.
The upward leader joins the downward one at a point
referred to as the striking point.
This is the start of the return stroke, which progresses upward
like a travelling wave on a transmission line.
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Lightning Phenomenon
At the earthing point a heavy impulse current
reaching the order of tens of kilo amperes
occurs, which is responsible for the known
damage of lightning.
The velocity of progression of the return stoke is
very high and may reach half the speed of light.
The corresponding current heats its path to
temperatures up to 20,000C, causing the
explosive air expansion that is heard as thunder.
The current pulse rises to its crest in a few micro
seconds and decays over a period of tens or
hundreds of microseconds.
Lightning FACTS Switching Over Voltage

With the increase in transmission voltages, switching
A strike can average 100 million volts of surges have become the governing factor in the design
electricity of insulation for EHV and UHV systems.
Current of up to 100,000 amperes Overvoltage produced on transmission lines by
lightning strokes are only slightly dependent on the
Can generate 54,000 Degree F power system voltages.
Lightning strikes somewhere on the Earth According to the International Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) recommendations, all equipment
every second designed for operating voltages above 300 kV should be
Kills hundreds of people every year. tested under switching impulses (i.e., laboratory-
simulated switching surges).
Protection Against Lightning Origin of Switching Over Voltage

There is a great variety of events that would initiate a switching surge
in a power network.
1) Air terminal The switching operations of greatest relevance to insulation design can
be classified as follows
2) Conductors 1. Energization of transmission lines and cables.
3) Ground termination a. Energization of a line that is open circuited at the far end
b. Energization of a line that is terminated by an unloaded transformer
4) Surge protection c. Energization of a line through the low-voltage side of a transformer
2. Reenergization of a line.
This means the energization of transmission line carrying charges trapped

by previous line interruptions when high-speed reclosures are used.
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Origin of Switching Over Voltage Events leading to the generation of temporary

overvoltage
3. Load rejection.
This is affected by a circuit breaker opening at the far end of the
line. 1. Load Rejection:
This may also be followed by opening the line at the sending end in When a transmission line or a large
what is called a line dropping operation.
inductive load that is fed from a power station is
4. Switching on and off of equipment.
All switching operations involving an element of the transmission
suddenly switched off, the generator will speed
network will produce a switching surge. up and the bus bar voltage will rise.
a. Switching of high-voltage reactors
b. Switching of transformers that are loaded by a reactor on their
tertiary winding
c. Switching of a transformer at no load
5. Fault initiation and clearing
Load Rejection
Temporary Over voltage Ferranti Effect

Temporary overvoltage's (sustained overvoltage)
differ from transient switching overvoltage in that
they last for longer durations, typically from a few
cycles to a few seconds.
They take the form of undamped or slightly
damped oscillations at a frequency equal or close
to the power frequency.
The classification of temporary overvoltage as
distinct from transient switching overvoltage is
mainly due to the fact that the responses of power
network insulation and surge arresters to their
wave shapes are different.
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8/3/2011
Ground Fault
A single line-to-ground fault will cause the voltages to
ground of the healthy phases to rise.
In the case of a line-to-ground fault, systems with neutrals

isolated or grounded through high impedance may develop
over voltages on healthy phases higher than normal line-
to line voltages.
Solidly grounded systems will only permit phase-to-

ground overvoltage well below the line-to-line value.
An earth fault factor is defined as the ratio of the higher of

the two sound phase voltages to the line-to-neutral voltage
at the same point in the system with the fault removed.
Harmonic Overvoltage Due to

Magnetic Saturation
Harmonic oscillations in power systems are
initiated by system nonlinearities whose primary
source is that of the saturated magnetizing
characteristics of transformers and shunt
reactors.
The magnetizing current of these components
increases rapidly and contains a high percentage
of harmonics for voltages above the rated
voltage.
Saturated transformers inject large harmonic
currents into the system.
Regards
5
8/3/2011

CLASS 1: MODULE 1
EE04 704: POWER SYSTEM III
Protection Against External Over Voltages
Module I Types of Voltage Disturbances

The most common voltage
Circuit Breakers : Principles of operation, different disturbance is a surge or spike in
types and their operations, ABCB, oil CB, SF6,vacuum voltage
CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of over voltages, Less common types of disturbances Surge / Spike
88%
surges and traveling waves, voltage waves on are:
Swell An increase in the
transmission line, reflection and attenuation, power frequency AC voltage
with durations from one half
protection against lightning, earth wires, lightning cycle to a few seconds
diverters, surge absorbers, arcing ground, neutral Sw ell / Sag Outages
Sag A rms reduction in the
earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their power frequency AC voltage
11% 1%
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation with durations from one half

cycle to a few seconds (also
known as dip)
What is a Voltage Surge? Protective Ratio and Protective

Margin
High amplitude, short duration overvoltage
Protective Ratio:
Any voltage level that is short in duration and is Impulse withstand level of equipment
also 10% greater than the systems normal ------------------------------------------------------
operating AC, RMS or DC voltage level. A voltage Protective level of surge arrestor
surge is also known as a voltage transient.
Protective ratios are usually above 1.2
Protective Margin = Equipment withstand level protective level of surge

arrestor
Protective levels are different for lightning impulse and switching impulse
Lightning Impulse withstand

------------------------------------------------------ = 1.2
Switching Impulse with stand level
1
8/3/2011
The Enemy
Types of Lightning Stokes
A Type Stroke: Discharge between a charged cloud and earth

B Type Stroke: If cloud 1 discharges to cloud 2, there is a sudden
change in the charge on cloud 3. The discharge between cloud 3 and
earth is called B type stroke
B Type Stroke does not hit earth conductor or earth wire and hence no
protection can be provided to the OH line against such strokes
Protection Against Lightning

Power Stations and substations from direct
strokes
Overhead transmission lines from direct
strokes
Electrical Apparatus from Travelling Waves
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8/3/2011
Protection devices against lightning

Device Where Applied Remarks
Lightning Arrestors On incoming line in each Diverts over voltage to earth

(Surge Arrestors) substation with out causing short
Near Terminals of circuit.
transformers and generators Used at every voltage level
in every substation for each
line
Surge Absorbers Near motor and generator Resistance Capacitance

terminals combination absorbs the
Near rotating machines or over voltage surge and
switch gear reduces steepness of the
wave
Traveling Wave/ Overvoltage Protection

Lightning Shielding of Substation
Ground wires above Substation are
Frequently equipped by
1. Lightning rods above structural steel work.

Lightning hits mid-span
(Earthing Rods/MASTS, lightning conductors)
Current divides and then
propagates
2. O/H ground cage solidly bounded to Ground
V=IxR
mat to provide a low resistance ground
economically.
Lightning Protection System

Protection devices against lightning
Device Where Applied Remarks
Rod Gaps Across Insulator string , Difficult to Coordinate

bushing insulators Create dead short circuit
Cheap
Over Head Ground Wire Above Over head lines Provide effective protection
Above the sub station area against direct stroke on the
line conductors tower
substation equipment's
Vertical Masts in Substation In Substations Instead of providing over

head shielding wires
Lightning Masts/Rods Above Tall buildings Protect buildings against

(Earthed) direct strokes
Angle of Protection = 30
3
8/3/2011
Lightning
Rod
Over Head Shielding Screen
Earth rods are installed in tall building and are also connected to
earth
Positive charges accumulate on the sharp points of the lightning
rods there by lightning strokes are attracted to them
Lightning Masts and Over Head

Transmission Tower Earthing Shielding Screens
Lightning Masts are installed in strategic location in the
switchyard
The tower top is earthed.
Lightning Masts are preferred for outdoor switchyards up to 33kV
For 66kV and above, lightning masts become too tall and
uneconomical.
Over head Shielding screens protect the outdoor substation and
overhead lines approaching substation
The entire switchyard is provided with earthed overhead
shielding screens with conductor of 7/9 SWG.
Over head shielding screens are preferred because they provide
At every tower earth wire is grounded adequate protection and the height of the structures in the
Positive charges accumulate on the wire substation provided with overhead shielding wires is
In the absence of earth wire lightning stroke would strike the line conductors comparatively less than that of lightning masts.
causing
The shielding angle is maintained as 30 45 degrees
Lightning Stroke on Overhead Lines Lightning Protection System

Direct stoke on line conductor
Harmful; voltage of the order of several million volts
Insulation flash over
Travelling waves spreads in both directions shattering
line insulators
Direct stroke in Tower Top
di
e = L + Ri
dt
L is the inductance of the tower; I is the current in tower; R is the effective
resistance of the tower and e is the voltage between tower top and earth
Direct stroke on Ground Wire
Can cause flash over between line conductor and earth
wire or line conductor and tower
Indirect stroke or B Stroke on OH Line Conductor
Same effect as direct stroke on conductor
Over head shielding wires does not offer 100% protection
4
8/3/2011
Rod Gaps or Spark Gaps

It is a very simple type of diverter and consists of two 1.5 cm rods,
which are bent at right angles.
One rod is connected to the line circuit and the other rod is connected
to earth.
The distance between gap and insulator must not be less than one
third of the gap length so that the arc may not reach the insulator and
damage it.
Generally, the gap length is so adjusted that breakdown should occur
at 80% of spark-voltage in order to avoid cascading of very steep wave
fronts across the insulators.
The string of insulators for an overhead line on the bushing of
transformer has frequently a rod gap across it.
Under normal operating conditions, the gap remains non-conducting.
On the occurrence of a high voltage surge on the line, the gap sparks Visit http://www.arresterworks.com/resources/photo.php for more photos
over and the surge current is conducted to earth.
In this way excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly
conducted to earth
132 KV SF 6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
LA
HV BUSHING
Horn Gap
BUCHHLOZ RELAY
RADIATORS
The gap between horns is less at the bottom and large at the top
An arc is produced at the bottom during high voltage surge TAP CHANGER
The arc commutes along the horn due to electromagnetic field action and
length increases
Impulse Ratio:
Impulse ratio of a protective device is the ratio of breakdown voltage MARSHALLING BOX
on specified impulse wave to break down voltage at power frequency 132/25 KV TRANSFORMER
5
8/3/2011
ARCING HORN
MOVING ROAD FIX JAW

Traditional Lightning Arresters
Traditional lightning arresters uses nonlinear
resistance elements as before
However have a gap or gaps series with them
PEDASTAL INSULATOR So resistor is isolated from circuit under normal
TIE-ROD INSULATOR
conditions & is introduced when a surge appears by
spark over of gap
It is possible to design resistor element from energy
dissipation & voltage-limiting under surge
conditions
25 KV SINGLE POLE ISOLATOR
Surge Suppressors & Lightning Arresters Types/Classifications

Definition Originally, there were three types of surge arresters. They are:
A protective device for limiting surge voltages by discharging or bypassing surge
current, and it also prevents the flow of follow current while remaining capable of 1. Expulsion type
repeating these functions. 2. Nonlinear resistor type with gaps (currently silicone-carbide
(a) Surge diverter, gap type)
(b) Surge suppressor, 3. Gapless metal-oxide type.
(c) Lightning arrester
There are four (3) classifications of surge arresters. They
These are placed in parallel & permanently connected by Spark over of a series gap . are:
1. Station Type : Highest capacity for energy dissipation
Usually connected between phase and ground
Usually near the terminals of the large medium voltage rotating machines and in
2. Line Type (Intermediate type) : Generally used for protecting
HV/EHV.HVDC substations to protect the apparatus insulation from lightning and large transformers, intermediate substations (>5000A Rating)
switching surges 3. Distribution class (heavy, normal, and light duty) Secondary
Discharges current impulse surge to earth and dissipates energy in the form of heat
Provides protection against impulse voltage wave
type: Intended for pole mounting in distribution circuits for the
protection of distribution transformers
SUB SECTIONONG AND PARRALING POST

DC SECTION
Expulsion types are no longer being used .
LA
Nonlinear resistor type with gaps was utilized
through the middle of the 1970s and is
BUS BAR currently being phased out
CT The conventional gap type with silicone-
carbide blocks/discs are still being used and
the gapless metal-oxide type are the most
widely used today.
PT
Gapless metal-oxide surge arrester (MOSA),
since it provides the best performance and
reliability
CB
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8/3/2011
Magnetically Blown Surge arrestor
The gap assembly of magnetically blown out gaps comprises of

Zircon Porcelain plates forming a chamber which encloses correctly Surge Arresters (Lightning Arrestors)
spaced electrodes.
Blow out coils are connected such that during spark over the coils Surge causes traveling voltage wave
come into the circuit.
The magnetic field due to the blow out coil current extends the Voltage would be enough to flash-over the insulation
arc in the gap to cool and elongate it and the arc gets quenched Surge arrester high resistance at L-G voltage
within half cycle.
In mutli stage surge arrestors there is a need to equalize the power Surge arrester low resistance at surge voltage
frequency voltage distribution between units in series
Surge is diverted to ground
For this purpose, main gaps are shunted by ceramic , non linear
grading resistors. Surge arrester high resistance again after surge
These resistors is high enough at normal service and just before
spark over , the voltage across the grading resistors become very Conduction time is too short for breakers to react.
high and assists in the sparking process. Surge arrestors are usually connected between phase
The surge arrestor is filled with nitrogen and is hermetically sealed
in order to avoid ingress of moisture and dirt. and ground in the distribution system near the terminals
A pressure relief diaphragm is provided at each end in order to of large medium voltage rotating machines and in
avoid pressure build up during discharge so as to protect the HV,EHV,HVDC sub station to protect the apparatus
porcelain housing.
insulation from lightning and switching surges.
Surge arrestor Popular Types SiC Surge Arrestors

(Gapped Arrestors)
1. Gapped Silicon Carbide (SiC) arrestor

Commonly called as valve type or conventional
Gapped arrestors
Consists of silicon carbide discs in series with the gap
units.
2. Zinc Oxide Gapless Arrestor
Called Zno arrestors or Metal oxide arrestors
These are gapless arrestors and consists of Zinc oxide
discs in series
They have superior voltage current characteristics and
are preferred in EHV and HVDC installations
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8/3/2011
SiC Surge Arresters Metal Oxide Surge Arrestor

(Gap Arrestors)
Developed in the 1930s.
The silicon carbide (SiC) surge arrester consists of a series
combination of silicon carbide non-linear resistive blocks with a
set of spark gaps .
On application of a surge the gaps spark over allowing surge
current to flow through the SiC blocks that limit the voltage
produced across the arrester.
Apart from dissipating some surge energy the primary purpose
of the spark gaps is to ensure the resistive blocks are not
damaged by continuous power frequency current.
Arresters vary depending on their voltage class & duty
They are stacked in series & hermetically sealed in a porcelain
housing .
I = KV ( x = 5)
x
Metal Oxide Arresters Parts of Metal Oxide Arresters

(Gapless arrestor)
Developed in 70s'
Made of zinc oxide varistor
Consists of zinc oxide discs in series 1. ZnO, (Zinc Oxide) varistors
ZNO arrestors have superior VI Characteristics and
higher energy absorption level 2 Silicone housing
Preferred for EHV and HVDC installation 3 Flame retardant structure
The material used is Zinc oxide, Bismuth oxide and
cobalt oxide
4 Corrosion resistant aluminum
.
I = KV x ( x = 40) fittings
High Value of x gives superior characteristics for the surge

arrestor
8
8/3/2011
Surge Absorber
Comparison of Surge Arrestors
Metal oxide arrestors have superior V-I

Characteristics
Surge suppressors reduces

Preferred Type of Arrester the steepness of the wave
front.
Preferred material for application is Zinc Oxide A capacitance connected
between line and earth or
(ZnO) an inductor connected in
series with the line results
However traditionally SiC used in reduction of steepness
Traditional type still in a vast number are in service of the wave front.
An oscillatory condition can
A different approach relates to a type of surge be eliminated by
suppressor, in which when suppressor operates and connecting a resistor
across the inductor.
an arc is established in gap this arc must be
quenched when surge passed or resistor will be Lightning surges have precipitous dv/dt values and huge
electrical charge.
destroyed by current that flow
Surge absorbers must assimilate this surge.
This limiting voltage capability varies depending upon the type
of absorber.
Ferranti Surge Absorber

Surge Absorber/Surge Absorber
Power surges, both voltage and current, are
occurring continually in todays power systems
Whether they occur naturally, such as from
lightning and static electricity; or are man made,
such as inductive surges from motor, Ferranti surge absorber consists of an inductor which is coupled
transformers, solenoids, etc. power surges are a magnetically to metal tank enclosure
fact of life. The coil of the inductor has a metal shield inside it in which
current is induced
These power surges have a very high voltage The terminal bushings are made or porcelain
and current level as compared to electrical The tank is filled with transformer oil
noise The steep wave can be considered to be combination of high
frequency waves
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8/3/2011
The surge absorber reduced the steepness of

the wave front and the energy is transferred to
the tank by mutual induction.
Pure condenser used as surge absorber cannot
dissipate the energy in the wave The energy is
dissipated in the resistance connected in series
with the condenser
Current Surge Absorber
Lightning Diverter
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Arcing grounds
A temporary fault caused by falling on a
branch, lightning surge etc. creates an arc
between an over head line and ground.
The arc extinguishes and restrikes in a
repeated regular manner .The phenomena is
called arcing ground.
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE Arcing grounds are common in ungrounded
EE04 704:
1:POWER SYSTEM III
CLASS MODULE 1 systems.
Arcing Grounds and Neutral Earthing
Module I Charging currents IR

and IY are neutralized
by IL
The current flowing
types and their operations, ABCB, oil CB, SF6,vacuum through the neutral
CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of over voltages, connection is
I R + IY + I L = 0
earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their There by the arc is
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation extinguished
Each line has an inherent distributed capacitance with respect

Introduction to earth.
Consider a high voltage line connected to supply with out Consider an earth fault on line B. the distributed capacitance
load discharges through the fault when the gap between F and
Even if no currents are drawn by the load, the conductors ground breaks down.
of the system continue to charge the system capacitance The capacitance again gets charged and again discharged.
alternatively to positive and negative polarity.
The distributed capacitance between the phases and earth Such repeated charging and discharging of the line to ground
draw charging currents from the source capacitance resulting in repeated arcs between line and
For high voltage systems the charging currents are ground is called arcing grounds.
significant and the reactive KVA may be of the order of Arcing ground produces several voltage oscillations reaching
hundred of KVA and the reactive KVA influences the total to three to four times normal voltage.
KVA of the system.
The reactive KVA causes substantial flow of capacitance A temporary fault grows into a permanent fault due to arcing
current with a ground as return path grounds
Neutral grounding is a simple method of controlling such The problem of arcing grounds can be solved by earthing the
currents neutral through a coil called Peterson coil or Arc suppression
coil connected between neutral and earth.
1
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Neutral Earthing Terms and Definitions

All modern power systems operate with 1. Earthing/Ground: Connecting to earth or ground
grounded neutrals. 2. Neutral earthing/system neutral earthing (grounding). Connecting
to earth the neutral point or the star point of generator,
Neutral point of the generator, transformer transformer, rotating machine, neutral point of a grounding
transformer.
system ,circuit, rotating machines etc is 3. Reactance earthing: Connecting the neutral point to earth through
connected to earth either directly or indirectly a reactance
4. Resistance earthing: Connecting the neutral point through a
through reactance. resistance.
Why 5. Non effective earthing: When an intentional resistance or
reactance is connected between neutral point and earth
Limit the potential of current carrying conductor 6. Solid earth or effective earthing: Connecting the neutral point to
earth without intentional resistance or reactance
with respect to the general mass of earth 7. Resonant earthing: Earthing through a reactance of such a value
that power frequency current in the neutral to ground
Provide a current return path for earth faults in connection is almost equal and opposite to power frequency
order to allow protective devices to operate. capacitance current between unfaulted line and the earth.
Importance of neutral earthing

Earth Fault protection is based on neutral earthing
System voltage during earth fault depends on
neutral earthing
Neutral earthing has associated switchgear
Neutral earthing is provided basically for the
purpose of protection against arcing grounds,
unbalanced voltages with respect to earth,
protection from lightning and for the improvement
of the system.
The term earthing and grounding have same
meaning (Earthing in UK and grounding in USA)
Equipment Earthing 8. Petersen coil , arc suppression coil, ground fault

Equipment earthing is connecting to earth the non current neutralizer
carrying metallic parts in the neighborhood of electrical Adjustable reactor connected between neutral and earth
circuits.
The reactance is such that power frequency current
The non current carrying parts include
between line and earth due to capacitance of healthy lines
Motor body, switchgear metal enclosure, transformer tank,
conduits of wiring etc. and earth is equal and opposite to the current in the earth
Support structures, tower, poles etc. connection
Sheath of cables The reactor used in the resonant earthing is called
Body of portable equipment such as iron, oven etc Peterson coil or arc suppression coil or earth fault
The potential of earthed body does not reach to dangerously neutralizer.
high value above earth since it is connected to the earth.
Secondly the earth fault current flows through the earthing 9. Un grounded system:
and may readily cause operation of fuse or an earth fault
protection System whose neutral points are not earthed.
Equipment earthing is a safety measure.
2
8/3/2011
10. Earth Fault Factor 3. In ungrounded systems earth fault cannot be

It is calculated at the selected point of the sensed and the earth fault relaying becomes
system. complicated.
V
EFF = 1 In grounded system earth fault is enough to
V2 operate the earth fault relay.
V1 is the highest rms phase to phase power frequency The current in neutral circuit can be used to
voltage of sound phases during earth fault on another operate the earth fault relay.
phase
V2 is the rms phase to earth power frequency voltage at the
same location with fault on the faulty phase removed.
Disadvantages of Ungrounded Systems

1. Arcing ground.
2. In ungrounded systems, the voltage of the
healthy line above earth is increased by 3
times when an earth fault occurs on a line.

This causes stress on the insulation of all the
machines and equipment connected to the
system.
The voltage rise of the line above earth is
sustained and there by insulation failure is
likely to occur through fault current.
4. Over Voltages due to induced static charges

are not conducted to earth in ungrounded
systems.
The voltages due to lightning surges do not
find path to earth.
3
8/3/2011
Advantages of Neutral Grounding Arc Suppression Coil

(Ground Fault Neutralizer)
1. Arcing grounds are reduced or eliminated
2. The voltage of healthy lines with respect to earth remains at the harmless
value.
3. The life of the insulation is long due to prevention of voltage surges or
sustained over voltages. There by maintenance, repairs, breakdowns and
hence improved continuity.
4. Stable neutral point
5. The earth fault relaying is relatively simple. Useful amount of earth fault
current is available to operate the earth fault relay.
6. The over voltages due to lightning are discharged to earth.
7. By employing resistance or reactance in earth connection , the earth fault
current is available to operate the earth fault relay.
8. Improved service reliability due to limitation of arcing grounds and
prevention of unnecessary tripping of circuit breakers
9. Greater safety to personnel and equipment due to operation of fuses or
relays on earth fault and limitation of voltages
10. Life of equipment's, machines, installation is improved due to limitation of
voltage. Hence overall economy.
Types of Grounding
1. Ungrounded System: The neutral is not connected to
earth. Also called insulated neutral system.
2. Solid Grounding or Effective Grounding: The neutral is
directly connected to ground with out intentional
impedance between neutral and ground.
3. Reactance grounding: Reactance is connected
between neutral and ground.
4. Resonant Grounding: Adjustable reactor of correctly
selected value to compensate the capacitive earth
currents is connected between neutral and earth.
The coil is called Petersen coil or Arc suppression coil
or Earth Fault Neutralizer.
Reactance in Neutral Connection Earthing Transformer

The neutral point (star point) is usually
available at every voltage level from the
generator or transformer neutral.
If neutral point is not available the alternative
is to go for a zigzag transformer.
Such transformer have no secondary.
If grounding transformer is not available a star
delta transformer can be used.
4
8/3/2011
Earthing Transformer
Additional Concepts
Earth Mat: Mesh of steel pipes or rods laid at
depth of 0.5m in the entire substation area
(Excluding foundations)
Touch Potential: Touch potential is defined as the
potential between the figures of a raised hand
(2m from the ground) touching a sub-station
structure and the feet.
Step Potential: Step potential is defined as the
potential difference between two steps of a
person standing on the ground with feel apart
during the flow of earth fault current.
Regards
5
8/3/2011
Insulation coordination deals with the selection

SUBJECT INTRODUCTION of the following.
Selection of voltage levels

Selection of impulse withstand levels
Selection of protective levels for each voltage levels
Coordination of protective levels between
consecutive voltage levels
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE Choice of protective level characteristics of surge
EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULE SYSTEM
1 III arrester with respect to basic impulse withstand level
Lightning Diverter & Surge Absorber of the apparatus at each voltage level
Module I Basic Insulation Level (BIL)

Circuit Breakers : Principles of operation, This is the reference
insulation level expressed as
different types and their operations, ABCB, oil an impulse crest (or peak)
CB, SF6,vacuum CB, circuit breaker ratings, voltage with a standard
wave not longer than a 1.2 x
cause of over voltages, surges and traveling 50 microsecond wave.
waves, voltage waves on transmission line, A 1.2 x 50 microsecond
reflection and attenuation, protection against wave means that the
impulse takes 1.2
lightning, earth wires, lightning diverters, surge microseconds to reach the
absorbers, arcing ground, neutral earthing , peak and then decays to 50%
of the peak in 50
basic concepts of insulation levels and their microseconds.
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation
What is insulation coordination Terms and Definitions

1. Withstand Voltage This is the BIL level that can repeatedly applied to an equipment
without flashover, disruptive charge or other electrical failure under test conditions.
Insulation Coordination is the process of
determining the proper insulation levels of various 2. Chopped Wave Insulation Level
This is determined by using impulse waves that are of the same shape as that of the BIL
components in a power system as well as their waveform, with the exception that the wave is chopped after 3 microseconds.
arrangements. Generally, it is assumed that the Chopped Wave Level is 1.15 times the BIL level for oil
filled equipment such as transformers.
It is the selection of an insulation structure that However, for dry type equipment, it is assumed that the Chopped Wave Level is equal
to the BIL level.
will withstand voltage stresses to which the
system, or equipment will be subjected to, 3. Critical Flashover Voltage
This is the peak voltage for a 50% probability of flashover or disruptive charge.
together with the proper surge arrester.
4. Impulses Ratio
The process is determined from the known This is normally used for Flashover or puncture of insulation.
characteristics of voltage surges and the It is the ratio of the impulse peak voltage to the value of the 60 Hz voltage that causes
flashover or puncture.
characteristics of surge arresters. Or, it is the ratio of breakdown voltage at surge frequency to breakdown voltage at
normal system frequency (60 Hz).
1
8/3/2011
Insulation Coordination
The protective level of the surge arresters are
selected such that these are below the impulse
withstand level of the protected apparatus.
The insulation level of the equipment or machine
is expressed in terms of curve value of the
specified impulse withstand level and rms value
of the one minute power frequency voltage
which is the apparatus can withstand and during
the tests made under specified conditions.
The rms value of this voltage is called power
frequency voltage withstand level
Explanation
Basic insulation level of 550 kV is chosen
The line insulation can withstand standard impulse
wave of 860kV Crest.
The breakdown voltage of line lightning arrester is
500kV
Transformer impulse voltage withstand level is 650kV
High voltage surge coming from transmission line will
Correlation of insulation characteristics P with characteristics Q of the protective
be discharged to earth by lightning arrester
device. The residual voltage being less than breakdown voltage
The lightning arrester will spark over at a voltage less than the insulation withstand
voltage of the equipment if curve Q lies below curve P.
, the transformer insulation is protected.
Protective device must have a lower protective level characteristics of the The surge arrestor should have the lowest spark over
protective equipment
voltage.
Selection of surge arrestor

1. Determine the continuous arrester voltage. This is usually the system rated
voltage.
2. Select a rated voltage for the arrester.
3. Determine the normal lightning discharge current. Below 36kV, 5kA rated
arresters are chosen. Otherwise, a 10kA rated arrester is used.
4. Determine the required long duration discharge capability.
For rated voltage < 36kV, light duty surge arrester may be specified.
For rated voltage between 36kV and 245kV, heavy duty arresters may be
specified.
For rated voltage >245kV, long duration discharge capabilities may be
specified.
5. Determine the maximum prospective fault current and protection tripping
times at the location of the surge arrester
and match with the surge arrester duty.
6. Select the surge arrester having porcelain creepage distance in accordance
with the environmental conditions.
7. Determine the surge arrester protection level and match with standard IEC
99 recommendations.
2
8/3/2011
Regards
3
8/3/2011
Types of Transmission Lines
Two-Wire Line (Twisted Pair)
I(z,t) +
V(z,t) - z

EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULE SYSTEM
1 III I(z,t) +
Coaxial Line
Surges and Travelling Waves V(z,t) -
Module I
Electric and magnetic fields around single-phase
transmission line

earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation
Transmission Lines
Properties of Transmission Lines
Transmission Line Equations for a Lossless Line
Two wires having a uniform cross-section in one
(z) dimension
Electrical quantities consist of voltage V(z,t) and
current I(z,t) that are functions of distance z along
the line and time t
Lines are characterized by distributed capacitance
C and inductance L between the wires
The transmission line consists of two parallel and uniform conductors, not
C and L depend on the shape and size of the
necessarily identical. conductors and the material between them
1
8/3/2011
Capacitance of a Small Length of Line Transmission Line Equations

Taking the limit as z 0 gives the Transmission Line Equations
V (z,t) I(z,t) I(z,t) V (z,t)
Open circuit = L = C
E z t z t
I(t) +
These are coupled, first order, partial differential equations whose solutions
V(t) - are in terms of functions F(t - z/v) and G(t + z /v) that are determined by
l the sources. The solutions for voltage and current are of the form
1
The two wires act as a capacitor. Voltage applied to the wires V(z,t) = F(t - z/v) + G(t + z /v) [F (t - z/v) - G(t + z /v)]
I(z,t) =
Z
induces a charge on the wires, whose time derivative is the current. Direct substitution into the TL Equations, and using the chain rule gives
1 1
Since the total charge, and hence the current, is proportional to [F'(t - z/v) - G'(t + z /v)] = L [F '(t - z/v) - G'(t + z /v)]
v Z
the length l of the wires. Let the constant of proportionality be
1
C Farads/meter. Then [F'(t - z/v) +G'(t + z /v)] = C[F'(t - z/v) +G'(t + z /v)]
vZ
dV (t ) where the prime (' ) indicates differentiation with respect to the total variable
I (t ) = Cl
dt inside the parentheses of F or G.
Inductance of a Small Length of Line Conditions for Existence of TL Solution
B Short circuit For the two equations to be satisfied

1 L 1
I(t) + = and =C
v Z vZ
V(t) - 1 LC
l Multiplying both sides of the two equations gives = or
v 2Z Z
1
The wire acts as a one - turn coil. Current applied to the wires induces v= m/s
LC
a magnetic field throught the loop, whose time derivative generates the
vZ L
voltage. The amount of magnetic flux (magnetic field area), and hence Dividing both sides of the two equations gives = or
v ZC
the voltage, is proportional to the length l of the wires. Let the constant
L
of proportality be L Henrys/meter. Then Z=
C
dI(t) v and Z are interpreted as the wave velocity and wave impedance.
V(t) = Ll
dt
Two-Port Equivalent Circuit Junctions Between Two Regions

I(z,t) +
Terminal condtions for the
V(z,t)
Junction of two TL' s I(0-,t) I(0+,t)
- V(0 ,t) = V (0 +, t) TL 1 V(0-,t) + V(0+,t) TL 2
z z+z z +
I(0 , t) = I (0 ,t)
0 z
I(z,t) + + I(z +z,t)
Boundary conditions at the
x
V(z,t)
Lz C z V(z+z,t) interface of two media
- - E x (0, t) = E x (0+ , t) Ex(0-,t) Ex(0+,t)
Kirchhoff circuit equations +
H y (0 ,t) = H y (0 , t)
I(z,t) V (z + z,t)
V(z,t) = Lz + V (z + z,t) I(z,t) = Cz + I(z + z,t) Hy(0-,t) Hy(0+,t) z
t t
Plane wave propagation and
or Medium 1 Medium 2
boundary conditions are analogus
V(z + z,t) V (z,t) I(z,t) I(z + z,t) I(z,t) V (z + z,t)
= L = C to junctioning of two TL' s
z t z t
2
8/3/2011
Reflection and Transmission Termination of a Transmission Line

Incident wave x
ExIn(z,t)=F1(t-z/v1) Terminal condtions
HyIn(z,t) Transmitted wave V(0,t) = RL I(0,t)
I(0-,t)
R
F(t) + G(t) = L {F(t) G(t)} TL V(0-,t) + RL
z Z
Reflected wave Solving for G(t) in terms of F (t),
v1 and 1 v2 and 2 G(t) = F(t) where the reflection 0 z
RL Z
coefficient is =
A source creates an incident wave whose electric field is given by the known RL + Z
function F1 (t - z/v1 ). Using the boundary conditions we solve for the unknown Special cases :
functions G1 (t + z/v 1 ) and F2 (t - z/v 2 ) for the electric fields of the reflected
1. Matched termination, RL = Z and = 0. Simulates a semi - infinite TL
and transmitted waves : E x (0,t) = F1 (t) + G1 (t) = F2 (t) = E x (0+ ,t)
2. Open circuit, RL and = 1. Total reflection with V (0,t) = 2F (t).
1 1
H y (0 ,t) = [F1 (t) - G1 (t) ] = F2 (t) = H y (0 +,t) 3. Short circuit, RL = 0 and = 1. Total reflection with V (0,t) = 0.
1 2
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients

Solution of the boundary condition equations forG1 (t) and F2(t) in terms of F1 (t)
G1 (t) = F1 (t) F2 (t) = F1 (t)
Regards
The reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient are given by: www.sasisreedhar.webs.com
2 2
= 2 1 =1+ =
2 + 1 2 + 1
Examples:
I. Suppose medium 1 is air so that 1 = o o = 377 and medium 2 has
relative dielectric constant r = 4 so that 2 = o ro = 0.5. Then going
0.5 1 1 2
from air- to - dielectric ad = = and ad =1 =
0.5 + 3 3 3
Reflection and Transmission, cont.
II. Now suppose the wave is incident from the dielectric onto air so that medium 1
is the dielectric (1 = 0.5 ) and medium 2 is air (2 = ). Then going from
0.5 1 1 4
dielectic- to - air, da = = + and ad = 1+ =
+ 0.5 3 3 3
Note that :
1. da = ad
2. Since T is the ratio of fields,not power, it can be greater than 1.
3
VIDYA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AN TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
EE04 704: POWER SYSTEM - III
ASSIGNMENT- 1
Date of Submission: 10/08/2011

Short Answer Type:
1. Explain voltage time curves in power system studies

2. Discuss the principle of arc interruption in circuit breakers
3. Give the classification of circuit breakers
4. Explain in detail DC current breaking
5. Explain the phenomenon of arc formation in circuit breakers in case of abnormal conditions
6. Explain the following
a) Restriking Voltage
b) Recovery Voltage
c) RRRV
7. Explain the following terms
a) Symmetrical breaking current
b) Making Current
8. Compare the merits of SF6 circuit breaker over air blast circuit breaker
9. What are the causes of over voltages in power system
10. Describe the working principle of SF6 circuit breaker
11. Compare the relative performance of the following
a) Rod Gap
b) Expulsion Gap
c) Value Type LA
12. What is BIL? Explain its significance in power system studies
13. What is a ground wire? Discuss the location with respect to power conductors
14. Differentiate between surge arrestor and surge diverter.
15. Explain the process of arc extinction in high vaccum. What is current chopping?
16. State the difference between equipment earthing and neutral earthing
17. What are the merits and demerits of reactance earthing compared to the solid earthing?
18. Write short notes on substation earthing
19. List out the characteristics of ideal surge diverter.
Essay Type:
20. Discuss the principle of arc interruption in a) Oil Circuit breaker b) SF6 circuit breaker and
compare between them.
21. Describe with near sketches the principle of medium voltage air blast circuit breaker by
incorporating resistance switching.
22. Describe the construction principle of operation of a) Rod Gap b) Explusion gap c) Value type
lightning arrestor.
23. What is neutral earthing? With the help of suitable diagrams explain the various neutral
earthing schemes.
24. Explain the phenomena of arcing ground on overhead transmission lines. How neutral earthing
does opposes arcing ground currents.
25. What are the basic requirements of lightning arrestor? Differentiate between
a) Lightning arrestor and lightning Conductor
b) Surge Arrestor and surge diverter
Student Question Distribution
Student Class Number Short Answer Question Essay Type question

No: No:
1-10 1-6 20,21
11-20 7-13 22,23
21-30 14-19 24,25
31-40 1-6 20,21
41-50 7-13 22,23
51-60 14-19 24,25
61-70 1-6 20,21
71-80 7-13 22,23
Note:
1. Each student has to answer 6 short answer type and 2 essay type question approximately
2. All the students are to discuss and study the questions from other groups so that no student
misses any question.
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EE04 704: POWER SYSTEMS III

Vidya Academy of Science and Technology

Circuit Breakers : Principles of operation, different

Module II Module III

Exam Scheme and Pattern Resource Materials

Contents Disturbances: Light or Severe

Electric Power System Exposure to External

Damage to Main Equipment Protection System

A series of devices whose main

Blackouts Short Circuits Produce High Currents

Electrical Equipment Thermal Damage Mechanical Damage During

The Fuse Protection System Elements

Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team DC Tripping Circuit

Circuit Breakers Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CT

Voltage Transformers Protective Relays

Note: Voltage transformers

Examples of Relay Panels How Do Relays Detect Faults?

Microprocessor- Relays can measure the currents and the voltages

The Future Diesel Traction - 1912

Improvements in computer-based protection

Electric Traction - 1881 SCADA

Traditional Control Traditional Control

Distributed Control Distributed Control

SCADA ?SCADA ? What, Where and Why

What do SCADA Provide? SCADA functions MMI

Configuration Is SCADA the only Future ? ...

Data Server Data Server PLCs

SCADA functions FACTS Devices

Type Parameter Controlled FACTS Devices Functions

Types of FACTS Devices

FACTS devices are solid-state tcr

Unified Power Flow Controller

Static Syncronous Series

EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE

House Wiring Miniature Circuit Breakers

Why we need a circuit breaker Devices used for circuit breaking

Air Circuit Breaker 1. Fuses and Iron Clad Switches

SF6 Circuit Breaker Fuses

Distribution Board Fuse Cut Outs

2. Isolators Fuses/ Circuit Breakers

Isolators Basic Elements of Circuit Breaker

4.Arc quenches medium.

Circuit Breaker - Switching

Circuit Breaker - Duties

Thus a circuit breaker is used for incorporating manual as well

How a Relay Works The Fault Clearing Process

The fault clearing process Arcing Phenomena

Principle of Arc Extinction

Potential difference between the contacts

Potential Difference between the

Ionized Particles between the

Recovery Voltage and restriking

Methods of Arc Interruption

Recovery Voltage and restriking

EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE

Module I Based on Location

Based on External Design

In the dead tank circuit breakers, the switching device is located,

In dead tank circuit breakers, the incoming and outgoing conductors

Live tank circuit breaker

In live tank circuit breakers, the interrupter is located I an insulator

Based on Interrupting Media