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Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 1 / 52
Table of Contents
1 Motivation
4 The CLSVOF-Method
6 Perspectives
7 Bibliography
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 2 / 52
Motivation
Motivation
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 3 / 52
Motivation
Bubbles - so what?
Industrial processes involving a liquid and a gas phase are manifold:
Boiling during energy generation
Fermentation in bio-technology, coating of materials, physical
separation processes
Chemical reactions in gas-fluid-reactors
In particular we are interested in bubbly flows:
Heat exchanger
Bubble columns, where gas and liquid phase are
exposed to each other, to stimulate e.g. chemical
processes over the interface
It is decisive for the efficiency to generate small
bubbles in order to maximize the ratio of interface and
gas volume
Micro bubbles for medical issues (gentle contrast
medium)
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 4 / 52
Motivation
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 5 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison
Numerical Methods in
Comparison
Moving Discretization Grids
Static Discretization Grids
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 6 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison Moving Discretization Grids
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 7 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison Static Discretization Grids
The other important class has only one static discretization grid, that does
not move or deform with time.
Static Siscretization Grids
Allow strong deformations in the topology of the fluids
Only one set of equations for both fluids, which are solved on this
grid (momentum-, mass-, energy-conservation)
Changes in topology can often be handled by the algorithms without
additional implementations
Interface of the fluids moves in grid and has to be stored additionally
Two main different ways to store interface: Front-Tracking and
Front-Capturing methods
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 8 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison Static Discretization Grids
Front-Tracking Methods
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 9 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison Static Discretization Grids
Front-Capturing Methods
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 10 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison Static Discretization Grids
Advantages
Conceptually easy method with smooth indicator function
Algorithmically simple
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 11 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison Static Discretization Grids
In this method the indicator function is the scalar value of the fraction of
liquid in each discretization cell.
Disadvantages
Indicator function is non-smooth
Geometric interface reconstruction step necessary
Advantages
Mass conservation easily possible via geometrical considerations
No reinitialization necessary
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 12 / 52
Numerical Methods in Comparison Static Discretization Grids
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 13 / 52
Equations and Boundary Conditions
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 14 / 52
Equations and Boundary Conditions Classification and Basic Equations
Basic equations
With these assumptions we do not need to consider the equation for
energy-conservation. Both fluids are modeled with the following basic
equations:
For i = g , f
ui = 0, in i
ui
i + ui ui = pi i + i g + Kv , in i
t
Where i denotes the molecular-dependent momentum exchange, g the
gravity vector and Kv are additional volume forces (e.g. due to electric
fields).
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 16 / 52
Equations and Boundary Conditions Jump Conditions
[u] = uf ug = 0, on gf
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 17 / 52
Equations and Boundary Conditions Jump Conditions
= 0.
+ u = 0.
t
Further, we have:
n= , () = n.
kk
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 19 / 52
Equations and Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions on
We consider a radial symmetric scenario with regard to the center of the
nozzle, which will be basically modeled as circular hole in a plate.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 20 / 52
Equations and Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions
The CLSVOF-Method
Adaption and Discretization
Interface Reconstruction
Interface Advection
Surface Tension Model
The Algorithm - an Overview
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 22 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Adaption and Discretization
An interesting fact about this functional is, that we can transform surface
forces into volume forces by using its derivative in normal direction, a
Dirac-measure:
Z Z Z
f(x)dA = f(x) s (x)dx = f (x) [H((x)) n]dx
gf
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 24 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Adaption and Discretization
Discretization
We have now derived the whole-domain formulation, which has to be
discretized in an appropriate way. For this purpose we subdivide our
domain in quadratic cells of size xy .
On this orthonormal and equidistant
grid we arrange the variables with the
concept of staggered grids, where
all scalar variables (e.g. pressure,
indicator-functions, ...) are
located in the center of each cell
the vector-valued quantities, like
the velocity, are located on the
edges
The indices i and j number the cells
in x- and y -direction.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 25 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Adaption and Discretization
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 26 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Adaption and Discretization
Solving methods for flows with one phase are well-known. For the
treatment of two phase flows with the CLSVOF-method are essentially
three additional steps necessary:
the transport of the interface (interface advection),
the geometrical reconstruction of the interface,
an appropriate model for the surface tension,
with which will be dealt on the next slides.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 27 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Interface Reconstruction
Interface Advection
Having reconstructed the interface, we need to transport it with the given
velocity field u of the flow. Therefore we solve the transport equation for
the VOF-function:
F F
+ u F = 0 + (uF ) = F ( u)
t t
Let the velocity field u(n) at time t n be given. We want to compute the
VOF-function F n+1 at time t n+1 = t n + t. We discretize and obtain:
n+1 n t n x x
Fi,j = Fi,j + [(Fi1/2,j Fi+1/2,j ) + Fi,j (ui+1/2,j ui+1/2,j )]
x
t n y y
+ [(Fi,j1/2 Fi,j+1/2 ) + Fi,j (ui,j+1/2 ui,j+1/2 )]
y
In this equation a new quantity emerges: the flux F = (uF ) over the
edges of the cell.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 29 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Interface Advection
(Vf )i+1/2,j is the volume of the transported fluid and has to be determined
geometrically.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 30 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Interface Advection
n+1 u y
The final fluid level Fi,j with explicit discretization of F ( yi,j ) is:
n+1 0 t y y t 0 0
Fi,j = Fi,j 1 + (ui,j+1/2 ui,j1/2 ) + (Fi,j1/2 Fi,j+1/2 )
y y
Since the flux F 0 of the temporary fluid level occurs, the interface
has again to be reconstructed the indicator-function is required.
The divergence term, which was retained despite of the
incompressibility, leads in this split version to more accurate results.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 31 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Interface Advection
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 32 / 52
The CLSVOF-Method Surface Tension Model
CLSVOF-Algorithm
1 To given un do the interface advection and reconstruction step
2 Update viscosity and density with smoothed Heaviside-function
3 Solve the momentum-conservation equation explicit (using the old
pressure p n ) and obtain u, which does not fulfill u = 0
4 With p n+1 = p n + p 0 calculate the pressure correction p 0 by solving:
1 0 1
p = u
n+1 t
There exist upper bounds for the size of the timestep t (h = x):
1/2
3 h2 (f + g )h3
h
t , t < , t <
2 max |u| 14 4
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 34 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 35 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Validation
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 36 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Validation
The two pictures show the result after 500 timesteps on a 200 200 grid
with Courant number, CFL = max(|u|)t/x, of 0.25. The result is
overlayed with the exact solution. On the left CSLVOF-method - on the
right a standard discretization with a 2nd -order ENO-scheme.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 37 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Validation
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 38 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Validation
(for the advection and shear flow test in the order of 109 and 104 ).
To validate the surface tension model, which is very important for the
exact calculation of capillary forces, a static circular fluid element without
gravity is considered.
The jump condition then gives: [p] = = R
The mean pressure in the fluid element N1 N
P
i=1 pi is compared to it
(assuming that the ambient pressure is zero)
Since both fluids are considered nonviscous emerging parasitic
currents are not damped out.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 39 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Dependence of Separation Volume on Parameters
Vb = f (Q, Rd , f , g , f , g , , s , g),
Bubbles on Nozzles
We now have render the details for the special setting of bubbles on
nozzles more precisely.
For very small values of Q the bubble growth is that slow that in every
single point of time a static bubble shape (negligible small motion of the
fluids) can be assumed to exist.
Quasi-Analytical Solution
In this case a ODE for the contour of the bubble can be derived and solved
by high order schemes very accurate. These (quasi-analytical) results can
then again be used to validate the CLSVOF solver.
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 42 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Dependence of Separation Volume on Parameters
If the volume flow rate Q is increased the quasi-static bubble growth turns
into a process that is more affected by dynamic forces:
Single Periodic Dissolving
At a certain range the dissolving of the bubbles is periodic
Two successive bubbles do not affect the growth and dissolving
process of each other
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 43 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Dependence of Separation Volume on Parameters
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 44 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Dependence of Separation Volume on Parameters
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 47 / 52
Bubble Formation on Nozzles Dependence of Separation Volume on Parameters
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 48 / 52
Perspectives
Perspectives
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 49 / 52
Perspectives
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 50 / 52
Perspectives
Thats it!
Questions?
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 51 / 52
Bibliography
Literature
Christoph Strohmeyer (FAU Erlangen) Numerical Investigation of Bubbles December 16th 2008 52 / 52