Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FORM 4
Chapter 3
Learning Objectives :
FORM 4 PHYSICS
1. Understanding pressure
2. Understanding pressure in liquids
3. Understanding gas pressure and atmospheric pressure
4. Applying Pascal s principle
5. Applying Archimedes principle
2016
Matter
Pressure = ______________
PRESSURE
A P
F
A P
Amax P
Amin P
A
4
A sharp knife has a very
small surface area on its
The studs on a football
cutting edge so that high
boot have only a small
pressure can be exerted
area of contact with the
to cut the vegetables.
ground. The pressure
under the studs is high
Applications Involving enough for them to sink
High Pressure into the ground, which
gives extra grip.
6
Exercise 3.1
1. A block of metal of dimensions 0.5 m x 0.6 m x 1.0 m has a
mass of 300 kg. Calculate
1.0 m
0.6 m
0.5 m
7
2. A student pressing a thumbtack into a piece of wood
with a force of 20 N. The surface area of the head of thumb
the thumbtack is 1 cm2 and the cross-sectional area
of the tip of the thumbtack is 0.01 cm2.
Calculate:
a) the pressure exerted by the students thumb on Head of
the head of the thumbtack thumbtack
b) the pressure of the tip of the thumbtack on the
wood
c) What conclusion can be drawn from your
answers to (a) and (b)?
Tip of thumbtack
wood
8
3.2 Pressure in Liquids
A liquid in a container exerts Characteristics of Pressure in a liquid.
pressure because of its weight.
For example, if you try to put your The pressure at any point in a liquid, at a particular
finger over the end of a tap when it depth, acts equally in all directions.
is turned on, you can feel the The pressure in a liquid does not depend on the area
pressure of the water in the pipe. of its surface.
The pressure in a liquid acts equally in all directions
and does not depend on the shape of the container.
9
Derive the formula for the pressure in a liquid.
Volume of liquid, V = Ah
Density, Mass of liquid, m = V = Ah
Depth, Weight of liquid, W = mg = Ahg
h
Force on base, F = Ahg
Pressure, P = F = Ahg = hg
A A
10
Exercise 3.2
1. If the density of sea water is 1150 kgm-3, calculate the pressure below 40m of sea water due to
the water alone.
Mercury 0.8m
P
0.2m
11
Dam
Dam holds water Submarine is built
at high altitude. with thick wall.
Reservoir
The wall of the Explain.
dam has to be
thicker at the base.
Explain.
Applications of
pressure in liquids
12
3.3 Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure
Gas pressure
the force per unit area exerted by the gas molecules as they collide with the walls of their
container
Atmospheric pressure
1. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused
2. Atmospheric pressure acts equally in all directions.
3. Atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the object above sea level. It decreases with the
altitude or the height above sea level. At higher altitudes, the density and the temperature of the
air are lower. As a result, the frequency of collisions of the molecules is lower. Hence,
atmospheric pressure is lower.
1. Fill the glass to the top with water and wet rim slightly.
2. Lie the cardboard on the top of the glass.
3. Hold the card firmly in place and turn the glass over.
4. Take away your hand.
Atmospheric pressure
13
A metal can containing water is Heated until the water in it
Steam
vaporizes. Allow the steam to exit from the mouth of the can.
The can is then capped and cooled down with tap water. As
the result , the can is crushed and crumpled. Water
Air removed 1. When we suck through a straw, the air pressure in the
straw is lowered.
Atmospheric
2. Then the pressure of the atmosphere acting on the
pressure surface of the drink in the glass pushes the juice up the
straw and into our mouth.
Juice
14
Measuring atmospheric pressure by using Simple Fortin Barometer
1. The simple barometer Fortin is along glass tube that has been filled with mercury and the
inverted into a dish of mercury.
2. The mercury column rises or falls according to the pressure of air on the mercury in the dish.
3. The space above the mercury column is a vacuum so it exerts no pressure on the top of the
mercury column.
4. If the vertical height of the mercury is h cm ,therefore the atmospheric pressure reading is h
cm mercury .
Mercury 76 cm
Mercury
Dish
16
Measuring gas pressure by using manometer
h
h
Example 1
The figure shows a manometer containing
mercury is connected to a gas supply.
Calculate the pressure of the gas supply in the
units
(i) cm Hg 15 cm
(ii) Pa
[ Density of mercury = 1.36 x 104 kg m-3 and
Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg ] Gas
17
3.4 Pascals Principle
Pascals Principle
When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the ________________ will be
throughout the whole enclosed fluid.
Fluid
18
3. When incompressible fluid is moved through a hydraulic system, the volume through which
the input system moved must be the same as the volume through which the output system,
Hence, ______________
4. Hydraulic systems acts as a force multiplier. They multiply the input force by a certain factor
to gain a larger output force.
5. The magnitude of the force at the large piston depends on
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
19
Exercise 3.4
1. The figure shows a basic hydraulic system has 20N
small and large pistons with cross-sectional area
of 0.005 m2 and 0.1 m2 respectively. A force of Load
Small Large
20 N is applied to the small piston. Determine
Piston Piston
a) The pressure transmitted in the hydraulic
fluid.
b) The mass of the load.
Fluid
c) If the small piston is pushed down at a depth
a 0.04 m, what is the distance moved by the
large piston.
20
2. The figure shows a hydraulic system with two F
pistons A and B, connected to a tube that contains 10N
oil. The area of pistons A and B is 5 cm2 and 50
cm2 respectively, and a force of 10 N is exerted on
piston A. A B
Calculate the pressure that is exerted by piston A
on the oil.
a) What is the pressure that is exerted by the oil on Oil
piston B? Explain your answer.
b) Calculate force F, if the friction of the piston can
be ignored.
21
Application of Pascals Principle
Hydraulic Jack
Pivot Load
Atmospheric
pressure Big
Small Piston
Piston
Valve Q Hydraulic
Reservoir
Oil
Valve P
Release Valve
1. When the small piston is lifted, hydraulic oil rushes in from the reservoir through the open valve
P. In the meantime, valve Q is closed. The cylinder connected to the small piston is filled with
hydraulic oil.
2. When the small piston is pressed downwards, the pressure produced is transferred onto the
hydraulic oil to the big piston. At the same time, valve P closes and valve Q opens.
3. A huge force is created depending on the area of the big piston. The, the lift on the big piston
exerted is locked in position.
4. With another lift from the small piston, the big piston is lifted higher and higher until the desired
height is reached.
5. When release valve opened, hydraulic oil from big cylinder returns to reservoir and the load
comes down. 22
Hydraulic Brake
1. A small force acting at the pedal can transmit a large force to all wheels simultaneously to
stop the car.
2. It is because the pressure will be transferred through the pedal brake liquid to cars tyre .
23
Essay Question
24
1. Explain the necessary modifications so
that the chair in figure 1 is safe and
suitable for the use of adults, based on
following aspects :
Leg
i. size of the pistons
ii. material to house the liquid Big piston
iii. size of the seat Small
iv. type of liquid for the jack piston
Figure 1
Modification Explanation
3.5 Archimedes Principle
Buoyant force
An ________________________resulting from an object being ____________or ___________
immersed in a fluid.
Relate buoyant force with the actual weight and apparent weight
1. Buoyant force makes thing seem to be lighter.
2. The weight of an object in air is its actual weight
3. The weight measured when the object is
immersed in a fluid is its apparent weight. 25 N
4. The apparent weight loss of the object is due to
15 N
buoyant force.
5. When in water, the object experiences two
forces:
a) The actual weight which acts downwards
b) The buoyant force which acts upwards.
6. The buoyant force is equal to the apparent loss
in weight. Water
7. Buoyant force = actual weight apparent weight displaced
25 15 = 10 N
8. The object displaces a volume of water. The Original
bigger the volume of the object immersed, the water
bigger the volume of the liquid displaced. level
9. Volume of liquid displaced = volume of the
submerged part of the object.
25
Relate buoyant force to the weight of the liquid displaced.
1. Pour water slowly into a eureka can until it flows out from the spout.
2. Weight an empty beaker and place it under the spout of the eureka can
3. Suspend a ball of plasticine at the hook of a spring balance by a string and weigh it in air.
4. Lower the plasticine into the eureka can until the plasticine is completely immersed in water.
Record the reading of the spring balance.
5. When there is no more water flowing out from the spout, weigh the beaker and water.
Spring
Weight of plasticine in air = x N (actual weight) balance
Weight of plasticine in water = y N (apparent weight)
Weight of the empty beaker = z N
Weight of the beaker and displaced water = w N Eureka
can
Buoyant force = Actual weight Apparent weight
= N
Plasticine
Beaker
Weight of displaced water = N.
The result shows that the value of ( )=( )
Buoyant force = =
26
Archimedes Principle
When an object is immersed in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) ,the ___________________( upthrust
force) on the object is _____________to the ______________of fluid displaced by the object.
Buoyant Force
27
Exercise 3.5.1
1. An object is hung from a spring.
a) What is the buoyant force on the object in water?
b) What is the weight of water displaced by the object? 65 N
c) Determine the volume of water displaced by the object.
[density of water=1000kgm-3] 30 N
d) What is the volume of the object?
2. A stone weights 2.5 N. When it is fully submerged in a liquid, its apparent weight is 2.2 N.
Calculate the density of liquid if its volume displaced by the stone is 25 cm 3 .
28
Buoyant Force and Flotation
Buoyant Force
State of
object as as
Condition Buoyant force Buoyant force Buoyant force
= Weight of > Weight of < Weight Weight
object object of object
Based on Figure (a), (b) ,(c) and (d) write the equations in words to relate the forces acting on the
objects when the objects float and stationary.
a) Buoyant Force b) c) d)
Wmetal sphere
Wmetal
30
Applications of Archimedes Principle
Submarine
Buoyant Force
= Weight of
submarine Buoyant Force
Empty tank
= Weight of
submarine
c) Sinking
Hydrometer
32
Plimsoll line
Load
Load
Load
34
Explain why a boat made of steel will float in water, but a block of steel will sink.
A block of steel will displaced a small volume of water only. So the buoyant force acting on it is
smaller than its weight. Therefore it sinks.
A ship floats on the surface of the sea because the volume of water displaced by the ship is
sufficiently
large. The weight of water displaced is large so the buoyant force acting on the ship is also
greater. Weight of ship equal Buoyant force. Therefore it floats.
Although a ship is constructed of metal, which has a larger density than water, its shape is
hollow so that the overall density of the ship is smaller than the sea water.
As a result, the buoyant force acting on the ship is large enough to support its weight.
35
3.6 Bernoullis Principle
Bernoullis principle
36
2 1. When the air is blown harder through the
String straw , the two ping-pong balls will move
closely to each other.
Ping-pong 2. The air moved at a very high velocity
ball
between the balls.
3. According to Bernoullis Principle, the
Straw pressure of the moving air decreases as the
speed of the air increases.
4. The higher atmospheric pressure caused
Blowing Air the ping-pong balls closer to each other.
3 Blowing Air
1. When the air blows harder, the ball is not
falling down. It is because the air moved at
a very high velocity between the balls and
the wall of the filter tunnel.
2. According to Bernoullis Principle, the
Ping-pong pressure of the moving air decreases as the
Filter
ball speed of the air increases.
Funnel
3. The bottom of the ball has the higher
atmospheric pressure which can hold the
ball from falling down.
Atmospheric
pressure
37
Mark the water level in the vertical tubes P,Q and R in the following figures.
a) d)
P Q R Air
Water
P Q R
b)
Water
P R
Q e)
Water
c)
Q P Q R
P R
Air
Water
*** Pressure of moving fluid at point R (end) always less than pressure at point P (initial). 38
When two speed bots move faster and closely
A person who stands near a railway feels to each other, an accident may be occurred.
like falling into it when suddenly a train Why ?
moves with a high speed passes him. It is Water moves at a very high velocity between the
because the velocity of the air in front of boats. The pressure of the moving water
him increases. The pressure of the moving decreases as its speed increases (according to
air decreases as the speed of the air Bernoullis Principle). The higher water pressure
increases (according to Bernoullis on either side of the boats caused its closer to
Principle). The higher atmospheric each other. High Pressure
pressure behind pushes him forward. F
Applications of
Bernoullis Principle Fast moving
water
F Low Pressure
High Pressure
Lift
Slower airflow
Increased pressure
1. The figure shows the streamlines round a thin wing at an angle of attack to the air stream.
2. When a wing in the form of an aerofoil moves in air, the flow of air over the top travels faster
and creates a region of low pressure.
3. The flow of air below the wing is slower resulting in a region of higher pressure.
4. The difference between the pressures at the top and underside of the wing causes a net
upward force, called lift, which helps the plane to take-off.
5. In addition to its use in airplanes, aerofoil is also used in racing cars. In this case, the
downward force helps to stabilize the car at high speeds.
Other applications :
40
Questions
1. A strong wind blowing at a pressure of 300 kPa on a mans umbrella. If the surface area
of the umbrella is 16000 cm2, calculate the force experienced by umbrella.
2. Explain why a small aquatic bird can walk across lily pads without sinking into water.
3. Given that the density of mercury is . If the pressure due to a column of mercury is 76 cm, what
is the length of water column at the same pressure? [Density of water = 1 gcm-3 ]
41
4. The acceleration due to gravity of the Moon is 1/6 of the Earth. A liquid container has a liquid
pressure of 150 kPa at its base is brought to the Moons surface. Calculate the liquid pressure.
42
6. Figure shows a manometer filled with mercury
is supplied with a gas. The atmospheric Gas C Glass
pressure is 76 cmHg. supply tube
Mercury D
43
8. An object of density 50 gcm-3 and mass 500 g is immersed in a liquid of density 1.8 gcm-3
Determine.
(a) the volume of the liquid displaced.
(b) the mass of the liquid displaced.
(c) the buoyant force experienced by the object.
44
10. Figure 1(a) shows a load suspended by a
spring balance in air whereas Figure 1(b) 40 N
shows the same load immersed in water.
100 N
Determine
a) the apparent weight of the load.
b) the apparent loss in weight of the load.
c) the mass of water displaced.
Load
Water
(a) (b)
45
11.
Diagram 11.1
Diagram 11.1 shows a barge used to transport goods from fresh water port to the ship
anchored away from the seaside.
Using suitable physics concepts, explain the required modification needed in designing a
barge that can carry more and heavier goods, move faster and safe in fresh and salt water.
46
Modification Explanation