INTRODUCTION

World Energy Supply, are a combination of resources by which various nations of the world use to meet
their everyday energy needs. Energy happens to be the basis of industrial civilization; without energy,
modern life would cease to exist. During the 1970s the world began a painful adjustment to the
vulnerability of energy supplies. In the long run, conserving energy resources may provide the time
needed to develop new sources of energy, such as hydrogen fuel cells, or to further develop alternative
energy sources, such as solar energy and wind energy. While this development occurs, however, the
world will continue to be vulnerable to disruptions in the supply of oil, which, after World War II (1939-
1945), became the most favoured energy source.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENERGY SOURCE.

 Ability to give useful energy

 Easy to transport, store, and use
 Gives a steady flow of energy for a long time

PETROLEUM

Petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas are found in commercial quantities in sedimentary basins
in more than 50 countries in all parts of the world. The largest deposits are in the Middle East, which
contains more than half the known oil reserves and almost one-third of the known natural-gas reserves.
The United States contains only about 2% of the known oil reserves and 3% of the known natural-gas
reserves.

This form of energy is the most widely used source of energy since after it was discovered in 1857.
Petroleum, or crude oil, naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed of various organic
chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw
material in the chemical industry. Modern industrial societies use it primarily to achieve a degree of
mobility on land, at sea, and in the air, that was barely imaginable less than 100 years ago. In addition,
petroleum and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of medicines and fertilizers, foodstuffs,
plastics, building materials, paints, and cloth and to generate electricity.

GEO-THERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy, , is based on the fact that the earth is hotter the deeper one drills below the surface.
Water and steam circulating through deep hot rocks, if brought to the surface, can be used to drive a
turbine to produce electricity or can be piped through buildings as heat. Some geothermal energy systems
use naturally occurring supplies of geothermal water and steam, whereas other systems pump water down
to the deep hot rocks. Although theoretically limitless, in most habitable areas of the world this
subterranean energy source lies so deep that drilling holes to tap it is very expensive.
This form of energy is mainly applied in generating of electricity, geothermal water could be used directly
in spas (balneology), to heat greenhouses (agriculture), and to speed the growth of fish and prawns
(aquaculture). The heat from geothermal water is used for industrial processes and for space heating in
homes and other buildings. People in over 35 countries have developed geothermal water for such
purposes.
COAL

Coal is a general term for a wide variety of solid materials that are high in carbon content. Most coal is
burned by electric utility companies to produce steam to turn their generators. Some coal is used in
factories to provide heat for buildings and industrial processes. A special, high-quality coal is turned into
metallurgical coke for use in making steel.

86% of the coal used in the United States is burned by electric power plants to produce electricity. When
burned, coal generates energy in the form of heat. In a power plant that uses coal as fuel, this heat
converts water into steam, which is pressurized to spin the shaft of a turbine. This spinning shaft drives a
generator that converts the mechanical energy of the rotation into electric power.
Coal is also used in the steel industry. The steel industry uses coal by first heating it and converting it into
coke, a hard substance consisting of nearly pure carbon. The coke is combined with iron ore and
limestone. Then the mixture is heated to produce iron. Other industries use different coal gases given off
during the coke-forming process to make fertilizers, solvents, medicine, pesticides, and other products.
Fuel companies convert coal into easily transportable gas or liquid fuels. Coal-based vapor fuels are
produced through the process of gasification. Gasification may be accomplished either at the site of the
coalmine or in processing plants. In processing plants, the coal is heated in the presence of steam and
oxygen to produce synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane used directly as
fuel or refined into cleaner-burning gas.
On-site gasification is accomplished by controlled, incomplete burning of an underground coal bed while
adding air and steam. To do this, workers ignite the coal bed, pump air and steam underground into the
burning coal, and then pump the resulting gases from the ground. Once the gases are withdrawn, they
may be burned to produce heat or generate electricity. Or they may be used in synthetic gases to produce
chemicals or to help create liquid fuels.
Liquefaction processes convert coal into a liquid fuel that has a composition similar to that of crude
petroleum. Coal can be liquefied either by direct or indirect processes. However, because coal is a
hydrogen-deficient hydrocarbon, any process used to convert coal to liquid or other alternative fuels must
add hydrogen.

SYNTHETIC FUELS

Synthetic fuels do not occur in nature but are made from natural materials. Gasohol, for example, is a
mixture of gasoline and alcohol made from sugars produced by living plants. Although making various
types of fuel from coal is possible, the large-scale production of fuel from coal will likely be limited by
high costs and pollution problems, some of which are not yet known. The manufacture of alcohol fuels in
large quantities will likely be restricted to regions, such as parts of Brazil, where a combination of low-
cost labour and land, plus a long growing season, make it economical. Thus, synthetic fuels are unlikely
to make an important contribution to the world’s energy supply anytime soon.

Like petroleum-based fuels, synthetic fuels can be used in a variety of applications in transportation,

manufacturing, businesses, and homes. Because producing synthetic fuels is more costly than refining
petroleum, however, the use of synthetic fuels is not widespread.
 NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear energy  is generated by the splitting, or fissioning, of atoms of uranium or heavier

elements. The fission process releases heat, which is used to produce steam to drive a turbine to generate
electricity. The operation of a nuclear reactor and the related electricity-generating equipment is only one
part of an interconnected set of activities. The production of a reliable supply of electricity from nuclear
fission requires mining, milling, and transporting uranium; enriching uranium (increasing the percentage
of the uranium isotope U-235) and packing it in appropriate form; building and maintaining the reactor
and associated generating equipment; and treating and disposing of spent fuel. These activities require
extremely sophisticated and interactive industrial processes and many specialized skills.

Nuclear reactors are moxt widely used to generate electricity. But of recent, public opposition, high
construction costs, strct building and operating regulations, and high cost for waste disposal make
nuclear power plants much more expensive to build and operate than plants that burn fossil fuels

In some industrialized countries, the electric power industry is being restructured to break up monopolies
(the provision of a commodity or service by a single seller or producer) at the generation level. Because
this trend is pressuring nuclear plant owners to cut operating expenses and become more competitive, the
nuclear power industry in the United States and other western countries may continue to decline if
existing nuclear power plants are unable to adapt to changing market conditions.

SOLAR ENEGY
Solar energy does not refer to a single energy technology but rather covers a diverse set of
renewable energy technologies that are powered by the Sun’s heat. Some solar energy technologies, such
as heating with solar panels, utilize sunlight directly. Other types of solar energy, such as hydroelectric
energy and fuels from biomass (wood, crop residues, and dung), rely on the Sun’s ability to evaporate
water and grow plant material, respectively. The common feature of solar energy technologies is that,
unlike oil, gas, coal, and present forms of nuclear power, solar energy is inexhaustible. Solar energy can
be divided into three main groups—heating and cooling applications, electricity generation, and fuels
from biomass.

Heating and Cooling.

The Sun has been used for heating for centuries. The Mesa Verde cliff dwellings in Colorado,
which date from AD 600, were constructed with rock projections that provide shade from the high (and
hot) summer Sun but allow the rays of the lower winter Sun to penetrate. Today a design with few or no
moving parts that takes advantage of the Sun is called passive solar heating. Beginning in the late 1970s,
architects increasingly became familiar with passive solar techniques. In the future, more and more new
buildings will be designed to capture the Sun’s winter rays and keep out the summer rays.
Active solar heating and solar hot-water heating are variations on one theme, differing principally in cost
and scale. A typical active solar-heating unit consists of tubes installed in panels that are mounted on a
roof. Water (or sometimes another fluid) flowing through the tubes is heated by the Sun and is then used
as a source of hot water and heat for the building. Although the number of active solar-heating
installations has grown rapidly since the 1970s, the industry has encountered simple installation and
maintenance problems, involving such commonplace occurrences as water leakage and air blockage in
the tubes. Solar cooling requires a higher technology installation in which a fluid is cooled by being
heated to an intermediate temperature so that it can be used to drive a refrigeration cycle. To date,
relatively few commercial installations have been made.
 WATER POWER

Waterpower, power derived from the fall of water from a higher to a lower level, and extracted by means
of waterwheels or hydraulic turbines. Waterpower is a natural resource, available wherever a sufficient
volume of steady water flow exists. The development of waterpower today requires extensive
construction, including storage lakes, dams, bypass canals, and the installation of large turbines and
electric generating equipment. Because the development of hydroelectric power requires a large capital
investment, it is often uneconomical for a region where coal or oil is cheap, even though the cost of fuel
for a steam-powered generating plant is higher than the cost of running a hydroelectric plant. However,
increasing environmental concerns are focusing attention on renewable energy sources such as water
 WIND ENERGY

Wind Energy, energy contained in the force of the winds blowing across Earth’s surface. When
harnessed, wind energy can be converted into mechanical energy for performing work such as pumping
water, grinding grain, and milling lumber. By connecting a spinning rotor (an assembly of blades attached
to a hub) to an electric generator, modern wind turbines convert wind energy, which turns the rotor, into
electrical energy.
Wind is created when air that has been warmed over sun-heated land rises, leaving a vacuum in the space
it once occupied. Cooler surrounding air then rushes in to fill the vacuum. This movement of rushing air
is what we know as wind.
Egyptians may have been the first to capture wind energy when they sailed boats up the Nile River
beginning around the 4th century BC. For centuries afterward, wind-powered sailing vessels plied the
world's seas and oceans, serving as the principal form of commercial transport. Wind energy has been
harnessed on land since the first windmill was developed by the ancient Persians in the 7th century AD.
Windmills have since been used to mill grain, pump water, saw timber, and provide other forms of
mechanical energy.
Because wind is a clean and renewable source of energy, modern wind turbines have been installed in
many countries, including such nations as Germany, Denmark, India, China, and the United States, to
supplement more traditional sources of electric power, such as burning coal. Design improvements such
as more efficient rotor blades combined with an increase in the numbers of wind turbines installed, have
helped increase the world’s wind energy generating capacity. In 2008 the United States was capable of
generating more than 25,000 megawatts of electricity using wind power, with about a third of that
capacity located in the state of Texas.

TIDAL ENERGY
The energy of tides has been harnessed to produce electricity. In the summer of 1966, a tidal
power plant with a capacity of 240,000 kilowatts (kw) went into operation on the Rance River, an estuary
of the English Channel in northwestern France. The incoming tide of the river flows through a dam,
driving turbines, and then is trapped behind the dam. When the tide ebbs, the trapped water is released
and flows back through the dam, again driving the turbines. Such tidal power plants are most efficient if
the difference between high and low tides is great, as in the Rance estuary, where the difference is 8.5 m
(28 ft). The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada, where the
difference between high and low tide is about 18 m (about 60 ft). The Annapolis Royal tidal-power
project came into service in 1984 and harnesses the massive water movement in the Bay of Fundy to
generate electricity.

BIOFUEL

Biofuel, fuel made from organic material produced by living things, in contrast to fossil fuels such as

coal, petroleum, or natural gas that come from long-dead plants and microorganisms. Biofuel includes
any solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel produced either directly from plants or indirectly from organic
industrial, commercial, domestic, or agricultural wastes. In principle, burning biofuels adds less carbon to
the environment than burning fossil fuels because the carbon atoms released by burning biofuel already
existed as part of the modern carbon cycle. Burning fossil fuels, on the other hand, always adds extra
carbon because the carbon they contain comes from a buried source that was not part of the modern
carbon cycle.
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas thought to contribute to global warming. Biofuels are seen as
one way to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide gas added to the atmosphere. Plants used for biofuels
take up the same amount of carbon dioxide as they grow as was released by burning biofuels made from
an earlier crop.

Biofuels produced and used
within the same country are a way to reduce dependence on foreign sources of oil and other fuels,
providing energy security and an economic boost for agriculture and industry. Biofuels are also a type of
renewable energy resource, unlike fossil fuels, which cannot be grown or created. Other renewable energy
sources include solar energy and wind energy.

Biofuel use.
The most widely used liquid biofuel in industrial countries is ethanol