Algemene

literatuur:
North, Cosmos. An Illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology, Chicago 2008.
Masood, Science & Islam. A history, Crows Nest 2009.
Al-Khalili, Pathfinders Golden Age of Arabic Science, New York 2012.
Dallal, Science, Medicine and Technology. The making of a scientific culture, in Esposito (ed.), Oxford history of Islam, Oxford 1999, p. 155-214.
Afbeelding:
http://www.technology.org/2014/10/31/big-big-dipper/ , by Jerry Lodriguss

Verdere literatuur:
- Lijst met maankraters en islamitische astronomen:
http://www.icoproject.org/cra.html?l=en
- Lijst met sterren met een naam van Arabische oorsprong:
http://www.icoproject.org/star.html
met Arabisch schrift: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names
- Kunitzsch, A note on star names, especially Arabic, and their literature, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 20 (1979), p. 478-480.
Afbeelding:
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~vika/TeachPort/islam00/esposito/robinson/mapp21_battlesofislamres100.jpg
Verdere literatuur:
Saliba, Science before Islam, in al-Hassan (ed.), The different Aspects of Islamic Culture Vol. 4, Paris 2001, p. 27-49.
nd
Pellat, Anw, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2 edition.
nd
De Blois, Tarkh , Encyclopedia of Islam, 2 edition.
Afbeelding:
Kennedy, The Star-charts: Arabic Constellations - Star Names Used by the Arabs in the Indian Ocean, in Kennedy (ed.), Historical Atlas of Islam. Leiden 2002.

Verdere literatuur:
Varisco, Islamic Folk Astronomy, in Selin & Xiaochun (eds.), Astronomy across cultures, Dordrecht 2000, p. 615-650.
Uit:
Khalidi, An Anthology of Arabic Literature, Edinburgh 2016, p.20.
Afbeelding:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba#/media/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_Masjid_el_Haram_%C3%A0_la_Mecque.jpg

Verdere literatuur:
King & Hawkins, On the Orientation of the Kaba, Journal of the History of Astronomy 13 (1982), p. 102-109.
Afbeelding:
http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Dome_Of_The_Rock/qibla.html
(naar King & Hawkins, On the Orientation of the Kaba)
Afbeelding:
King, The Sacred direction in Islam, Interdisciplinary science reviews 10,4 (1985) p. 323 en 324.
Afbeelding:
https://attwiw.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/map-islamic-expansion-to-750.jpg

Verdere literatuur:
Von Grunebaum, Classical Islam. A history 600 AD to 1258 AD, New Brunswick 2009.
Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, London 1986.
Afbeelding:
Morrison, Islamic Astronomy, in Lindberg & Shank (eds.), Cambridge History of Science Volume 2, p. 122.

Verdere literatuur:
http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit3/greek.html
Afbeelding:
https://people.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/retrograde.htm
Afbeelding:
http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit3/greek.html

http://www.astro.ufl.edu/~guzman/ast1002/class_notes/Ch1/Ch1.html
Afbeelding:
Morrison, Islamic Astronomy, in Lindberg & Shank (eds.), Cambridge History of Science Volume 2, p. 124.

Verdere literatuur:
http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit3/greek.html
Verdere literatuur:
Balty-Guesdon, Le bayt al-ikma de Baghdad, Arabica 39 (1992), p. 131-150.
Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance, Cambridge & London 2007.
Gutas, Greek thought, Arabic culture, London 1999.
Al-Hassan, The age of translation and the beginning of the scientific renaissance, in al-Hassan (ed.), The different aspects of Islamic Culture Volume 4, Paris 2001, p. 87-110.
Afbeelding:
Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 3, Frankfurt am Main 2010, p. 32.
Afbeelding:
eigen foto

http://cartographic-images.net/Cartographic_Images/226.1_al-Umari.html

Verdere literatuur:
King, Mathematical Astronomy in Islamic Civilization, in Selin & Xiaochun (eds.), Astronomy across cultures, Dordrecht 2000, p. 615-650.
Afbeelding:
King, World-maps for finding the direction and distance to Mecca, Leiden & Boston 2014, p. 13.
Afbeelding:
King, World-maps for finding the direction and distance to Mecca, Leiden & Boston 2014, p. 68-69.
Afbeelding:
LucasVB - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1528090

http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Astronomical_Concepts
Afbeelding:
http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/358366

http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=402156001&objectid=218322
Afbeelding:
http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/view/all/what/MS.%20Marsh%20144?sort=Shelfmark
Afbeelding:
http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/view/all/what/MS.%20Marsh%20144?sort=Shelfmark
Afbeelding:
http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/view/all/what/MS.%20Marsh%20144?sort=Shelfmark
Afbeelding:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_al-Biruni.jpg
Uit:
Saliba, Al-Biruni and the sciences of his time, in Young & Latham & Serjeant (eds.), Religion, Learning and Science in the Abbasid Period, Cambridge 1990, p. 413.

Verdere literatuur:
Ragep, Tusi and Copernicus: the earths motion in context, Science in Context 14 (2001), p. 145-163.
Afbeelding:
http://muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-al-haytham-eye-and-brain-vision-and-perception

http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Hidden/59/Alhazen:-Early-experiments-on-light/170
Afbeelding:
Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 2, Frankfurt am Main 2010, p. 183.

Verdere literatuur:
http://astrolabesandstuff.blogspot.be/2013/01/difference-between-astrolabe-equatorium.html
Afbeelding:
Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 2, Frankfurt am Main 2010, p. 116.
Afbeelding:
http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.astrolabe.a.user.s.guide.htm

Verdere literatuur:
Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 2, Frankfurt am Main 2010, p. 78-202.

http://www.astrolabes.org/
Afbeelding:
http://www.astrolabes.org/pages/parts.htm

http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.astrolabe.a.user.s.guide.htm
Afbeelding:
http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/catalogue/browseReport/Astrolabe_ID=131.html

http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/catalogue/browseReport/Astrolabe_ID=149.html
Afbeelding:
http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/catalogue/browseReport/Astrolabe_ID=163.html

Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 2, Frankfurt am Main 2010, p. 123.
Afbeelding:
https://www.google.com/doodles/nasir-al-din-al-tusis-812th-birthday
Afbeelding:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusi_couple.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#/media/File:Tusi-couple.gif
Afbeelding:
Morrison, Islamic Astronomy, in Lindberg & Shank (eds.), Cambridge History of Science Volume 2, p. 130.
Afbeelding:
https://beforenewton.wordpress.com/daily-readings/september-2-islamic-cosmology/

http://www.whettonandgrosch.co.uk/projects/maragha-observatory/

Verdere literatuur:
Sayili, The observatory in Islam, Ankara 1960.
Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 2, Frankfurt am Main 2010,
p. 19-77.
Afbeelding:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir#/media/File:Shatir500.jpg

http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/news/2012/jul/31/seeking-sundial-observatory-park/
Verdere literatuur:
Morrison, Islamic Astronomy, in Lindberg & Shank (eds.), Cambridge History of Science Volume 2, p. 137-8.
Afbeelding:
Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 2, Frankfurt am Main 2010, p. 69-70.
Afbeelding
Sezgin, Science and technology in Islam Volume 2, Frankfurt am Main 2010, p. 73.

Eigen foto
Afbeelding:
Eigen foto
Verdere literatuur:
Ragep, Copernicus and his Islamic predecessors: some historical remarks, Filozofski vestnik 25 (2004), p. 125-142.
Kennedy, Late Medieval Planetary Theory, Isis 57 (1966), p. 365-378.
Rosinska, Nar al-Dn al-s and Ibn al-Shir in Cracow?, Isis 65 (1974), p. 239-243.
Saliba, Whose science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe, http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.3.html
Verdere literatuur:
Hugonnard-Roche, The influence of Arabic astronomy in the medieval West, in Rashed (ed.), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science Volume 1, London 1996.
Afbeelding:
Gibb, Historical atlas of the Muslim People, Amsterdam 1957, p. 10.
Afbeelding:
Gibb, Historical atlas of the Muslim People, Amsterdam 1957, p. 9.
Afbeelding:
http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/358366
Afbeelding:
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=402156001&objectid=218322