A Refresher Course at GU

The Fundamental
Concepts of Mobile
Communication
Dr. Abhijit Mitra
Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati
Guwahati - 781039, India.
E-mail: a.mitra@iitg.ernet.in

Indian Academy of Sciences Indian National Science Academy The National

Academy of Sciences 1
Bangalore New Delhi India, Allahabad
 A Refresher Course at GU

Main Topics to be
Discussed

 Introduction to mob. com. systems

 Fundamentals of cellular system

engg.
 Free space propagation of wrls.

signals
 Improvement of mob. syst.

performnc
 A few otherDept.
A. Mitra handset technologies 2
of ECE, IIT Guwahati
 A Refresher Course at GU

Introduction
 What is mobile
communication?

 Why mobile communication?

 How many types?

A. Mitra Dept. of ECE, IIT Guwahati 3

 A Refresher Course at GU

How many types of mobile

communication?

(a) Simplex (b) Half-duplex (c) Duplex

A. Mitra Dept. of ECE, IIT Guwahati 4
 A Refresher Course at GU

What is the basic cellular structure?

A. Mitra Dept. of ECE, IIT Guwahati 5

 A Refresher Course at GU

How a mobile phone call is made …

 Let us say, mobile-to-mobile call …

 FVC, RVC, FCC and RCC
Scan available FCCs to search BS

 Mobile identification number (MIN)

Responds by RCC  BS  MSC
 A pair of voice channel assigned
Now the receiver gets alert ring

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

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 A Refresher Course at GU

Cellular Systems
Engineering
 Frequency reuse
 Hexagonal Geometry
 Adjacent cells cannot use same channels

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 A Refresher Course at GU

System capacity enhancement

 T: number of available channels

 N: number of cells forming a cell-
cluster
 S: number of channels per cell
 Repeat the cell-cluster by R times
 Total no. of users: C = R.T = R.N.S
N = x2 + y2 + 2xy; x,y >
0
 Only for these N:
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 A Refresher Course at GU

Handoff strategies

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 A Refresher Course at GU

A few practical problems in handoff

 Wide range of velocities

Umbrella cell approach
 Cell dragging problem
Threshold power & radio coverage
area
 Intersystem handoff
Roaming facility

A. Mitra Dept. of ECE, IIT Guwahati 10

 A Refresher Course at GU

Free Space Propagation

 EM wave power (P) reduces with the
square of the distance (d) it travels,
Pα i.e.,
d-2 -
 For NLOS communication, itPisα d
n
 Small scale path loss, or, simply fading
 Multipath propagation
 Doppler shift effect
 Main objective of mobile systems is to
overcome these
A. Mitra
adverse effects
Dept. of ECE, IIT Guwahati 11
 A Refresher Course at GU

Improvement of Mobile System

Performance
 Transmitter techniques

A. Mitra Dept. of ECE, IIT Guwahati 12

 A Refresher Course at GU

Receiver techniques
 Signal processing techniques:
 Equalization, diversity, channel
coding

A. Mitra Dept. of ECE, IIT Guwahati 13

 A Refresher Course at GU

A Few Other Technologies

 Battery
 Li-Ion battery  27 gm, 1100 mAh
 Talk time: over 7 hours

 In a study in August 2005 across

15 global countries, 2/3 of mobile
users rated 2 days of battery life
during active use as the most
important feature

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 A Refresher Course at GU

VLSI/Processor/Memory

 VLSI chips, e.g., 5 mm x 5 mm

 300 MHz processor
 A lot of storage space/memory
 128 MB embedded flash ROM
 64 MB embedded SDRAM

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 A Refresher Course at GU

Antenna

 Low-power high-frequency planar

antenna
 Planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA)
 Very low profile monopole antenna
 Embedded GPS antenna
 GPS radio IC and a small single
feed balanced antenna
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 A Refresher Course at GU

Display
 Passive/Active-matrix Organic LED
(OLED)

 Thin film transistor LCD (TFT-LCD)

 Quarter VGA (QVGA), 240 x 320 pixels,

16-bit color

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 A Refresher Course at GU

Conclusion
 Present:
 Two key parameters: volume, weight
 Standard incompatibility: GSM/IS136/PDC
and CDMA
 Future:
 Another two key parameters: power
consumption, component count
 B3G technologies
 All computing facilities with artificial
intelligence
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References
 “Mobile Communication: The Basic Concepts”
by A. Mitra; Breakthrough, vol. 11, no. 3, Feb. 2006.  
 “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice”
 by T. S. Rappaport; Pearson Education, 2002. 
 “Wireless Digital Communications: Modulation and Spread Spectrum”
 by K. Feher; Prentice Hall of India, 2002.
 “Digital Communications”
by J. G. Proakis; McGraw Hill, 2000. 
 “Mobile Computing: Past, Present and Future” 
       by V. Koudounas; [Online]. 

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BACK

IMEI – International Mobile Equipment Identity

As of 2004, IMEI format is “14 decimal digits plus a check digit”

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