RESRAD-BUILD

Presentations

Environmental Science Division

Argonne National Laboratory
April 11-12, 2011
 RESRAD-BUILD
Workshop

RESRAD-BUILD Workshop Overview

Introduction to RESRAD-BUILD
Comparison of RESRAD and RESRAD-BUILD
History of RESRAD-BUILD development
Overview of RESRAD-BUILD pathways
Pathways considered
Sources and receptors considered
Building Geometry
Code requirements
Supporting documentation
Demonstration

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RESRAD-BUILD Workshop Overview

Methodology
Time integration
Source Geometry
Source/Receptor Specification
Coordinate system
Source removal and injection
Air flow model
Dose calculations for each pathway
Special models for tritium and radon
Guideline Development
Output Results
Problem Solving Techniques
Verification of RESRAD-BUILD
RESRAD-BUILD Configuration Control

Introduction to
RESRAD-BUILD
Comparison of RESRAD and RESRAD-BUILD

RESRAD (soil) and RESRAD-

BUILD (building) codes address
different contamination sources
and uses:
Soil contamination which might lead
to contamination of food and water
through movement by natural
processes

Building contamination in man-

made products and air-flows which
might lead to exposure during
normal building occupancy or D&D
activities

History of RESRAD-BUILD Development

Motivation for RESRAD-BULD

Increased D&D activity
Limitations of regulatory guidelines
Movement towards dose-based release criteria

Development History of RESRAD-BUILD

DOS version released Dec. 1994
Windows version released July 1996
Uncertainty module upgraded Sep 2000
Currently at version 3.5

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The Potential Problem with Concentration Based Regulations

Processes Considered in RESRAD-BUILD

Removal of
contaminated material
Time (source life time)
Fraction
Fate of removed
material
Disposed of
Released in to air
Fate of material released
to air
Deposition of surfaces
Resuspension
Moved by air circulation
From room to room
Out of building

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Pathways Considered in RESRAD-BUILD

External
Direct
Deposition
Immersion
Ingestion
Direct
Deposition
Inhalation
Airborne particulates
Resuspension
Radon

Sources and Receptors Considered

Four distinct source types

Point
Line
Area
Circular
Rectangular
Volume
Cylindrical
Rectangular prism
Ability to co-locate sources
Area source above a volume source
Hot-spot in an area source
Up to 10 sources in a single run
Up to 10 receptors in a single run

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Building Geometry in RESRAD-BUILD

1- 2-Room 3-Room House

Room
Warehouse House

2-Story 2-Story Building with

House 2 Rooms on the First Floor
3-Story 2-Story House
House with Basement
(No air exchange
between basement
and outdoors)

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RESRAD-BUILD Computer Requirements

Microsoft Windows platform

Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Requires active internet connection for
download
http://www.evs.anl.gov/resrad/
19 MB downloadable file
Current Version: RESRAD-BUILD 3.5

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RESRAD-BUILD Manual Version 3

Updated descriptions of sources, receptors and

rooms
Updated users guide
Procedure for performing probabilistic analysis
Mathematical models
Parameter descriptions
Name
Range
Default
Deterministic
Probabilistic
Measurement Methodology

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RESRAD-BUILD Demonstration
RESRAD-BUILD Problem Demonstration

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RESRAD-BUILD Methodology
RESRAD-BUILD Time integrated Dose Calculations

Calculates an average
concentration of the radionuclide
over the exposure duration
Average calculation based on the
number of integration points
selected
Larger number of integration points
are required for longer exposure
times or short source lifetimes
Integration point set to 1 calculates
the instantaneous dose and
projects the dose over the entire
exposure duration
May overestimate the dose when the
source lifetime is small

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Source Geometry

Source Types
Point
Line
Area
Volume
Source Geometry
Area source
Circular
Rectangular
Volume source
Cylindrical
Rectangular

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Receptor & Source Specifications
Receptor
Room in which he/she is located
1, 2, 3
(1,1,1)
Center point of receptor
X, Y, Z coordinates in space
Usually 1 m above floor

Point source
Room in which it is located (0,0,0)
X, Y, Z coordinates in space (1,1,-1)

Line source
Room in which it is located 2m
Center point of line source X
X, Y, Z coordinates in space
Length of the source
Orientation of source
X, Y or Z
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Area Source Specifications

Z
Area source
Room in which it is located
1, 2, or 3 24 m2
(0,1,1)
Center point of the source
X, Y, Z coordinates in space
Direction normal or perpendicular to Y Direction
the surface of the source
Circular source
Area of the source
Rectangular source 3.3 m
Lengths of sides (3,2,2)
10 m

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Volume Source Specifications
Z
Volume source
All area source specifications from
previous slide 24 m2
Room in which it is located (0,1,1)
Center point of the source
Direction normal or perpendicular to the
surface of the source
Y Direction
Area of circular source
Lengths of sides of rectangular source
Number of regions in the third
dimension
Up to 5 regions 3.3 m
Region 1 will be closest to (0,0,0) (3,2,2)
Region where contamination exists
10 m
Only 1 contaminated region per source
Thickness, density and erosion rate of
each region X

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RESRAD-BUILD Coordinate System

Z
Rectangular coordinate system Y
Origin of coordinate system is
chosen by the user X
Not specified in the code
Should not coincide with the
center of a volume source
For any volume source, the
region closest to the origin has
to be region 1 (3,0,3)
Helpful Hints Y
Have a drawing of the rooms (2,0,2)
you want to model (0,0,2)
(4,1,2)
Base distances from a room Z
corner X
Negative Z distances could
infer a building with a basement
(0,0,0)

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Rotated Coordinate Systems

Coordinate systems may be

rotated (with respect to the

Source
walls)
For example, if a contaminated Receptor
pipe runs along the diagonal of a
room
Source
If multiple sources are present
then RESRAD-BUILD may
have to be run more than
once.
If the sources can not all be
described by the same
coordinate system

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Source Injection to Air Pathways

Models the release of the
radionuclides from the
source to the air
Building renovation
Building occupancy

The airflow in the building

will transport the airborne
nuclides from room to
room

Nuclides will deposit and

will be resuspended

Pathways considered
External
Submersion, deposited
nuclides
Inhalation
Ingestion
Deposited nuclides

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RESRAD-BUILD One Room Air Flow Model

V dC/dt = I - QC - VC + VCP - DVC + RDVC / ( R+)

Change of Activity Exchange Decay of Resuspension
in the room with outside parent in Air
Injection Decay in Air Deposition
Rate

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Three Room Air Flow Model

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Source Removal/Injection - Point, Line, Area Sources
Source removal and injection treated
the same for point, line and area Removable fraction
Parameters affecting source removal Fraction remaining fixed
Removable fraction
Source lifetime
Parameters affecting source injection Lifetime
Source lifetime
Removable fraction
Air fraction Fraction remaining fixed
Source is linearly removed over the
source lifetime Air fraction Removable fraction
Erosion Rate or removal rate
Removable Fraction/ Source Lifetime
20% over 10 years
2% per year
Removed from building
Radioactive decay occurs
simultaneously

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Source Removal/Injection-Volume Source

In a multi-region source, the

regions erode in order
Region 1 first, region 2 next and so on
(1,1,1) (2,1,1)
User specifies the regions
Region 1 is closest to 0,0,0
Used to compute direct external
Region 1 Region 2
radiation

Removal calculated using the

erosion rate (cm/d), area (m2) and
the bulk density of the material
(g/cc)

Injecting calculated by applying the

air fraction to the quantity removed

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Calculation of Injection Rate
5 m2 Area Source
U-238 @ 100 pCi/m2
Source lifetime =3650 days
Removable fraction =0.1 (10%)
Air fraction =0.01 (1%)
Calculate the injection rate
Calculate the amount of U-238 remaining
after 10 years (neglect radioactive decay)
Total Activity
5*100 = 500 pCi of U-238
Removal rate per day
500*0.1/3650 = 0.0137 pCi/day
Injection rate
0.0137*0.01/24/60/60 = 1.59E-9 pCi/s
Total activity remaining
100*0.9 = 90 pCi/m2
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RESRAD-BUILD Example 1

Input the following into RESRAD-

BUILD and compare the results with
the last slide.
5 m2 Area Source
U-238 @ 100 pCi/m2
Source lifetime = 3650 days
Removable fraction = 0.1
Air fraction =0.01
evaluation time of 10 years
Run the code and check the code
calculated values of
injection rate
View Last Detailed Output
the amount of U-238 remaining after 10
years
View Last Report

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Direct External Pathway

FGR 12 External Dose conversion Factors

Corrected for:
Finite area
Finite thickness
Density
Shielding
thickness
density
material

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The Direct External Pathway

A single shield is allowed

between each source receptor
pair
10 Sources
10 Receptors
100 Source shield combinations
Users may wish to use a
composite shield if multiple
shields are present
Shielding by uncontaminated
regions of volume sources is
also modeled
thickness
density
region 1 is closest to origin

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Direct Ingestion Pathway

Receptor MUST be in
the same room as the
source
Removable fraction
must be greater than 0
Models the incidental
ingestion of
contaminated material
FGR 11 dose
conversion factors
User must ensure
mass balance
See next slide

33

Calculation of Direct Ingestion

RESRAD-BUILD does not perform a
mass balance when computing the
direct ingestion dose
Can end up modeling a situation
where the quantity ingested is more
than the removable part or even the
entire source

Direct ingestion rate is the fraction of

the removable portion of the source
ingested per hour (point, line, area)

Direct ingestion rate is in grams per

hour for volume sources of the
portion that is removable

DiIn (t ) Ingestion Time Ingestion Rate S n DCF n

Time at receptor location (hours)
24 Exposure duration Indoor Fraction Time fraction at receptor location

34
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Inhalation
Models the inhalation of
particulates
Removable fraction and Air
fraction determine
respirable fraction
Only removable fraction
airborne fraction is
considered in the
inhalation dose
Balance of the removable
material is removed from
the building and is not
considered in RESRAD-
BUILD
Includes resuspension of
deposited material
Air quality model is used to
estimate the airborne
concentration

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Inhalation
Source and receptor may
be in different rooms
Does not depend on exact
location within the room
Inhalation dose based on
1 m particle size
FGR 11 inhalation dose
conversion factors
Dose is integrated over the
exposure duration
Average concentration in
air over the exposure
duration

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Ingestion of deposited material
Models indirect ingestion of
particulates deposited from
air
Ingestion dose dependents
on removable fraction and
air fraction
If material is removed but
not airborne RESRAD-
BUILD will ignore this
portion
Air quality model calculates
the concentration of the
deposited radionuclides
Ingestion rate for indirect
ingestion is in units of m2
per hour

37

Ingestion of deposited material

Source and receptor may
be in different rooms
Does not depend on exact
location within the room
FGR 11 Ingestion dose
conversion factors
Dose is integrated over the
exposure duration
Average deposited
concentration over the
exposure duration
Dose from direct ingestion
and indirect ingestion are
summed and reported as a
single ingestion dose
direct and indirect
ingestion rates can be
independently set to zero

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External exposure from air borne and deposited nuclides

External dose from

Deposition
Submersion
dependents on air fraction
and removable fraction
Air quality model calculates
the concentration in air and
the concentration of the
deposited radionuclides
FGR 12 external dose
conversion factors
Dose from deposition
corrected for finite area
No shielding considered in
the deposition dose

39

External exposure from air borne and deposited nuclides

Source and receptor

may be in different
rooms
Not based on exact
location within a room
Dose from submersion
is small compared to
deposition
Dose is integrated over
the exposure duration
Average deposited
concentration over the
exposure duration

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RESRAD-BUILD Example 2

Demonstration of the air pathways

1 Source, 3 Receptors
Model Ra-226 using a point source -10 pCi
2 Room model
Source 1
Room 1 36 m2
Room 2 100 m2
Receptor 1
Source 1 in room 1 (5, 5, 0)
Receptor 1 in room 1 (1, 1, 1)
Receptor 2 in room 2 (3, -5, 1)
Receptor 3 in room 2 (6, -8, 1)
Receptor 2
What is the external, inhalation and
ingestion dose to receptors 2 and 3?
Receptor 3
How do the doses compare with the dose
to receptor 1?
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RESRAD-BUILD Example 2

Sensitivity on
release fraction
air fraction
lifetime Source 1
With and without direct ingestion
for all receptors Receptor 1

With and without shielding from

wall between rooms
Sensitivity on density
Receptor 2
Can vary material type
Default air exchange Receptor 3
High air exchange between rooms

42
Special Models for H-3: Point Line & Area
Point, Line, Area Sources
Modeled similar to other
radionuclides
Removable fraction should be set
to 1 to model the complete release
of tritium vapor (HTO)
Air fraction should be set to 0.1 Air fraction
Deposition velocity of HTO should
be set to 0
There will be no deposition
Resuspension rate not considered Removable fraction
Indirect ingestion rate not
considered
Fraction remaining fixed

Dermal absorption is modeled by

increasing the inhalation dose by
50%
Fraction remaining fixed

43

Special Models for H-3: Volume Source

Models the vaporization of HTO
Assume equilibrium conditions
Diffusion of HTO from the source
to the indoor air
As humidity increases diffusion
decreases
Larger the moisture content
lower the H-3 content in the
water
Fraction available for vaporization
Default 1.0
H-3 in solid form is released
through erosion
Pathways considered
Inhalation
Wet Zone Thickness
Ingestion
Dry Zone Thickness
Dermal absorption

44
Special Models for Radon

Point, Line and Area

Calculation of the injection rate is
similar to other point line and area
sources. Radon Flux
Uses the emanation fraction for the
release fraction.
Volume Source
Models the diffusion of radon from
a single contaminated region
through up to 4 uncontaminated
regions.
Source is only in ONE room
Can not diffuse the source into two Radon Flux
rooms

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RESRAD-BUILD: Risk Calculations

RESRAD-BUILD allows users to calculate

cancer risk
FGR 13 mortality
FGR 13 morbidity
HEAST 2001 morbidity
User library
Methodology is the same as the dose
calculations
Same external model
Same injection model
Same air quality model

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Guideline Development

Users must develop

guideline values for each
source type
Units of guideline values HE
Activity per mass (Volume
Gi (t )
Source) DSRi (t )
pCi/g
Activity per area (Area Gi(t) Single Radionuclide Guideline
Source) HE Dose Limit (25 mrem/yr)
DPM/m2 DSRi(t) Dose to Source Ratio
Activity per length (Line (mrem/yr // Unit Concentration)
Source)
pCi/m
Activity (Point Source)
Use RESRAD-BUILD to
develop DSRi(t)

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Output Results

RESRAD-BUILD
provides users with
graphical and text based
results
Summary report provides
Parameter Used
Source term
Dose
Detailed Report
Intermediate calculations
involving airflow
Injection rates
External dose parameters
Graphical Results
Interactive plotting

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 Problem Solving Techniques

Multiple Receptors in a Building

RESRAD-BUILD can be
used to model multiple
receptors in a building to
0.9 0.5
obtain a collective dose

1.0
More realistically model
a single individual
performing multiple tasks
at multiple locations
0.3 0.2

.5

50
Co-Locate Volume and Surface Sources

With up to 10 sources
available in a single run,
RESRAD-BUILD can
allow users to model
surface contamination
and volumetric
contamination in a single
run

Use the same

coordinates and source
parameters to co-locate
a volume and a surface
source
51

Building Occupancy vs. Building Renovation

Building Occupancy
Scenarios
Low release over a long
period of time
Material that is more likely
to become airborne
Exposure duration is
typically one year
Building Renovation
Large release over a short
time
Airborne fraction lower
than building occupancy
Exposure duration 30 to
90 days

52
Multi-Room Air-Flow Model Input

Easy way to provide air-

flow into the RESRAD-
BUILD Computer Code
Automatically calculates
room exchange rates,
and overall building air
exchange rate
Allows users to visualize
airflow within a building
Provide instantaneous
feedback when airflows
are inconsistent

53

RESRAD-BUILD Example 3

Model the following scenario

in RESRAD-BUILD Laboratory
Pu-239 in a laboratory hood hood

Laboratory
36 m2 , 2.5 meters
Laboratory hood
Hallway

1 m2 , 3 meters
Hallway Receptor 2
Receptor 1
30 m2, 2.5 meters
Air-flow is from the hallway to Laboratory
the room and out through the
laboratory hood
There is no airflow from the hood
into either the room or the
hallway

54
Three-Dimensional Display

Allows users to visually

place sources and
receptors to model
building geometry
Sources and receptors
are color coded to room
location
Sources are displayed as
icons and do not
represent the entire
source
Volume Source: Square
Area Source: Circle
Line Source: Thin
Rectangle
Point Source: Point
55

Dose Conversion and Slope Factors

Shared Nuclide Dose Conversion Factor

Database
Access to more complete set of nuclides
Ability to construct site-specific DCF libraries
Ability to use in both RESRAD and RESRAD-BUILD
Editor has no equilibrium assumptions built in
RESRAD-BUILD automatically constructs DCFs with
a 30-day half-life cutoff equilibrium assumption
Risk calculation
Uses same exposure time for dose and risk
Risk slope factors are applied

56
 RESRAD-BUILD Probabilistic
Demonstration

RESRAD-BUILD Probabilistic Demonstration

Use question 7 from deterministic workbook

Inhalation rate
Removable fractions for all five sources
Air release fractions for all five sources
Correlate?

Turn off Radon pathway to speed up

calculations?

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 Verification of RESAD-BUILD

Internal Verification of RESRAD-BUILD

Published internal verification

report October 2001
Compared RESRAD-BUILD
calculations with those given
in the users manual using MS
Excel
Tritium model
Radon model
Direct ingestion
Inhalation
Indirect ingestion
Benchmarked external model
with MCNP

60
Independent Verification of RESRAD-BUILD

Completed by Tetra Tech

NUS Inc. March 2003
Provided verification of the:
Supporting radionuclide
database
Input parameters
Individual pathways
Uncertainty Modules

61

Quality Assurance
&
Quality Control
RESRAD-BUILD QA/QC Program

Changes to RESRAD-BUILD must be approved by the

Project Leader and Program Manager
A modification must be reviewed by:
An independent scientist or programmer
The Project Systems Analyst
The Project Leader
The Program Manager
All modifications are reviewed prior to release by all
programmers
RESRAD-BUILD source code stored in Visual Source
Safe to allowing for version control

63

Thank You For Attending!!!!

E-mail: RESRAD@anl.gov
Web Site: http://www.evs.anl.gov/RESRAD

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