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Economic Geology

Vol. 98, 2003, pp. 15751605

Porphyry-Style Alteration and Mineralization of the Middle Eocene to


Early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt, Cuzco Region, Peru
JOS PERELL,
Antofagasta Minerals S.A. Ahumada 11, Oficina 602, Santiago, Chile

VCTOR CARLOTTO,
Departamento de Geologa, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. Avenida de la Cultura, Cuzco, Per

ALBERTO ZRATE, PEDRO RAMOS, HCTOR POSSO, CARLOS NEYRA, ALBERTO CABALLERO,
Minera Anaconda Per S.A. Avenida Paseo de la Repblica 3245, Piso 3, San Isidro, Lima 27, Per

NICOLS FUSTER, AND RICARDO MUHR


Antofagasta Minerals S.A. Ahumada 11, Oficina 602, Santiago, Chile

Abstract
Originally known for its Fe-Cu skarn mineralization, the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt of southeastern Peru is
rapidly emerging as an important porphyry copper province. Field work by the authors confirms that mineral-
ization in the belt is spatially and temporally associated with the middle Eocene to early Oligocene (~4832
Ma), calc-alkaline Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, a composite body with an areal extent of ~300 130 km em-
placed into clastic and carbonate strata (e.g., Yura Group and Ferrobamba Formation) of Jurassic to Creta-
ceous age. Batholith emplacement included early-stage, mafic, cumulate gabbro and diorite between ~48 and
43 Ma, followed by pulses of granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite at ~40 to 32 Ma. Coeval volcanic rocks
make up the middle Eocene to early Oligocene Anta Formation, a sequence of >1,000 m of andesite lava flows
and dacite pyroclastic flows with interbedded volcaniclastic conglomerate. Sedimentary rocks include the red
beds of the Eocene to early Oligocene San Jernimo Group and the postmineralization late Oligocene to
Miocene Punacancha and Paruro formations. Eocene and Oligocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks are in-
terpreted to have accumulated largely in both transtensional and contractional synorogenic basins. New and
previously published K-Ar and Re-Os ages show that much of the porphyry-style alteration and mineralization
along the belt took place during the middle Eocene to early Oligocene (~4230 Ma). Thus, batholithic magma
emplacement, volcanism, and sedimentation are inferred to have accompanied a period of intense deforma-
tion, crustal shortening, and regional surface uplift broadly synchronous with the Incaic orogeny. Supergene
mineralization is inferred to have been active since the Pliocene on the basis of geomorphologic evidence and
a single K-Ar determination (3.3 0.2 Ma) on supergene alunite.
The belt is defined by 31 systems with porphyry-style alteration and mineralization, including 19 systems
grouped in 5 main clusters plus 12 separate centers, and by hundreds of occurrences of magnetite-rich, skarn-
type Fe-Cu mineralization. Porphyry copper stocks are dominated by calc-alkaline, biotite- and amphibole-
bearing intrusions of granodioritic composition, but monzogranitic, monzonitic, quartz-monzonitic, and mon-
zodioritic stocks occur locally. Hydrothermal alteration includes sericite-clay-chlorite, and potassic,
quartz-sericitic, and propylitic assemblages. Calcic-potassic and advanced argillic alteration associations are lo-
cally represented, and calc-silicate assemblages with skarn-type mineralization occur where carbonate country
rocks predominate.
Porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the belt range from gold-rich, molybdenum-poor examples
(Cotabambas), through deposits carrying both gold and molybdenum (Tintaya, Los Chancas), to relatively
molybdenum-rich, gold-poor end members (Lahuani). Gold-only porphyry systems are also represented (Mo-
rosayhuas). Gold-rich porphyry copper systems are rich in hydrothermal magnetite and display a positive cor-
relation between Cu and Au in potassic alteration. The bulk of the hypogene Cu (-Au, -Mo) mineralization oc-
curs in the form of chalcopyrite and bornite, in intimate association with early-stage potassic alteration which,
in many deposits and prospects, is variably overprinted by copper-depleting sericite-clay-chlorite alteration.
Most porphyry copper systems of the belt lack economically significant zones of supergene chalcocite en-
richment. This is due primarily to their relatively low pyrite contents, the restricted development of quartz-
sericitic alteration, and the high neutralization capacities of both potassic alteration zones and carbonate coun-
try rocks as well as geomorphologic factors. Leached cappings are irregular, typically goethitic, and contain
copper oxide minerals developed by in situ oxidation of low-pyrite, chalcopyrite (-bornite) mineralization. Por-
phyry copper-bearing stocks emplaced in the clastic strata of the Yura Group and certain phases of the An-
dahuaylas-Yauri batholith may develop appreciable supergene chalcocite enrichment in structurally and litho-
logically favorable zones.


Corresponding author: e-mail, jperello@aminerals.cl

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1576 PERELL ET AL.

A model for the region suggests that the calc-alkaline magmas of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and sub-
sequent porphyry-style mineralization were generated during an event of subduction flattening which triggered
the crustal shortening, tectonism, and uplift assigned to the Incaic orogeny. Shortening of the upper crust
would have impeded rapid magma ascent favoring storage of fluid in large chambers which, at the appropriate
depth in the uppermost crust, would have promoted large-scale porphyry copper emplacement. Geodynamic
reconstructions of the late Eocene to early Oligocene period of flat subduction in the central Andes suggest
that emplacement of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith took place at an inflection corridor in the subduction
zone broadly coincident with the position of the present-day Abancay deflection. Similarly, evidence from
southeastern Peru suggests that the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt may be continuous with the late Eocene to early
Oligocene porphyry copper belt of northern Chile and that the process of subduction flattening in southern
Peru also may have taken place in northern Chile between ~45 and 35 Ma.

Introduction et al., 1997). Following a short review of the regional geologic


THE ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI belt (Bellido et al., 1972; Santa setting of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt, the main geologic fea-
Cruz et al., 1979; Noble et al., 1984) covers an area of ap- tures of several deposits and prospects are described. The
proximately 25,000 km2 in southern Peru and extends for paper concludes with a section in which regional metallogenic
about 300 km between the localities of Andahuaylas in the aspects are reviewed.
northwest and Yauri in the southeast (Fig. 1a). Until the late Methods
1980s, the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt had received only limited
geologic scrutiny and was mainly known for its copper-bear- Except for those deposits and prospects with published de-
ing, magnetite skarn deposits (Terrones, 1958; Bellido et al., scriptions (e.g., Tintaya, Antapaccay, Los Chancas), much of
1972; Sillitoe, 1976, 1990; Santa Cruz et al., 1979; Einaudi et the work represents the product of more than three years of
al., 1981; Aizawa and Tomizawa, 1986), best exemplified by exploration by the authors, including both regional (1:25,000
Tintaya, Atalaya, Las Bambas, Katanga, and Quechua. For scale) and detailed (1:5,000 scale) mapping. Field work was
most researchers, these occurrences were considered to be complemented by thin section petrographic studies to charac-
copper skarns associated with barren intrusions (e.g., Einaudi terize rock types, alteration assemblages, and dominant vein
et al., 1981; Noble et al., 1984), although potassic alteration in styles at each prospect. Rock names for the main batholith in-
host porphyritic stocks had been described and characterized trusions and porphyry copper-bearing stocks follow the
as such (Yoshikawa et al., 1976; MMAJ, 1983; Noble et al., nomenclature of Streckeisen (1976, 1978) and are based on
1984). During the late 1980s, regional work complemented point counts (1,500 points) for modal proportions of key sili-
by detailed geologic studies at Tintaya and Katanga (Carlier et cates. Unless otherwise stated, the K-Ar ages reported here
al., 1989), followed by grass-roots exploration in the region were determined at the geochronology laboratory of the Geo-
during the 1990s, confirmed the presence of porphyry-style logical Survey of Chile, Santiago and followed standard proce-
alteration and mineralization (e.g., Fierro et al., 1997) and re- dures and techniques (e.g., Dalrymple and Lamphere, 1966;
sulted in the discovery of additional, potentially economic Steiger and Jaeger, 1977; Baksi, 1982). All ages are referred to
porphyry copper deposits (Table 1) at Antapaccay (Jones et the geological time table of Haq and van Eysinga (1987).
al., 2000), Los Chancas (Corrales, 2001), and Cotabambas
(Perell et al., 2002), as well as porphyry-skarn mineralization Regional Setting
at Coroccohuayco (BHP Company Limited, 1999). Zinc-rich, The Andahuaylas-Yauri belt is located at a distance of ~250
Mississippi Valley-type mineralization was also discovered in to 300 km inland from the present-day Peru-Chile trench
the region (Carman et al., 2000) adding to the metallogenic (Fig. 1). The region is underlain by thick sialic crust (50 to 60
diversity of the belt. km; James, 1971), and straddles the transition zone between
This paper describes the salient geologic features of a the southern, normal subduction regime of southern Peru
number of porphyry Cu (-Au, -Mo) deposits and prospects of and northern Chile and the northern, flat subduction zone of
the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt that help to define this region as a central and northern Peru (Cahill and Isacks, 1992). It is lo-
new porphyry copper province. It also provides new cated immediately southeast of the Abancay Deflection
geochronologic data to constrain the age of the porphyry-style (Marocco, 1978). The region encompasses parts of the inter-
alteration and mineralization in the belt and establishes re- montane depressions between the Eastern and Western
gional correlations and comparisons with nearby porphyry Cordilleras and the northern extremity of the Altiplano (Fig.
copper provinces. However, the paper is not designed to 1b; Carlier et al., 1996; Chvez et al., 1996). The western part
cover in full the complex geology of this still poorly under- of the belt is characterized by a rugged, mountainous topog-
stood region. Detailed geologic descriptions can be found in raphy where ranges and snow-capped peaks above 4,500 m
Marocco (1978) and Carlotto (1998) for the area under study, are incised by deep (>2,000 m), steep-sided canyons. These
and in Clark et al. (1990) and Sandeman et al. (1995) for canyons constitute the main drainage system of the region
nearby southeastern Peru transects. The paper focuses on and include the Santo Toms, Urubamba, Apurmac, Vil-
systems for which the bulk of the mineralization is of por- cabamba, Mollebamba, and Antabamba rivers, all of which
phyry type and excludes those deposits in which skarn-type drain toward the Amazon basin. The eastern and southern
mineralization is the dominant style. Descriptions of the lat- parts of the region are characterized by the gently undulating
ter can be found elsewhere (Terrones, 1958; Santa Cruz et al., topography of the ~4,000 m-high plateaus that extends into
1979; Aizawa and Tomizawa, 1986; Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng the Altiplano of Bolivia (Fig. 1b).

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1577

FIG. 1. Sketch maps showing the location of the study area in the context of main geologic, geophysical, topographic, and
physiographic features of the Central Andes. a. Area with average elevation >3,000 m and depth contours of the subducted
slab after Cahill and Isacks (1992). Oceanic features from Jaillard et al. (2000). b. The study area relative to main regional
physiographic provinces (Jaillard et al. 2000), contours of crustal thickness (James, 1971), and main Precambrian basement
units (Ramos and Aleman, 2000).

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1578 PERELL ET AL.

TABLE 1. Geologic Resources for Main Deposits of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt

Deposit Tonnage ( 106) Cu (%) Au (g/t) Mo (%) Main reference

Tintaya district
Antapaccay 383 0.89 0.16 n.a. Jones et al. (2000); Fierro et al. (2002)
Coroccohuayco 155 1.57 0.16 n.a. BHP (1999)
Ccatun Pucara 24 1.44 n.a. n.a. BHP (1999)
Quechua 300 0.68 n.a. n.a. E. Tejada (pers. commun., 2003)
Tintaya 139 1.39 0.23 n.a. BHP Billiton (2003)1

Cotabambas Area
Azulccacca 24 0.42 0.39 <0.01 Perell et al. (2002)
Ccalla 112 0.62 0.36 <0.01 Perell et al. (2002)

Los Chancas 200 1.00 0.12 0.08 Corrales (2001)

1BHP Billiton corporate website: <www. BHPBilliton.com>

Precambrian and Paleozoic basement Eocene to early Oligocene stratigraphy


Precambrian gneisses at Ro Pichari, ~130 km northwest of Two main units characterize the Eocene to early Oligocene
Cuzco (Carlotto, 1998) are probable extensions of the stratigraphy of the region, including the sedimentary San
Maran massif exposed farther north and are interpreted by Jernimo Group and the dominantly volcanic Anta Formation
Ramos and Aleman (2000) to constitute remnants of (Figs. 2 and 4). These units unconformably overlie the Meso-
perigondwanan terranes attached to the Amazonian Craton in zoic and early Cenozoic sequences described above. The San
the Early Paleozoic (Fig. 1b). Paleozoic rocks in the region in- Jernimo Group (Eocene to early Oligocene) consists of two
clude >10,000 m of volcanosedimentary, marine, and conti- main formations (Kayra and Soncco; Fig. 4), with a total
nental rocks of Cambrian(?) to Early Permian age (Marocco, thickness of ~4,500 m, made up of red bed terrigenous (sand-
1978; Carlotto et al., 1996a; Carlotto et al., 1997). The upper stone, shale, pelitic sandstone, and volcanic microconglomer-
part of the pre-Andean basement is dominated by >1,000 m ate) strata interbedded with tuffaceous horizons near the top.
of volcanic and clastic rocks of the Mitu Group (Permian to The age of the San Jernimo Group is constrained by strati-
Early Triassic; Fig. 2). graphic relations (it unconformably overlies strata with plant
fossils of Paleocene to early Eocene age) and on K-Ar and Ar-
Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphy Ar ages of 29.9 1.4 Ma and 30.84 0.83 Ma, respectively,
The Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphy of the region is from the upper tuffaceous horizons of the Soncco Formation
chiefly made up of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary se- (Fig. 4; Carlotto, 1998; Fornari et al., 2002). Sedimentation is
quences deposited in a paleogeographic setting dominated by interpreted to have taken place initially in a fluvial environ-
two main basins (Western and Eastern Peruvian basins) sep- ment that progressed into structurally controlled, pull-apart
arated by the Cuzco-Puno basement high (Fig. 3; Carlotto et basins (Crdova, 1986; Noblet et al., 1987; Marocco and No-
al., 1993; Jaillard and Soler, 1996). The Western basin, also blet, 1990; Chvez et al., 1996). Between Cuzco and Sicuani,
known as the Arequipa basin (Vicente et al., 1982), corre- basal sandstone of the Soncco Formation includes horizons of
sponds to the present-day Western Cordillera. It contains a stratiform copper mineralization, up to several meters thick,
sedimentary pile (Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous) in ex- with hypogene chalcocite and bornite, and supergene copper
cess of 4,500 m thick with a lower part dominated by tur- oxides (Crdenas et al., 1999), which have similarities to the
bidites, a middle part with quartz arenite, and an upper part red bed deposits from the Bolivian Altiplano (e.g., Corocoro;
with abundant limestone (Vicente et al., 1982; Jaillard and Sillitoe, 1989) and northern Chile (San Bartolo; Travisany,
Santander, 1992). The northeastern edge of this basin, coinci- 1979). The San Jernimo Group is equivalent to the Puno
dent with the Andahuaylas-Yauri region, includes the Lagu- Group of the Peruvian Altiplano southeast of the study region
nillas and Yura groups (Marocco, 1978), made up of Early (Fig. 4), where it is overlain by the volcanic horizons of the
Jurassic limestone and Middle to Late Jurassic quartz arenite Tacaza Group (Klinck et al., 1986; Clark et al., 1990; Jaillard
and shale, with a total thickness of approximately 800 m (Fig. and Santander, 1992). Farther south, sedimentary, conglom-
3). The top of the sequence contains the massive micritic eratic, red bed sequences are known in the Altiplano of Bo-
limestone, black shale, and nodular chert of the Ferrobamba livia (e.g., the lower horizons of the Tiwanaku Formation and
Formation (Marocco, 1978; Pecho, 1981). The Cuzco-Puno the Berenguela and Turco formations; Hrail et al., 1993), in
high includes ~900 m of terrigenous red beds interbedded the Puna of northwestern Argentina (Geste and Quioa for-
with shale, limestone, and gypsum (Carlotto et al., 1993; Jail- mations; Alonso, 1992; Kraemer et al., 1999; Coutand et al.,
lard et al., 1994). The age of these rocks is Late Jurassic to Pa- 2001), and in the Salar de Atacama area of northern Chile
leocene (Fig. 3). The Eastern basin, also known as Putina (upper Purilactis Group; Mpodozis et al., 1999).
basin (Jaillard, 1994), is made up of several sequences of Late The Anta Formation is a >1,000 m sequence character-
Cretaceous marine clastic and carbonate rocks, with a total ized by a lower member with andesite lava flows and dacite
thickness of ~ 2,600 m (Jaillard et al., 1993; Jaillard, 1994; pyroclastic flows locally interbedded with alluvial conglom-
Crdenas et al., 1997). erate, and an upper member of fluvial conglomerate with

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

FIG. 2. Geologic map of the study area, modified and greatly simplified after Carlotto (1998), with additions after Pecho (1981) and this study.
1579
1580 PERELL ET AL.
LATE CRETACEOUS
(MAASTRICHTIAN)

NE BORDER OF THE CUZCO-PUNO EASTERN (PUTINA)


WESTERN (AREQUI PA) BASIN HIGH BASIN

W E
PU
F A A
H
H
F M HU
EARLY-LATE (TURONIAN)

HU
CRETACEOUS

S
CH
PALEOZOI C
M BASEMENT

S
?

CH
MIDDLE (BAJOCIAN) -LATE

?
(TITHONIAN) JURASSIC

F FERROBAMBA A AYAVACAS
M MARA H HUANCANE
P S SORAYA HU HUAMBUTIO

? G GRAMADAL AA ANTA-ANTA
YURA GP.
P PISTE PU PUQUIN
L
CH CHUQUIBAMBILLA
L LAGUNILLAS GP.
0 50 100 km

FIG. 3. Schematic paleogeographic reconstruction of the backarc basin of southern Peru during the Mesozoic and the ear-
liest Cenozoic. Main stratigraphic units and correlations after Vicente et al. (1982), Jaillard (1994), Jaillard et al. (1994, 2000),
and Carlotto (1998). See text and Figure 8 for dominant rock types of each sequence.

interbedded andesite and basaltic andesite flows (Fig. 4). Its gypsum and conglomerate being characteristic in the upper
age is constrained to middle Eocene to early Oligocene by parts of the sequences. Sedimentation is interpreted to have
stratigraphic relations and K-Ar geochronology (Carlier et al., taken place in a fluvial environment with braided rivers, flood
1996; Carlotto, 1998). Southwest of Cuzco, two biotite-rich plains and alluvial fans in structurally controlled basins (Car-
dacitic flows from the middle part of the formation have re- lotto et al., 1996a, 1997; Jaimes et al., 1997; Romero et al.,
turned K-Ar ages of 38.4 1.5 and 37.9 1.4 Ma, and a 1997). The age of these sequences is based on stratigraphic
basaltic horizon from the upper part of the unit yields a K-Ar relations and fossil flora, as well as a K-Ar age of 10.1 0.5
whole rock age of 29.9 1.1 Ma (Carlotto, 1998). The Anta Ma for a tuffaceous horizon near the base of the Paruro For-
Formation andesites and conglomerates are interpreted to be mation (Carlotto et al., 1997).
stratigraphic equivalents of the San Jernimo Group red beds Oligocene and Miocene volcanic rocks in the region and
(Fig. 4), with the erosion products of the Anta Formation nearby areas are largely dominated by the calc-alkaline se-
feeding the San Jernimo basin located to the northeast. The quences of the Western Cordillera (Inner-Western Cordillera
coarsening-upward characteristics of the sequence, with allu- of Sandeman et al., 1995) and Altiplano, and include the
vial and fluvial conglomerates dominated by volcanic and plu- Tacaza (Oligocene) and Sillapaca (Miocene) groups. In addi-
tonic clasts at the top, are interpreted to reflect topographic tion to these, a series of scattered, small shoshonitic volcanic
rejuvenation of the source regions in response to increasing centers of Pliocene to Quaternary age occur in the region
regional tectonic uplift, with sedimentation in a piggy-back (Figs. 2 and 4; Wasteneys, 1990; Carlier et al., 1996; Carlotto,
style basin environment (Carlotto, 1998). 1998). The Tacaza Group consists dominantly of trachyan-
desite, andesite, and rhyolite tuff (Klinck et al., 1986;
Late Oligocene to Miocene stratigraphy Wasteneys, 1990; Carlotto, 1998), with shoshonitic rocks
The late Oligocene to Miocene sedimentary deposits of the being important in the Santa Luca area, southeast of Yauri
region include the Punacancha (1,5005,000 m thick) and (Clark et al., 1990; Sandeman et al., 1995). Shoshonitic vol-
Paruro (>1,100 m-thick) formations (Fig. 4). They are domi- canism in the Santa Luca area took place between ~32 and
nated by coarsening-upward red shale and sandstone, with 24 Ma (Fig. 4; Clark et al., 1990; Sandeman et al., 1995),

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A B C D
ARC FRONT WESTERN WESTERN CORDILLERA/ EASTERN Apparent non-volcanic interval
CORDILLERA ALTIPLANO CORDILLERA
Dominantly andesitic volcanism
PLEISTOCENE 0 AMBATO GP CUZCO-SICUANI
1.8 VOLCANOE S
BARROSO GP ARCO-AJA
Dominantly dacitic volcanism
PLIOCENE SANTO TOMAS
5 FM
CAPILLUNE FM BARROS O IGNIMBRITES Dominantly rhyolitic to
GP MACUSANI FM rhyodacitic volcanism
PARURO FM

LATE
10 Mixed dacitic/basaltic-andesitic
11

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CHUNTACALA FM QUENAMAR I or lamprophyric volcanism
GP

MIDDLE
16 Dominantly mollasic
SILLAPACA

MIOCENE
GP sedimentation
20 HUAYLILLAS FM SANTA PUNACANCHA FM

EARLY
LUCIA
Evaporites
PICOTANI
FM
24 GP Peraluminous monzogranitic
intrusions

LATE
MOQUEGUA FM TACAZA GP
28.5

Age (Ma)
30 ? Dominantly syenogranitic
intrusions

EARLY

OLIGOCENE
34 SONCCO FM Dominantly intermediate
ANTA compositioncalc-alkaline

LATE
37 FM intrusions
SAN JERONIMO
GP
40
? PUNO GP Dominantly mafic cumulate
ATASPACA Red bed Copper calc-alkaline intrusions

1581
PLUTONS

MIDDLE
ANDAHUAYLAS- KAYRA FM

EOCENE
YAURI 70
BATHOLITH

50 ? C D
LATEST
TOQUEPALA 15

EARLY
55 PLUTONISM/ ? PERU
VOLCANISM EARLY TER TIARY
PALEOCENE
REDBED S
60 B

BOLIVIA
A

CHILE
PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

FIG. 4. Summary stratigraphic columns for representative Eocene to present-day volcanic, sedimentary, and intrusive units of the study area and nearby southeastern
Peru transects. Columns A, B, and D simplified after Sandeman et al. (1995) and references therein and A.H. Clark (pers. commun., 2002). Column C for the study
area compiled after Carlotto (1998), with additions after Carlier et al. (1989, 1996) and this study. In column C, note the spatial and temporal relationships between
batholithic plutons, volcanic rocks of the Anta Formation, and the sedimentary red bed sequences of the San Jernimo Group.
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whereas farther south, along the arc front, Tacaza-equivalent and possess amphibole > biotite as the dominant ferromag-
pyroclastic flows intercalated with the molassic Moquegua nesian phases, with local pyroxene in the more mafic mem-
Formation commenced at ~26 Ma (A. H. Clark, pers. com- bers. They are regularly distributed throughout the region
mun., 2002). In the Andahuaylas-Yauri region, similar age and constitute the main mass of the batholith. Contact aure-
(~29 Ma) shoshonitic rocks have been interpreted to be part oles within country rocks are extremely irregular in shape,
of uppermost Anta Formation (see above and Carlotto, 1998), size, and composition, although garnet skarn is typically
thereby implying some degree of temporal overlap with formed in calcareous rocks (e.g., Ferrobamba Formation) and
Tacaza rocks (Fig. 4). Sillapaca Group rocks include mainly biotite and cordierite hornfels are developed where the more
dacite flows with subordinate andesite in the southeastern pelitic facies of the Mesozoic formations are present (Car-
part of the study region (Carlotto, 1998) and subvolcanic lotto, 1998).
dacite plugs and ash-flow tuff in the Santa Luca area (Fig. 4; The age of the batholith is constrained by regional strati-
Clark et al., 1990). Rocks from Santa Luca yield ages of be- graphic relations and geochronologic data (Table 2; Fig. 5b).
tween ~22 and 14 Ma (Clark et al., 1990; Sandeman et al., Batholith rocks intrude mostly Mesozoic and early Cenozoic
1995); elsewhere in the Puno region a second effusive event, marine and continental strata as well as the middle Eocene to
also assigned to the Sillapaca Group, returns ages of between early Oligocene Anta Formation (Fig. 4). In addition, several
~14 to 12 Ma (Klinck et al., 1986). K-Ar ages reported by Carlier et al. (1996), Carlotto (1998),
If the correlations above are accepted (Fig. 4), it may be and Perell et al. (2002), together with a number of ages ob-
speculated that the temporal overlap of the Oligocene to tained during the course of the present study, confirm a mid-
Miocene volcanism of the Western Cordillera, Altiplano, and dle Eocene to early Oligocene age (~48-32 Ma) for the bulk
Eastern Cordillera (Sandeman et al., 1995) would also apply of the batholith (Fig. 5). The geochronologic data support the
to the Andahuaylas-Yauri region. This interpretation is con- inference by Bonhomme and Carlier (1990) that cumulate
sistent with the suggestion by Sandeman et al. (1995) that a rocks are older (~48-43 Ma) and that intermediate composi-
>350-km-wide arc was episodically active throughout south- tion rocks are younger (~40-32 Ma), thereby corroborating
ern Peru during late Oligocene and Miocene times. In the the concept that batholith emplacement took place in at least
Andahuaylas-Yauri region, however, volcanism seems to have two main stages. The data also suggest, however, that consid-
been intermittently active since the middle Eocene (Carlier erable time overlap existed between the more mafic and the
et al., 1996, 2000; Carlotto, 1998; Carlotto et al., 1999). more felsic intrusions of the younger group (Fig. 5b).
The Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith Other intrusions
The northeastern border of the Western Cordillera in the Post-batholith intrusive activity in the region is character-
study area is underlain by large bodies of intrusive rocks col- ized by a series of small syenitic stocks that have yielded K-Ar
lectively known as the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith (Carlier et ages of ~28 Ma in the Curahuasi area (Carlotto, 1998). These
al., 1989; Bonhomme and Carlier, 1990). It is also known lo- intrusions are part of a larger alkalic magmatic province that
cally as the Abancay (Marocco, 1975, 1978) or Apurmac also includes the basanites, phonotephrites, and trachytes of
batholith (Pecho, 1981; Mendvil and Dvila, 1994). The the Ayaviri region, with ages between 29 and 26 Ma (Carlier
name Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith is used in this paper, fol- et al., 1996, 2000).
lowing Bonhomme and Carlier (1990). The batholith is com-
posed of a multitude of intrusions that crop out discontinu- Structural geology
ously for >300 km between the towns of Andahuaylas in the The structure of the region is, in general terms, poorly con-
northwest and Yauri in the southeast. Its width varies be- strained and understood. Although some exceptions exist
tween ~25 km in the Tintaya area and ~130 km along the (Marocco, 1975; Pecho, 1981; Cabrera et al., 1991; Carlotto
Chalhuanca-Abancay transect (Fig. 5a). et al., 1996b; Carlotto, 1998), regional maps lack the detailed
In general terms, the batholith includes early-stage intru- structural data that would help to understand the regional
sions of cumulates (gabbro, troctolite, olivine gabbro, gabbro- tectonics as a whole. The northeastern border of the Western
diorite, and diorite) followed by rocks of intermediate com- Cordillera is dominated by Mesozoic to Cenozoic sequences
position (monzodiorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, that have been moderately to intensely deformed in large,
and granodiorite) (Fig. 5c; Carlier et al., 1989; Bonhomme northwest-trending folds with dominantly northerly vergence
and Carlier, 1990; Carlotto, 1998). Subvolcanic rocks of dom- (Fig. 2). Intense folding in the region typically involves car-
inantly granodioritic/dacitic composition, locally associated bonate and shaly sequences (Ferrobamba Formation and
with porphyry-style mineralization, represent the terminal equivalent units) that wrap around cores of quartz arenite of
stage (see below). Early-stage cumulate rocks are exposed the Yura Group. Low- and high-angle thrusts locally accom-
mainly along the northern border of the batholith (Fig. 5) be- pany the most intense deformation and folding, particularly in
tween Curahuasi and Limatambo (Carlier et al., 1989; Lig- the southern quadrangles of the region (Pecho, 1981), with
arda et al., 1993), where petrologic work by Carlier et al. most of the mapped thrusts displaying northerly vergence.
(1989, 1996) determined that they constitute typical calc- This style has similarities to thin-skinned fold-thrust belts
alkaline cumulates crystallized at the bottoms of shallow magma elsewhere (e.g., Benavides-Cceres, 1999), as no involvement
chambers, with temperatures of emplacement of ~1,000C of pre-Mesozoic basement is apparent.
and pressure conditions of ~2 to 3 kbars. The intrusions of the The limit between the Western Cordillera and the Alti-
intermediate stage are lighter gray in color, display medium- plano is characterized by two main northwest-trending fault
to coarse-grained, equigranular to slightly porphyritic textures, systems (Limatambo-Ayaviri and Abancay-Yauri) with exposed

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1582


STRATIGRAPHY ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI 5 Monzogranite Curahuasi
Ma
Q
BATHOLITH 6 Granodiorite Livitaca
7 Tonalite 1
Pomacanchis
20
10 Quartz Monzonite
Katanga

EARLY
11 Quartz Monzodiorite

MIOCENE
12 Quartz Diorite Tintaya
24

FORMATION
Cotabambas

PUNACANCHA
16 Monzodiorite 2
17 Diorite / Gabbro Las Bambas
28.5
30
(1)

EARLY LATE
OLIGOCENE

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
34

LATE
ANTA Fm
37 (1)

40 (1) (1) 3 4 5 6 7
(1)
MACHU PICHU

SAN JERONIMO Gp

MIDDLE
EOCENE
(1)
(1) (1)

50 GRANODIORITE
?
? QUARTZ MONZODIORITE 8 9 1 0 11 12

EARLY
MONZODIORITE
DIORITE 43.31.9(1) 13 14 15 16 17 c
b DIORIT E / GABBRO (CUMULATES) 35.13.1(1) A P
CURAHUASI CUZCO
ANDAHUAYLAS ABANCAY
COTABAMBAS
39.81.5

1583
43.21.1

39.71.9 37.91.4 POMACANCHIS


1400
1400
LAS BAMBAS
43.71.1(1)

34.2 0.9
CHALHUANCA
40.31.0 SICUANI
LIVITACA

KATANGA
1430 35.80.9 SANTO TOMAS 31.60.8
1430
7330 7300 7230

Batholith Plutons
35.70.9
PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU

a
(1) K-Ar (Carlotto, 1998) 50 km YAURI

TINTAYA

7200 7130
FIG. 5. Distribution and age of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith in the study area. a. Displays the main body of the batholith (Fig. 2) and the location of the K-Ar age
data from the present study (Table 2) and Carlotto (1998). b. Available K-Ar age data relative to volcanism of the Anta Formation and sedimentation of the San Jern-
imo Group as in column C of Figure 4. c. Composition of the main phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith on a QAP diagram (Streckeisen, 1976), based primarily
on work by the writers with additions after Pecho (1981), Carlier et al. (1989), and Carlotto (1998). Main localities studied are identified for better comprehension (see
text for descriptions).
1583
1584 PERELL ET AL.

TABLE 2. K-Ar Ages of Various Intrusive Phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith

Sample no. Latitude Longitude Mineral K (%) Radiogenic Ar (nl/g) Ar (at. %) Age 2

LIVIKAR 02 1418'58" 7144'10" Biotite 7.041 11.155 31 40.3 1.0


PORKAR 02 1429'34" 7156'02" Biotite 7.212 10.100 25 35.7 0.9
KATKAR 05 1426'38" 7154'30" Biotite 5.066 6.278 13 31.6 0.8
COTKAR 01 1345'03" 7221'23" Biotite 7.556 1.335 17 43.2 1.1
COTKAR 02 1341'11" 7221'14" Amphibole1 0.812 1.271 34 39.8 1.5
PROGKAR 01 1406'02" 7228'35" Biotite1 6.833 9.171 26 34.2 0.9
PROGKAR 02 1400'54" 7228'28" Amphibole 0.331 0.516 53 39.7 1.9
LAHUKAR 01 1425'08" 7300'45" Biotite 7.493 10.544 27 35.8 0.9
CHALCOKAR 02 1403'37" 7218'21" Amphibole 0.504 0.751 36 37.9 1.4

Constants: = 4.962 10-10y1; = 0.581 1010y1; 40Ar/36Ar = 295.5; 40K = 0.01167 at. percent
See Figure 5 for sample location
1 Some degree of alteration to chlorite present

lengths of >300 km (Fig. 2). Both are made up of several seg- quences is interpreted to indicate that successive compressive
ments or smaller faults with individual continuous runs of >50 events were modifying the original pull-apart transtensional
km that display high-angle reverse and strike-slip movements. architecture into contractional basins (Crdova, 1986; Noblet
In the vicinity of the Abancay deflection (Marocco, 1978), et al., 1987; Marocco and Noblet, 1990; Chvez et al., 1996;
these structures transpose Paleozoic plutonic rocks over Carlotto, 1998). Locally, important volcanism (Anta Forma-
younger cover sequences. Farther east, near Curahuasi, they tion) accompanied deposition of the San Jernimo red bed
place deep cumulate facies of the Andahuaylas-Yauri sequences.
batholith on top of either younger intrusions of the same The bulk of the deformation, interpreted to have begun at
batholith or over volcanic horizons of the Anta Formation ~42 Ma (Carlotto, 1998) and thus broadly synchronous with
(Carlotto, 1998). Farther southeast, in the area of Santa the Incaic orogeny of central Peru (Noble et al., 1974, 1979;
Luca, high-angle reverse structures belonging to the south- Mgard et al., 1984; Mgard, 1987; Farrar et al., 1988;
eastern extension of the Abancay-Yauri fault are interpreted Sbrier et al., 1988; Sbrier and Soler 1991), is also thought
to have been associated with a major fold-thrust deformation to have been the most important event of compressive defor-
event (Jaillard and Santander, 1992). The ~300-km-long, 10 mation in the region. Paleogeographic reconstructions (Fig.
to 50-km-wide corridor defined by the Limatambo-Ayaviri 6) suggest that this northeast-directed deformation was re-
and Abancay-Yauri fault systems is occupied by the synoro- sponsible for the development of the basins that accommo-
genic rocks of the Anta Formation and the San Jernimo dated middle Eocene to early Oligocene volcanism and sedi-
Group. The two main fault systems are inferred to have been mentation. Reactivation of older, basin-bounding structures
active during Mesozoic time and to have largely controlled (e.g., Cuzco-Puno high) into major high-angle reverse faults
the shape and extension of the Cuzco-Puno high in the region that favored the uplift of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith,
(Carlotto, 1998); they would therefore constitute structures also took place during late Eocene to early Oligocene time
reactivated during Andean deformation (Jaillard and San- (~4032 Ma; Carlier et al., 1996; Carlotto, 1998; see below).
tander, 1992; Benavides-Cceres, 1999). This summary suggests that the Incaic orogeny in the study
The Altiplano is characterized by the synorogenic se- region constitutes a long-lived period of semicontinuous de-
quences that filled the basins of the San Jernimo Group and formation of ~20 to 15 m.y., between the middle Eocene and
the Punacancha and Paruro formations. These sequences dis- the early Oligocene. Several distinct deformation events and
play intense synsedimentary deformation structures including associated shortening and uplift are, however, apparent and
tight folding and fault-controlled progressive unconformities may have accompanied emplacement of the various phases of
(Carlotto, 1998). the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith in at least two main events,
at ~48 to 43 and ~40 to 32 Ma (Bonhomme and Carlier, 1990;
Tectono-Magmatic Synthesis Carlier et al., 1996). Evidence from outside the study region
The main part of the region under consideration seems to (Portugal, 1974; Jaillard and Santander, 1992; Carlotto et al.,
have been affected by several Late Cretaceous to Pliocene 1996b; Carlotto, 1998) strongly suggests that magmatism,
tectonic events (Marocco, 1975; Pecho, 1981; Cabrera et al., folding, uplift, and erosion were all integral components of
1991; Carlotto et al., 1996b) of which the Eocene to early the Incaic orogeny in the Western Cordillera and Altiplano, a
Oligocene (Incaic) and Oligocene to Miocene (Quechua) contrasting view to that of Clark et al. (1990) and Sandeman
pulses are the most important. Important sedimentary, tec- et al. (1995) for a contiguous transect (1320S) farther
tonic, and magmatic activity occurred in the Eocene and southeast.
Oligocene. The red beds of the San Jernimo Group were de-
posited in structurally controlled, northeast-trending synoro- Porphyry Copper Geology
genic basins localized at the boundary between the Eastern
and Western Cordillera. Fluvial sedimentation is thought to Distribution
have progressed from south to north (Fig. 6). The presence of The Andahuaylas-Yauri belt extends for ~300 km and is
several progressive unconformities in the sedimentary se- defined by 31 prospects and deposits with porphyry-style

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1585

71
73
MACHU PICHU

Ri
o
A ur
p im
ault
Ab
ac
Fault Limatambo F
an
ca y CUZCO
ANDAHUAYLAS Fau
lt
ABANCAY
C
ot URCOS
ab
am
ba
s F
aul
t

14
14

Po
CHALHUANCA SICUANI

ma
LIVITACA

ca
Ay

nc
av

Ya

hi
SANTO TOMAS s ir
SAN JERONIMO GROUP Fa i

uri F
BASINS ult

Fa
ul
b ANTA FORMATION

ault

t
a a: CONGLOMERATES b: VOLCANIC ROCKS

MAIN PLUTONS OF
ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BATHOLITH
YAURI
MESOZOIC ROCKS
50 km
PALEOZOIC BASEMENT

SEDIMENT PROVENANCE

73 71
FIG. 6. Schematic paleogeographic reconstruction of the study area during late Eocene to early Oligocene time. Note the
intimate spatial relationship between batholithic plutons, volcanic rocks of the Anta Formation, and the sedimentary basins
of the San Jernimo Group in this reconstruction. Also shown are the main fault systems and high-angle thrusts that are in-
terpreted to have controlled both uplift of the batholith at the deformation front south of Cuzco (the Cuzco-Puno high) and
the San Jernimo basins. Main localities are shown for reference. Modified after Carlotto (1998).

alteration and mineralization, including 19 systems grouped intrusions, are nevertheless related to smaller plutons and
in 5 main clusters plus 12 separate porphyry centers (Fig. 7a). outliers of the same batholith.
Of these, 3 systems (Leonor, Leticia, and Aceropata; Fig. 7a)
are excluded from this review due to a lack of data. The belt Host rocks
has a known maximum width of 130 km in a northeast-south- Country rocks for selected porphyry systems of the belt are
west direction, with deposits exposed at elevations between indicated in Figure 8 and Table 3. Wall rocks to the Las Bam-
3,400 and 4,700 m (Fig. 7b). However, beyond the limits of bas, Katanga, and Tintaya clusters include either intrusive
the belt in the Eastern Cordillera, porphyry Cu-Mo mineral- batholithic rocks or sedimentary rocks preserved as roof-pen-
ization is exposed at elevations as low as 2,800 m, as at Aurora dants in the batholith. Within the Mesozoic units, it is appar-
(Fig. 7b). ent that lower Ferrobamba Formation horizons, near their
A salient feature of the belt is the spatial distribution of contact with the Mara Formation, are the preferred host
porphyry copper stocks around the edges of the main intru- rocks (Tintaya deposits; Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997;
sions that make up the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, as ex- Jones et al., 2000), whereas the Chuquibambilla and Soraya
emplified by the Katanga, Morosayhuas, and Las Bambas formations constitute common host rocks where the Yura
clusters and by the Pea Alta, Lahuani, Alicia, Leonor, and Group predominates (Fig. 8), in the southwestern part of the
Winicocha systems. Only at Panchita, Portada, Leticia, belt (Los Chancas; Corrales, 2001). The Cotabambas cluster
Cotabambas, and Antapaccay was the earlier plutonic phase is restricted to diorite and granodiorite of the Andahuaylas-
effectively penetrated by the later porphyry stocks. Isolated Yauri batholith (Perell et al., 2002), whereas both batholith
systems, such as those of the Tintaya cluster and Trapiche, intrusions and Anta Formation volcanic horizons make up the
Los Chancas, and Chaccaro, far from the main batholithic host rocks of the Morosayhuas cluster farther north (Fig. 8).

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1585


1586 PERELL ET AL.

73 72 A 71

AURORA (4)
13
Elevation
meters a.s.l.
5000

T
SE
A A

IN
17 9

R
MOROSAYHUAS 25 29

FO
2
CLUSTER

ON
4500 30
23

I
CT
6

SE
3 31 14 16 33
24 8 12 21
4000 26 1
32 19 28 13 20 10 11
LLOCLLACSA (21) 18 27
5
QENCO (27) 22
CHA-CHA (11) 7
MAKI (22) 3500
COTABAMBAS 15
CLUSTER CHILCACCASA (12)
HUACLLE (15)
3000
LETICIA (20) CCALLA (7) 4
ACEROPATA (1) 50 km
CCARAYOC (8) AZULCCACCA (5) b
2500
CHACCAR O (10)

CHALCOBAMBA (9)
FERROBAMBA (14)
14
ALICIA (2)

LOS CHANCAS (18) SULFOBAMBA (29)


PEA ALTA (24) LAS BAMBAS
CLUSTE R
LEONOR (19)
CRISTO DE LOS
ANDES (6)
PANCHITA (25) WINICOCHA (33)
MONTE ROJO (23)

KATANGA
LAHUANI (17) CLUSTER
PORTADA (26) SAN JOSE (30)
A TRAPICHE (32)
KATANGA (16)
TINTAYA
CLUSTER

TINTAYA (31)
a 50 km
COROCCOHUAYCO (13)
ANTAPACCAY (3)
15 QUECHUA (28)

FIG. 7. Distribution of the porphyry copper deposits and prospects referred to in this study. a. Illustrates the location of
the main clusters at Morosayhuas, Katanga, Cotabambas, Las Bambas, and Tintaya, together with other separate deposits
and prospects. Numbers in parentheses are keyed to the section of Figure 7b. The Aurora prospect is also shown for refer-
ence. b. Simplified section A-A displaying the distribution of the systems relative to present-day elevation above sea level.

Geometry is difficult to determine, owing to (1) post-mineralization


moraine cover (Katanga), (2) late mineral dikes (Cotabam-
Porphyry copper-bearing stocks of the Andahuaylas-Yauri bas and Tintaya; Fig. 9), (3) syn- to post-mineralization
belt are centered on multiple-pulse porphyritic intrusions faults (Cotabambas and Antapaccay; Fig. 9), and (4) textural
(Table 3) that commonly display both dike- and cylinder-like and compositional similarities between porphyry copper-
geometries. In plan view, the stocks generally range from bearing stocks and wall rocks (Winicocha, Morosayhuas,
~0.25 to 0.6 km2, but also include the much smaller examples Chalcobamba, and Panchita). Moreover, other systems seem
of the Morosayhuas cluster where the stocks can be as small to have developed complex geometries from the outset,
as 150 50m, as at Qenqo. In general, the form of the stocks such as the rootless nature of the stocks at Chabuca and

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1587

PUNACANCHA
Biotite and amphibole are by far the most abundant ferro-
Fm magnesian phenocrysts in all the porphyries studied, although
ANDAHUAYLAS - YAURI pyroxene is also present locally at Katanga. Proportions of bi-
SAN JERONIMO
EOCENE-EARL Y

BATHOLIT H
OLIGOCENE

ANTA/
otite to amphibole vary greatly among the different systems,
Gp

KAYRA/ with biotite being more abundant at Alicia, Los Chancas,

MOROSAYHUAS
SONCCO
Fms Pea Alta, Panchita, Trapiche, and in the Las Bambas and
Katanga clusters. Amphibole dominates at Cristo de los
Andes, Portada, Chaccaro, and in the Cotabambas and Tin-
PALEOCENE

CHILCA/
QUILQUE taya clusters. Other important phenocryst populations are
Fms largely dominated by plagioclase (30 to 80 vol %) and subor-
dinate quartz eyes and orthoclase (~10 vol % each) (Fig.
PUQUIN/
10c). Groundmass mineralogy is dominated by quartz, plagio-

COTABAMBAS
MAASTRICHTIAN ANTA-ANTA
ANTAPACCAY CHACCARO

WINICOCHA
Fms
clase and orthoclase in microfelsitic aggregates, which locally
ALICIA
contain interstitial biotite.
NEOCOMIAN - TURONIAN

LAS BAMBAS
FERROBAMBA/ In most deposits, the bulk of the mineralization seems to be
ARCURQUINA/
genetically associated with one single phase of intrusion, as at
TINTAYA

KATANGA

CRISTO DE LOS ANDES


AYAVACAS
Fms
Alicia, Cristo de los Andes, Pea Alta, Portada, and the Mo-
QUECHUA

MURCO/MARA/
rosayhuas and Cotabambas clusters (Table 3). Two phases are
PEA ALTA
HUAMBO Fms
SORAYA/ apparent at Los Chancas and Lahuani, and up to six phases
HUALHUANI
LOS CHANCAS

Fms have been described at Antapaccay (Jones et al., 2000). Simi-


larly, inter- to late-mineral porphyry intrusions constitute in-
YURA Gp

LAHUANI

LABRA/
CHUQUIBAMBI-
tegral parts of all systems in the belt. These later intrusions
vary from one central phase at Alicia (Fig. 9), through two at
BAJOCIAN - TITHONIAN

LLA
Fms
CACHIOS/ Ccalla (Cotabambas) and Chabuca (Tintaya), to at least three
PISTE Fms at Antapaccay. Earliest inter-mineral porphyries exhibit simi-
PELITE lar textures, compositions, and alteration products to the
LAGUNILLAS SANDSTONE CONGLOMERATE main intrusions, making distinction between them difficult.
Gp
QUARTZITE GYPSUM However, they tend to possess weaker versions of the same al-
LIMESTONE ANDESITE teration and mineralization types. Later inter-mineral and
younger phases display different compositions and textures,
FIG. 8. Schematic diagram illustrating the tentative location of selected and are characterized by much weaker alteration, in addition
porphyry systems of the belt relative to the main Mesozoic to Cenozoic strati- to lacking significant hydrofracturing. Inter-mineral dikes of
graphic units of the region and the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith.
roughly the same composition as that of the main stocks are
present at Cotabambas, Alicia, Chaccaro, Antapaccay,
Coroccohuaycco (Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997) and Quechua, Katanga, Lahuani, Las Bambas, Morosayhuas, and
the bedding-parallel attitude of the multiple sills at Quechua Tintaya, whereas younger, compositionally and texturally dis-
(J. Perell, unpub. data, 2003), in the Tintaya cluster. tinct phases occur at Tintaya, Antapaccay, Los Chancas,
Systems dominated by tabular, dike-like geometries include Katanga, Lahuani, and Pea Alta. These younger phases,
the Cotabambas (Fig. 9c), Las Bambas, and Morosayhuas which may or may not include postmineral intrusions, are
clusters, and the Pea Alta and Quechua composite stocks. commonly dominated by andesitic, dacitic, and microdioritic
Typical cylindrical host intrusions include Los Chancas (Cor- dikes. Postmineral mafic dikes are common at Tintaya (Fierro
rales, 2001), Cristo de los Andes, Chaccaro, and Alicia (Fig. et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997).
9a), with plan dimensions of between 300 and 600 m. The size, shape and location of inter- to late-mineral intru-
sions, with respect to the main stock, exert a marked influ-
Composition ence on the geometry of both the main stocks and the min-
Porphyry copper-bearing stocks of the belt are, like the eralized zones in porphyry deposits of the belt. In most cases,
major intrusions of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, typically inter- to late-mineral phases are dike-like in form, as at
calc-alkaline in composition (Carlier et al., 1989; Bonhomme Lahuani and Pea Alta, and in the Tintaya, Katanga, and
and Carlier, 1990). Although it is difficult to assign precise Cotabambas clusters, but are cylindrical in shape at Alicia
petrographic names to altered and mineralized intrusive and irregular at Morosayhuas and Chaccaro. In some de-
rocks, most of the porphyry-related intrusions studied possess posits, as at Ccalla at Cotabambas, the earliest inter-mineral
an intermediate composition, with dacite and/or granodiorite phases are centrally located with respect to the main-phase
predominanting (Fig. 10c). Exceptions include some quartz stock, whereas later-mineral intrusions occupy peripheral
monzodioritic stocks at Cotabambas (Perell et al., 2002; Fig. positions in association with late-stage dome and dike
10c), the monzogranitic composition of Panchita, the mon- swarms of dacitic composition (Fig. 9c). At Alicia, however,
zonitic nature of some stocks in the Katanga cluster (MMAJ, the cylinder-like, inter-mineral intrusion occupies a central
1983), and the dominantly quartz monzonitic to monzonitic position (Fig. 9a) and at Tintaya (e.g., the Chabuca deposit)
composition of the Tintaya cluster, including Quechua the dikes cut the early-stage porphyry stock and related min-
(Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997; Jones et al., 2000; eralization almost at a 90-degree angle and extend far be-
Fierro et al., 2002). yond mineralized zones (Zweng et al., 1997). Modification of

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TABLE 3. Geological Features of Selected Porphyry Systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt
1588
Deposit or
prospect Mineralized Mid- and late Ore-related Ore Supergene Hydrothermal Skarn
(cluster) intrusion(s) mineral intrusions Wall rocks hydrothermal alteration mineralogy mineralization breccias mineralization

Chabuca Two phases: Several phases: Lower Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite > Irregular copper Pebble dikes Dominant:
(Tintaya) monzonite diorite, dacite Ferrobamba Fm by albite-rich sericite- bornite oxides exo>endoskarn
an mafic dikes clay-chlorite
Antappacay Six phases: Three phases: Lower Ferrobamba Early potassic overprinted Bornite ~ N.A. Large post- Minor exoskarn
(Tintaya) monzonite andesite dikes Fm; diorite by sericite-clay-chlorite chalcopyrite mineral

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
to quartz pluton diatreme
monzonite
Quechua One phase?: Several phases: Lower Ferrobamba, Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite Irregular copper Pebble dikes Locally important
(Tintaya) quartz andesite and quartz Mara, and upper by quartz-sericitic oxides and exoskarn
monzonite monzonite dikes Soraya Fms chalcocite blanket
Ccalla One phase: Two phases: Diorite and Early potassic and calcic- Chalcopyrite > Irregular copper Contact Distal skarn at
(Cotabambas) granodiorite granodiorite and granodiorite potassic overprinted by bornite oxides and breccias and 23 km
to quartz dacite dikes plutons sericite-clay-chlorite and chalcocite pebble dikes
monzodiorite local quartz-sericitic
Ferrobamba Several phases: Several phases: dacite Lower Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite > Irregular Contact Important:
(Las Bambas) dacite and andesite dikes Ferrobamba Fm by sericite-clay-chlorite bornite copper oxides breccias exo>endoskarn
Chalcobamba Several phases: Several phases: Lower Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite ~ Irregular N.A. Dominant:
(Las Bambas) dacite and/or dacite and Ferrobamba Fm by sericite-clay-chlorite bornite copper oxides exo>endoskarn
granodiorite andesite dikes;
granodiorite stock
Katanga Several phases: Several phases: Undifferentiated Early potassic Chalcopyrite Abundant N.A. Dominant:
(Katanga) monzonite dacite and Ferrobamba Fm copper oxides exo>endoskarn
and dacite andesite dikes
San Jos Two main Two phases: Undifferentiated Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite Copper oxides Large inter- Present:

1588
(Katanga) phases: dacite dacite and Ferrobamba Fm by intense quartz-sericitic and chalcocite mineral; exo>endoskarn
andesite dikes and local advanced argillic blanket sericite-rich
PERELL ET AL.

Qenco/Maki One phase: Several phases: Lower Anta Fm; Early potassic and calcic- Trace Absent Local Distal skarn at
(Morosayhuas) diorite and andesite dikes diorite pluton potassic overprinted by chalcopyrite tourmaline- 12 km
quartz diorite sericite-clay-chlorite and rich dikes
local quartz-sericitic and
advanced argillic
Los Chancas Two phases: N.A. Chuquibambilla Early potassic with Chalcopyrite > Copper oxides N.A. N.A.
granodiorite and Soraya Fms peripheral quartz-sericitic bornite and chalcocite
to quartz blanket
monzonite
Alicia One phase: One central Upper Early potassic overprinted by Chalcopyrite ~ Minor copper N.A. Dominant:
granodiorite phase: dacite Ferrobamba Fm sericite-clay-chlorite bornite oxides exoskarn
and/or dacite
Chaccaro One phase: Several phases: andesite Upper Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite Minor copper Inter-mineral; Minor exoskarn
dacite and microdiorite dikes Ferrobamba Fm by sericite-clay-chlorite oxides magnetite-rich
Lahuani One phase: Several phases: Chuquibambilla Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite, Minor copper N.A. Minor exoskarn;
rhyodacite to dacite and Fm by quartz sericitic molybdenite oxides distal jasperoids
dacite andesite dikes at ~2 km
Cristo de los One phase: Several phases: Soraya Fm Early potassic overprinted Chalcopyrite Copper oxides and Inter-mineral; Distal skarn at
Andes dacite andesite dikes by quartz-sericitic chalcocite blanket sericite-rich 23 km
Pea Alta One phase: Several phases: Upper Soraya Fm Early potassic and calcic- Chalcopyrite Minor copper N.A. Distal skarn at
dacite/ andesite dikes potassic overprinted by oxides 1.5 km
rhyodacite sericite-clay-chlorite and
peripheral quartz-sericitic
Winicocha One phase: N.A. Microdiorite and Early potassic? overprinted Trace Absent Inter- to late- Distal skarn at
dacite dacite stocks by quartz-sericitic and chalcopyrite mineral; 12 km
local advanced argillic sericite-rich
PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1589

a ALICIA b ANTAPACCAY
7120

ANTAPACCAY NORTH

7159

1405

1500

Late-mineral Diatreme
Late Porphyry ANTAPACCAY
SOUTH

Late Porphyry Main Porphyry


Main Porphyry Pre-mineral Diorite
Skarn Skarn
200 m
Reverse Fault Zone of Intense
Stockwork Veining
Anticline 500 m

c COTABAMBAS d SAN JOSE

7222

4400m Cerro Saiwa


HUACLLE

4300m
?

4200m

4100m
1344
CCALLA
200 m

CCARAYOC
AZULCCACCA

Leached Capping Late Andesite Dike

Supergene Chalcocite Blanket Hydrothermal Breccia


1 km Late Dome and Dikes a a: Intersected by Drilling Main Porphyry
b b: Projected
Porphyry-related
Intrusions Drill Hole
a Andahuaylas-Yauri Batholith
a: Diorite
b b: Granodiorite
Skarn

FIG. 9. Main geologic attributes of selected porphyry copper systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. a. Displays the cylin-
drical form of the porphyry copper-bearing stock at Alicia and the central location of the late-mineral porphyry dike, as
mapped by the writers. b. Illustrates the structurally controlled nature of the porphyry copper systems at Antapaccay and the
large postmineral diatreme breccia (simplified after Jones et al., 2000 and Fierro et al., 2002). c. Displays the cluster at
Cotabambas and the structurally controlled nature of the stocks at Ccalla and Azulccacca, together with the peripheral, late-
mineral dome and its dike swarm (simplified after Perell et al., 2002). d. Schematic cross section through the San Jos por-
phyry system at Katanga displaying the distribution of the main geologic units and the location of the supergene enrichment
zone. Based on data provided by the Metal and Mining Agency of Japan (1983) and mapping by the writers.

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1589


GRANODIORITE OTHER INTRUSION
QUARTZ MONZODIORITE INTER-LATE PHASE PORPHYR Y 1 ALICIA
1590
Ma AND/OR ALTERATION
MONZODIORITE 2 CRISTO DE LOS ANDES
MAIN PHASE ALTERATION
DIORITE (2) Re-Os (Mathur et al., 2001) 3 CHACCARO Q
DIORIT E / GABBRO (CUMULATES) 4 KATANGA CLUSTER
(3) K-Ar (Noble et al., 1984) 5 PORTADA
20 (1) K-AR (Carlotto, 1998)

EARLY
6 PEA ALTA 90 90

MIOCENE
7 PANCHITA
24 8 WINICOCHA

FORMATION
PUNACANCHA
9 LAS BAMBAS CLUSTER

WINICOCHA
10 TRAPICHE

KATANGA
SAN JOSE
28.5

TRAPICH E
11 COTABAMBAS CLUSTER

MONTE ROJO
30

LOS CHANCAS
CHACCARO
(1)

EARLY LATE
OLIGOCENE
60 60

TINTAYA (3)

SULFOBAMBA
CHILCACCASA
PORTADA

CCALLA

CHALCOBAMBA

PANCHITA
LAHUANI
34

FERROBAMBA

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
QUECHUA

CRISTO DE ANDES
ALICIA

LATE
ANTA Fm
37 (1) DACITE
RHYOLITE
9
40 (1) (1) 4

TINTAYA (2)
(1) 10
MACHU PICHU 7 2

SAN JERONIMO Gp
3
6 8

MIDDLE
PEA ALTA

EOCENE
(1)
(1) (1) 20 5 1 20
90
WNW SSE 11
50
? 200 km
? 5

EARLY
MOROSAYHUAS A 10 35 65
P
ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI PORPHYR Y COPPER CHA-CHA
CLUSTER c
STRATIGRAPHY ALTERATION-MINERALIZ ATION
BATHOLITH
b LLOCLLACSA

QENCO
1330
MAKI CUZCO
7330 7300 CHILCACCASA
ANDAHUAYLAS
HUACLLE
ABANCAY COTABAMBAS
LETICI A CCALLA
CLUSTER
AZULCCACCA

CCARAYOC CHACCARO
ACEROPATA

1590
CHALCOBAMBA
FERROBAMBA
PERELL ET AL.

1400

ALICIA

SULFOBAMBA
LOS CHANCAS LAS BAMBAS
PEA ALTA
CLUSTER MONTE ROJO
PANCHITA
LEONOR CRISTO DE
LOS ANDES LIVITACA
SICUANI

CHALHUANCA WINICOCHA
KATANGA

TRAPICHE PORTADA SAN JOSE


LAHUANI
1430 SANTO TOMAS

7330 7300 7230 KATANGA


CLUSTER
Skarn Fe-(Cu, Au)
a
50 km
YAURI TINTAYA
CLUSTER
TINTAYA

ANTAPACCAY COROCCOHUAYCO
7200 QUECHUA
7130

FIG. 10. a. Distribution of porphyry copper clusters and systems relative to the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and Fe-Cu skarn occurrences. Note the preferred loca-
tion of the porphyry clusters along the edges of main batholithic bodies. b. Age distribution of selected porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the belt (Table 4) rel-
ative to the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and the volcanic and sedimentary stratigraphy of the region. c. Dominant composition of selected porphyry copper-bearing
stocks of the belt according to their modal mineral contents on a QAP diagram (Streckeisen, 1978).
PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1591

ore zones at Cotabambas, Tintaya, and Las Bambas by intru- quartz veinlets, introduced in several generations, character-
sion of the inter- to late-mineral bodies is appreciable. ize potassic alteration in porphyry deposits and prospects of
the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. Typical assemblages and textures
Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization compare closely with the A- and B-type veinlets described by
Six distinct types of alteration-mineralization are recogniz- Gustafson and Hunt (1975) from El Salvador porphyry cop-
able in porphyry systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. per deposit, Chile. A-type veinlets carry significant mineral-
These make up the potassic, propylitic, sericitic (phyllic), ad- ization in the form of chalcopyrite and/or bornite at a number
vanced argillic, and calc-silicate types of Meyer and Hemley of deposits, including the Ccalla and Azulccacca centers at
(1967) and subsequent investigators (Lowell and Guilbert, Cotabambas, Pea Alta, Ferrobamba, and Chalcobamba at
1970; Guilbert and Lowell, 1974), as well as an alteration type Las Bambas, and Antapaccay at Tintaya. At Alicia and Chal-
characterized by sericite, chlorite, and clays (illite-smectite). cobamba, B-type veinlets are characterized by semicontinous
The latter was originally termed SCC-type by Sillitoe and centerlines filled by millimeter- to centimeter-sized grains of
Gappe (1984) in the Philippines porphyry copper deposits bornite and chalcopyrite, whereas at Pea Alta, Lahuani, Los
and is now referred to as intermediate argillic alteration by Chancas, and Quechua, they are dominated by chalcopyrite
Sillitoe (2000). An additional, less widespread alteration-min- and molybdenite. A-veinlets also occur in copper-poor, gold-
eralization type includes the mixed calcic-potassic assem- bearing porphyry systems, such as those from the Morosay-
blages observed at several deposits and prospects. huas cluster (see below), where they contribute minor
Potassic alteration: With a few exceptions (Morosayhuas, amounts of chalcopyrite. Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits
Winicocha), potassic alteration is the principal alteration type of the belt, such as the Ccalla and Azulccacca centers at
directly associated with mineralization in Andahuaylas-Yauri Cotabambas, contain appreciable amounts of magnetite-
porphyry systems (Table 3). In all cases, potassic alteration oc- bearing veinlets that are similar to the M-type veinlets of
curs early in the evolution of each system and consists of Clark and Arancibia (1995) and to the A- and C-type veinlets
quartz, biotite, and K-feldspar. Hydrothermal biotite replaces described by Cox (1985) at Tanam, Puerto Rico.
ferromagnesian components, typically magmatic hornblende Calcic-potassic alteration: Calcic-potassic alteration is rep-
and, less commonly, magmatic biotite. It also occurs in the resented at Cotabambas, Morosayhuas, and Pea Alta (Table
groundmass of porphyry stocks and in veinlets, either alone or 3). The assemblage is characterized by veinlets of quartz, acti-
accompanied by other silicate phases. Early, typically barren nolite, and hornblende, with important K-feldspar, biotite,
biotite seams and veinlets occcur at several systems, including apatite and calcite, and volumetrically minor amounts of
Pea Alta and Cotabambas, and can be compared with the clinopyroxene and epidote. In general, plagioclase is variably
early biotite veins described by Gustafson and Quiroga (1995) altered to K-feldspar, calcite, and/or epidote, whereas mag-
at El Salvador, Chile. In most deposits and prospects, includ- matic biotite and amphibole are selectively replaced by nee-
ing the Cotabambas, Tintaya, Las Bambas, and Katanga clus- dles of actinolite, commonly intergrown with apatite. Mag-
ters, and at Lahuani, Alicia, and Los Chancas, biotite is ac- matic pyroxene is altered to aggregates of actinolite-apatite
companied by K-feldspar, which at Cotabambas and Tintaya and actinolite-biotite, and magmatic hornblende is converted
constitutes a volumetrically significant alteration mineral. For to mixtures of clinopyroxene, biotite, and hornblende as in
example, the most intense potassic alteration at Ccalla is dom- several systems of the Morosayhuas cluster. Alteration halos
inated by aggregates of quartz and K-feldspar, with local de- to various veinlet sets include K-feldspar, actinolite, biotite,
velopment of graphic textures and complete destruction of and chlorite. Magnetite is a common constituent, and chal-
original rock textures. K-feldspar also occurs in a variety of copyrite, as part of this association, gives rise to ore-grade Cu-
veinlet types with quartz and biotite, within the veinlets or as Au mineralization.
alteration halos, and as partial replacements of original pla- Sericite-clay-chlorite alteration: Several deposits and
gioclase sites. Calcite, apatite, anhydrite, and magnetite are prospects of the belt, including Alicia, Chaccaro, Pea Alta,
additional minerals in potassic alteration assemblages and are Las Bambas, Morosayhuas, Cotabambas, and Tintaya, possess
also common constituents of veinlet assemblages. Conspicu- significant sericite-clay-chlorite alteration as part of their ore
ous magnetite accompanies potassic alteration in gold-rich zones (Table 3). This assemblage imparts a pale-green over-
porphyry systems of the belt, and at Cotabambas attains >5 print to potassic alteration and gives a soft aspect to the rock
vol percent (Perell et al., 2002). (cf. Sillitoe and Gappe, 1984). It generally modifies, but with
Major quantities of quartz were introduced as either uni- or some degree of preservation, original rock textures. Sericite-
multidirectional veinlets during potassic alteration in all de- clay-chlorite alteration varies in both intensity and mineral-
posits and prospects, but most characteristically at Cotabam- ogy, although assemblages defined for systems of the belt
bas, Antappaccay, San Jos, Ferrobamba, Chalcobamba, Maki, always include one or more associations of sericite (fine-
Llocllasca, and Winicocha. In at least five systems, including grained muscovite), illite, smectite, chlorite, calcite, quartz,
Maki at Morosayhuas, San Jos at Katanga, Ccalla and Azulc- and varied proportions of epidote, halloysite, and albite. Pla-
cacca at Cotabambas, and Winicocha, the quartz veinlets co- gioclase (both phenocrysts and groundmass) is replaced by a
alesce to form massive bodies of nearly pure quartz. Where pale-green, greasy sericite assemblage which also includes il-
overprinting by either quartz-sericitic or sericite-clay-chlorite lite and, locally, smectite. Amphibole and biotite, the latter of
alteration is intense, these massive bodies are the only rem- magmatic and/or hydrothermal origin, are characteristically
nants of the early-stage potassic alteration. In common with replaced by chlorite. Calcite is common as a replacement of
porphyry systems elsewhere (e.g., Gustafson and Hunt, 1975; plagioclase, and in some deposits and prospects, including
Gustafson and Quiroga, 1995; Sillitoe, 2000), a variety of Cotabambas and Chaccaro, it is a major constituent of the

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1591


1592 PERELL ET AL.

assemblage. Albite is locally important as a replacement of contact between quartz diorite and volcanosedimentary coun-
plagioclase, as at Morosayhuas and at the Chabuca Este de- try rocks. At Maki and San Jos, advanced argillic alteration is
posit at Tintaya (Zweng et al., 1997). superimposed on the porphyry stocks and associated potassic
Quartz veinlets include various associations with chlorite and sericite-clay-chlorite alteration, whereas at Winicocha it
and calcite, and halos of green sericite, halloysite, and mixed- is developed at higher elevations and constitutes the roots of
layer illite-smectite are common (Cotabambas, Chaccaro). a porphyry copper lithocap.
Where quartz veining is intense and halos coalesce, the rock Propylitic alteration: Propylitic alteration in Andahuaylas-
is completely replaced by fine- to very fine-grained mosaics of Yauri belt porphyry systems (chlorite, epidote, and calcite) is
quartz, sericite, and mixed-layer illite-smectite that obliterate found mainly as part of the outer halo confined to noncar-
original host rock textures, as at Ccalla, San Jos, Maki, Llo- bonate wall rocks. In other systems, as at Cotabambas, Chac-
cllacsa, and Winicocha. Chalcopyrite is locally present in caro, Lahuani, and Las Bambas, propylitic alteration occurs
some veinlet assemblages and may constitute monomineralic within porphyry copper ore zones in late-mineral stocks and
veinlets with chlorite and quartz, but in general, chalcopyrite dikes. In both cases, disseminated and veinlet pyrite, in
contents are lower than in earlier potassic alteration-mineral- amounts of ~1 vol percent, is common.
ization. Bornite, if present in earlier assemblages, rarely sur- Calc-silicate alteration: Calc-silicate alteration is repre-
vives sericite-clay chlorite alteration. Pyrite is typically pre- sented in many deposits and prospects of the belt. Indeed, as-
sent in the form of veinlets and disseminations (Chaccaro, sociated mineralization has constituted the main source of
Maki), and is volumetrically important at Cotabambas. Mag- Cu-Au ore at the Tintaya (Terrones, 1958; Santa Cruz et al.
netite is variably transformed to martite, and specular 1979; Noble et al., 1984; Zweng et al., 1997) and Katanga
hematite is a characteristic constituent of the assemblage. (MMAJ, 1983) mines, and it is an important contributor to
Quartz-sericitic alteration: Well-defined zones of quartz- mineralization at the Las Bambas skarn-porphyry cluster and
sericitic alteration accompany ore in several systems of the the Quechua deposit (E. Tejada, pers. commun., 2003). In
belt at San Jos, Cristo de Los Andes, Quechua and, possibly, addition, proximal calc-silicate assemblages and associated
at Winicocha and Chilcaccasa. Moderate amounts are also skarn-type mineralization are present in most systems of the
present at Cotabambas (Ccalla), Los Chancas, Chaccaro, belt, excluding Cotabambas, Cristo de los Andes, Pea Alta,
Lahuani, Pea Alta, and Morosayhuas (Table 3). The quartz- and Morosayhuas. However, at distances of ~3 km, all of the
sericitic assemblages typically comprise white, texturally de- deposits have distal skarn-type assemblages in roof-pendants
structive aggregates of quartz, sericite (fine-grained mus- of Ferrobamba Formation and equivalent units.
covite), and illite, accompanied by several percent pyrite. In Garnet, diopside, epidote, and actinolite are the character-
all systems mentioned above, quartz-sericitic alteration typi- istic calc-silicate assemblages (Terrones, 1958; Santa Cruz et
cally overprints earlier-formed potassic or, as at Cotabambas, al., 1979). At Tintaya (Fierro et al., 1997; Zweng et al., 1997);
sericite-clay-chlorite alteration. Broad quartz-sericitic alter- calc-silicate alteration and mineralization occur in endoskarn
ation halos around potassic cores, common in many porphyry and exoskarn facies, and as products of prograde (anhydrous)
Cu-Mo deposits worldwide (e.g., Lowell and Guilbert, 1970), and retrograde (hydrous) events (Table 3). The bulk of the Cu
are not widely developed in systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri (-Au, -Mo) mineralization at Tintaya and Las Bambas was in-
belt, although they are inferred at Los Chancas (Corrales, troduced during prograde events, typically as chalcopyrite
2001). At the Ccalla deposit in Cotabambas, structurally con- and, less commonly, bornite, whereas at the smaller Alicia sys-
trolled patches of quartz-sericitic alteration abut intermediate tem, bornite, with or without chalcopyrite, is the dominant
argillic assemblages in the upper parts of the system (Perell Cu and Au contributor. Distal skarn mineralization in por-
et al., 2002) and contributed to the formation of an irregular phyry-centered systems of the belt is similar to that elsewhere
chalcocite blanket. A similar situation is also observed at (Einaudi et al., 1981), in that it is richer in Pb and Zn (e.g.,
Cristo de los Andes, Quechua and at the San Jos deposit in Morosayhuas). Another expression of the distal environment
the Katanga cluster (MMAJ, 1983). is the structurally and lithologically controlled, yellow-brown
D-type veinlets (Gustafson and Hunt, 1975) are typically jasperoid developed in limestone beyond the skarn front at
associated with overprinting quartz-sericitic alteration in Tintaya, Las Bambas, Katanga, and Lahuani, which at Tintaya
most systems of the belt where this style of alteration occurs. is reported to contain up to 1 ppm Au (Zweng et al., 1997).
D veinlets fill planar, continuous, centimeter-wide structures The presence of jasperoid in several deposits and prospects is
with pyrite and quartz, which develop quartz-sericitic halos. evidence that they constitute integral parts of porphyry-cen-
Tourmaline, a common constituent of sericitic alteration in tered systems in the region. Moreover, at Lahuani (Table 3),
many parts of the world, is rarely developed in Andahuaylas- distal replacement of calcareous shale by structurally con-
Yauri porphyry systems, occurring only at Trapiche and Mo- trolled, As-anomalous jasperoidal mantos resembles the Car-
rosayhuas. lin-style gold environment described around some porphyry
Advanced argillic alteration: Hypogene advanced argillic centers (Sillitoe and Bonham, 1990).
alteration is not recognized as a common assemblage in por-
phyry systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt. However, Hydrothermal breccias
sericite-rich alteration that also contains pyrophyllite and Hydrothermal breccias are poorly documented in An-
kaolinite-group minerals is present at San Jos, Winicocha, dahuaylas-Yauri porphyry systems (Table 3). During this
and Maki (Table 3). At San Jos, advanced argillic alteration study, they were identified at most deposits and prospects, an
is intimately associated with transgressive structures, whereas observation supported by descriptions of Antapaccay (Jones
at Maki it is controlled by permeability contrasts at the et al., 2000; Fierro et al., 2002) and Tintaya (Fierro et al.,

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1592


PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1593

1997; Zweng et al., 1997). Most of the breccias are volumet- molybdenum-rich, gold-poor end-members (Lahuani). Gold-
rically small, with that at Antapaccay probably constituting only porphyry systems, although poorly explored, are present
the largest single mass in any porphyry system in the belt in at least two areas at Morosayhuas and Winicocha.
(Fig. 9). As at Antapaccay, all the observed breccias postdate The Ccalla and Azulccacca centers at Cotabambas are the
main-stage mineralization, although contact (igneous) brec- best examples of the gold-rich category of porphyry copper
cias associated with the emplacement of early and intermin- deposits (Perell et al., 2002) of the belt, with an average Au
eral porphyry stocks are clearly intermineral in timing. This is grade >0.3 ppm and appreciable volumes averaging >0.4
particularly evident where the breccias are cut by mineralized ppm. Molybdenum contents are low, <100 ppm. Other gold-
veinlets, as at Cotabambas and San Jos. Most mapped hy- bearing porphyry copper systems of the belt include Los
drothermal breccias are either dike-like in form or occur as Chancas (Corrales, 2001), Antappaccay (Jones et al., 2000;
narrow zones at intrusive contacts. Dikelike breccias possess Fierro et al., 2002), the Chabuca deposits at Tintaya (Zweng
strong structural control and conform to pebble dikes as is et al., 1997), and although less well defined, the Ferrobamba
common in porphyry systems worldwide. They typically con- and Chalcobamba systems at Las Bambas. All of these de-
sist of centimeter-sized, subrounded lithic clasts supported by posits possess gold grades in the 0.1 to 0.3 ppm range (Table
volumetrically important matrices of finely comminuted (rock 1) and, because smaller, but higher grade volumes are present
flour) material. Illite, chlorite, and fine-grained (dusty) pyrite (e.g., Antappaccay; Fierro et al., 2002), they can be consid-
are typical constituents of the matrices. Larger expressions of ered as members of the Cu-Au clan of porphyry deposits (Sil-
a similar style of brecciation, as at Winicocha, include litoe, 2000). Los Chancas and Tintaya are reported to contain
rounded to subrounded, exfoliated clasts, tens of centimeters appreciable molybdenum grades (Table 1) and would there-
in size, in a sericitic matrix. fore constitute members of the Cu-Au-Mo category of Cox
and Singer (1986). Another Mo-bearing center in the belt is
Ore zone geometry Lahuani, where quartz eye-bearing rhyodacitic intrusions
Most Andahuaylas-Yauri porphyry deposits and prospects hosting heavily veined zones with development of brain
possess mineralization that is variably hosted by porphyry rock-type texture (i.e., unidirectional solidification texture)
stocks and their immediate country rocks. The following ex- are distinctive.
amples document the variety observed in the belt. Although still poorly known, gold-only (e.g., Vila and Silli-
toe, 1991; Sillitoe, 2000) porphyry systems are interpreted to
1. Mineralized skarns are present in country rocks where be present in the Morosayhuas cluster and at the isolated
porphyry stocks intrude carbonate rocks of the Ferrobamba Winicocha system. Where best studied, at Morosayhuas, the
Formation and equivalent units, as at Tintaya, Alicia, and porphyry centers possess most of the features that character-
Chalcobamba. Significant mineralization, however, is also ize the porphyry gold mineralization of the Maricunga belt,
hosted by both porphyry stocks and wall rocks at Fer- Chile (Vila and Sillitoe, 1991; Muntean and Einaudi, 2000)
robamba and San Jos, despite the fact that country rocks including (1) subvolcanic quartz diorite to dacite porphyry
there are dominated by carbonate horizons of the Fer- stocks, (2) unidirectional, sheeted veinlets dominated by dark
robamba Formation. gray, banded, gold-bearing quartz-magnetite associations, (3)
2. Porphyry stocks constitute the main host to ore where moderate to intense, albite-rich, sericite-clay-chlorite alter-
country rocks are dominated by the terrigenous facies of the ation, (4) quartz-magnetite-biotite veinlets of A type, (5) Au
Yura Group and equivalent units, as at Lahuani, Cristo de los values typically averaging between 0.3 and 1 ppm, (6) Cu val-
Andes, Los Chancas and Quechua, or by volcaniclastic and ues of up to several hundred ppm, and (7) low Mo contents
red bed horizons of the Anta Formation, as in the Morosay- (<10 ppm). At the Maki and Qenco centers at Morosayhuas,
huas cluster. the presence of both A-type veinlets rich in magnetite and bi-
3. Ore seems to be evenly distributed between porphyry otite and later, banded quartz-magnetite veinlets typically
stocks and wall rocks where intrusions of the Andahuaylas- cutting the former, are features that compare closely with the
Yauri batholith constitute the dominant country rock, as at porphyry gold mineralization at Refugio (Muntean and Ein-
Cotabambas. audi, 2000).

The Tintaya cluster further exemplifies the diversity of Age of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt
mineralization styles and ore hosts, including (1) skarns at the A reconnaissance K-Ar study has been conducted on 18
various Chabuca deposits and Coroccohuayco, and associated systems in the belt (Table 4; Fig. 10). Additional geochrono-
with low-grade porphyry-style mineralization, (2) porphyry logic data available from the literature include the K-Ar ages
stocks, with minor skarn mineralization at Quechua, and (3) reported by Noble et al. (1984) for Tintaya and Chalcobamba,
porphyry stocks and dioritic country rocks with small amounts by Yoshikawa et al. (1976) for Quechua, and the new Re-Os
of skarn at Antappaccay (Jones et al., 2000; Fierro et al., ages of Mathur et al. (2001) for Tintaya (Fig. 10b). K-Ar ages
2002). were mainly determined for hydrothermal alteration silicates,
dominantly biotite, associated with main stage potassic alter-
Metal contents ation and mineralization as at Panchita, Pea Alta, Cristo de
Porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the Andahuay- los Andes, Chalcobamba, Ferrobamba, Alicia, Ccalla, Por-
las-Yauri belt range from gold-rich, molybdenum-poor tada, Monte Rojo, Chaccaro, and Los Chancas. Where such
examples (Cotabambas), through deposits carrying both alteration proved unsuitable for K-Ar dating, mainly due to
gold and molybdenum (Tintaya, Los Chancas), to relatively intense overprinting by chlorite or quartz-sericitic alteration,

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1594 PERELL ET AL.

TABLE 4. K-Ar Ages of Alteration Minerals from Selected Porphyry Systems of the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt

Deposit or prospect
(cluster) Mineral K (%) Radiogenic Ar (nl/g) Ar (at. %) Age 2

Chilcaccasa
(Morosayhuas) Sericite2 7.537 10.410 6 35.2 0.9
Ccalla
(Cotabambas) Secondary biotite 7.393 10.375 10 35.7 0.9
Monte Rojo
(Katanga) Secondary biotite1 6.373 7.916 17 31.7 0.8
San Jos
(Katanga) Amphibole2 0.753 0.982 68 33.2 1.9
Katanga Pit
(Katanga) Amphibole2 1.068 1.231 31 29.4 1.0
Ferrobamba
(Las Bambas) Secondary biotite1 6.465 9.271 18 36.5 1.0
Chalcobamba
(Las Bambas) Secondary biotite1 6.434 9.002 13 35.6 0.9
Sulfobamba
(Las Bambas) Magmatic biotite1 5.176 7.146 7 35.2 0.9
Chaccaro Amphibole2 0.743 0.985 38 33.8 1.2
Los Chancas Secondary biotite2 7.664 9.608 23 32.0 0.8
Alicia Secondary biotite 7.162 10.392 11 36.9 0.9
Portada Secondary biotite1 6.742 9.515 21 35.9 0.9
Winicocha Whole rock (sericite2) 5.055 5.692 29 28.7 0.8
Lahuani Secondary biotite 7.442 10.482 19 35.9 0.9
Trapiche Secondary biotite 7.374 8.747 27 30.3 0.8
Pea Alta Secondary biotite 7.557 11.743 21 39.5 1.1
Panchita Secondary biotite 7.328 10.367 30 36.0 1.0
Cristo de los Andes Biotite 6.737 9.810 25 37.1 1.0

Constants: = 4.962 10-10y-1; = 0.581 10-10y-1; 40Ar/36Ar = 295.5; 40K = 0.01167at. %


See Figures 7 and 10c for sample location and plots
1
Some degree of alteration to chlorite present
2
Mid- to late-mineral porphyry phase or hydrothermal alteration event

dating was conducted on inter- to late-mineral dikes or hy- inferred to have occurred almost simultaneously along a
drothermal alteration events. Amphibole was dated from ~130-km-wide, 300-km-long belt. The Katanga cluster and
inter- to late-mineral porphyry stocks and dikes at Trapiche, nearby Winicocha system, however, consistently return the
Katanga, and San Jos, whereas sericitic alteration was dated youngest ages in the belt and seem to have been active at the
at Chilcaccasa and Winicocha. All K-Ar dates are considered end of the metallogenic episode responsible for the An-
here as minimum ages because (1) the K-Ar method records dahuaylas-Yauri belt. Although both biotite and amphibole
cooling rather than crystallization of the dated silicates (e.g., ages from this cluster are modified by a chloritic overprint
biotite) and (2) the K-Ar system offers no way of experimen- that presumably caused Ar loss, the plutons of the area re-
tally testing whether later Ar loss occurred to produce artifi- turn the youngest ages of the entire Andahuaylas-Yauri
cially young ages (J. Dilles, pers. commun., 2003). batholith. Thus, on the basis of available K-Ar data, it is sug-
Overall, the data confirm the presence of a widespread, late gested that a distinct, localized plutonic and porphyry copper
Eocene to earliest late Oligocene porphyry copper event in event took place in the Katanga area during the early
the belt (Noble et al., 1984), with ages ranging between ap- Oligocene, with minimum ages between approximately 35
proximately 39.5 1.1 Ma at Pea Alta and 28.7 0.8 Ma at and 30 Ma.
Winicocha (Table 4; Fig. 10b). This age range can be ex-
panded further into the middle Eocene when the Re-Os age Supergene Effects
of 41.9 0.2 Ma for Tintaya (Mathur et al., 2001) is consid- The depth of partial to complete oxidation of sulfides in
ered. If, following Table 4, only those ages from unaltered porphyry deposits and prospects of the belt is commonly 30
secondary biotite are taken into account, it can be inferred to 50 m but, locally, extends to 150 m. As expected from the
that much of the main-stage potassic alteration in the belt rugged topography of much of the region, oxidation tends to
formed between approximately 42 and 35 Ma, i.e., during the be thicker under ridge crests and nearly absent beneath val-
middle to late Eocene. The K-Ar age of 35.2 0.9 Ma (Table ley floors. Most of the porphyry systems lack economically
4; Fig 10b) for magmatic biotite from a skarn-related intru- significant zones of supergene enrichment, because of the
sion at Sulfobamba further confirms the age range of the belt relatively low pyrite contents, the poorly developed nature of
for both porphyry- and nonporphyry-related mineralization. quartz-sericitic alteration, and the high neutralization capaci-
No sub-belts or age trends are apparent from Figures 7 ties of both potassic alteration zones and carbonate country
and 10, and porphyry-style alteration and mineralization are rocks. Consequently, most cappings are immature, typically

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1595

goethitic in composition, with some containing appreciable Discussion


copper in the form of malachite, chrysocolla, neotocite, pitch
limonite, and associated copper oxide minerals. In general, Metallogenic implications
these cappings have developed by in situ oxidation of low- It is apparent from the regional geology and age relation-
pyrite, typically chalcopyrite-bornite mineralization with total ships described above that mineralization of porphyry type in
sulfide contents of <3 vol percent and pyrite/copper sulfide the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt broadly overlapped with the vari-
ratios of <2:1. The porphyry-related skarn mineralization, as ous pulses of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith (Fig. 10). In
at Tintaya, Las Bambas, Katanga, and Alicia, include, in addi- particular, a close association is observed between porphyry-
tion, important gossan zones as oxidation products of mag- type alteration-mineralization and the intermediate and late
netite and massive sulfides. stages of quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite of the
Although poorly explored to date, exceptions to the above batholith (Noble et al., 1984; Carlier et al., 1989; Perell et
include those porphyry systems emplaced in rocks other than al., 2002). The age relationship between porphyry copper em-
carbonate horizons of the Ferrobamba Formation and equiv- placement, coeval volcanism of the Anta Formation, and syn-
alent units, most notably in quartzite and sandstone of the tectonic sedimentation of the San Jernimo Group red beds
Yura Group and certain phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri are illustrated in Figures 6 and 10. All were broadly synchro-
batholith (Fig. 8). For example, the small Cristo de los Andes nous with the regional thin-skinned shortening and uplift as-
and the large Los Chancas (Corrales, 2001) systems, em- sociated with the Incaic orogeny between ~42 and 30 Ma. In
placed into quartzose sandstone of the upper Soraya Forma- central Peru, the age of the Incaic deformation is generally
tion, contain irregular, stratigraphically and structurally con- accepted to be ~41 Ma (Noble et al., 1979), whereas in south-
trolled immature chalcocite blankets developed in eastern Peru and northeastern Bolivia it is bracketed between
quartz-sericitic alteration. Similarly, chalcocite enrichment at ~41 and 38 Ma (Farrar et al., 1988; Sandeman et al., 1995).
Cotabambas occurs in intimate association with pyrite-rich, In northern Chile, Incaic compression is generally assigned
intermediate argillic and quartz-sericitic alteration in both an age between ~42 and 39 Ma (Hammerschmidt et al., 1992;
diorite wall rock of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and the Mpodozis et al., 1999), although other authors consider it to
porphyry stocks. be part of a longer event of at least 20 m.y., between 50 and
In general, the presence of appreciable pyrite as a com- 30 Ma (e.g., Maksaev and Zentilli, 1999). To the east of the
ponent of intermediate argillic and quartz-sericitic alter- Andahuaylas-Yauri belt, major thick-skinned compression, in-
ation, rather than host-rock composition, seems to be the volving basement uplift along the Zongo-San Gabn
most important control on supergene chalcocite formation. tectonothermal zone, took place at ~40 Ma (Farrar et al.,
This is evidenced by the San Jos prospect at Katanga, 1988), an Incaic event of crustal shortening interpreted to
where a chalcocite blanket formed in quartz-sericitic assem- have caused ramping of the (proto-) Cordillera Oriental over
blages althougth the immediate country rocks are domi- the foreland (Sandeman et al., 1995).
nated by carbonates of the Ferrobamba Formation (MMAJ,
1983; Fig. 9d). In all cases, sooty chalcocite is the main host Geodynamic evolution
for copper in the supergene enrichment zones, and is ac- A model for the tectonomagmatic evolution of the An-
companied by varying proportions of covellite. Cuprite, dahuaylas-Yauri batholith and its associated porphyry-style
tenorite, and native copper are also present. Both leached mineralization is formulated here, based on the geological re-
cappings and supergene blankets are accompanied by wide- lationships documented in this paper together with data in
spread kaolinization of feldspars, martitization of magnetite, Noble et al. (1984), Carlier et al. (1996), Carlotto (1998) and
and removal of anhydrite and, within the limits of ground- references therein. The recent models for the geodynamic
water penetration, gypsum. Supergene alunite may be lo- evolution of the Central Andes (southern Peru, northern
cally formed in leached cappings overlying the more pyritic Chile, and northern Bolivia) from both geologic (Clark et al.,
parts of the systems, as at Ccalla, Cotabambas (Perell et al., 1990; Kennan et al., 1995; Sandeman et al., 1995) and geo-
2002). physical perspectives (James and Sacks, 1999) are fundamen-
In contrast to some other regions (e.g., northern Chile; Sil- tal to the discussion that follows. These models concur in that
litoe and McKee, 1996), the age of formation of supergene a period of slab flattening began in southern Peru between 50
chalcocite blankets and leached cappings in the belt is poorly and 45 Ma, became stable at ~42 to 40 Ma, and broadened
constrained. In general, the close parallelism of most of the southward, along the arc, into northern Chile. Thus, by ~35
chalcocite blankets to the present surface, together with their Ma, the entire central Andes region at the latitude of the Bo-
partial exposure and overall immaturity, strongly favors a livian orocline is thought to have been undergoing flat sub-
Pliocene or younger age for the supergene processes; a con- duction (James and Sacks, 1999).
clusion supported by additional lines of evidence. For exam- Slab flattening is, furthermore, inferred to have produced
ple, at the Ccalla deposit at Cotabambas, supergene alunite the crustal shortening, tectonism, and uplift assigned to the
from the top part of the leached capping returned a K-Ar age major Incaic orogeny of the Central Andes. In the area of
of 3.3 0.2 Ma or late Pliocene (Perell et al., 2002). Super- study, located approximately 300 km from the trench, early-
gene enrichment blankets located at higher elevations, as at stage, mafic, cumulate pulses of the Andahuaylas-Yauri
San Jos, Cristo de los Andes, and Quechua (~4,200 m), may batholith are thought to have been generated in the as-
be associated either with the same late Pliocene event or with thenospheric wedge between ~48 and 43 Ma and rapidly as-
younger topographic rejuvenation events common through- cended into the crust (Bonhomme and Carlier, 1990) (Fig.
out the region (e.g., Cabrera et al., 1991). 11a). Establishment of complete flat subduction conditions at

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1596 PERELL ET AL.

EARLY-STAGE ANTA ARC ? ( 50 - 45 Ma)


WC A EC
0
?

50
moho
Depth (km)

oc
100 ean
ic l
itho
150 sph
ere
a
200
0 100 200 300 400 500
Distance (km)

( 41 - 38 Ma)
INITIAL STAGE OF
PORPHYRY COPPER EMPLACEMENT ANTA ARC ZONGO-SAN GABN ZONE
(PROJECTED)

WC A EC
0

50
moho
Depth (km)

oce
100 ani
c lit
hos
phe
150 re
b
200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance (km)

MAIN STAGE OF PORPHYRY COPPER EMPLACEMENT


END-STAGE ANTA ARC ( 38 - 32 Ma)
WC A EC
0

50
oce
ani
Depth (km)

c lit moho
100 hos
phe
re
150

c
200
0 100 200 300 400 500
Distance (km)
WC: WESTERN CORDILLERA ANDAHUAYLAS - YAURI BATHOLITH
A : ALTIPLANO a a, b, c : EARLY, INTERMEDIATE,
c
EC : EASTERN CORDILLERA AND LATE PHASES
b

FIG. 11. Schematic sequence of cross sections illustrating the formation of the Central Andes at the latitude of the An-
dahuaylas-Yauri belt and contiguous southeastern Peru, between the Eocene and the earliest Oligocene. Geodynamic set-
ting largely based on models after Clark et al. (1990), Sandeman et al. (1995), and James and Sacks (1999). Present-day po-
sitions of the Western Cordillera, Altiplano, and Eastern Cordillera shown for reference. a. Illustrates the middle Eocene
(5045 Ma) magmatic arc along the eastern edge of the Western Cordillera. b. Displays emplacement of the early phases of
the batholith, followed by the intrusion of the intermediate-composition plutons (between 41 and 38 Ma) that make up much
of the present-day body of the batholith. Synchronous magma ascent and deformation of the uppermost crust (Incaic
orogeny) in conjunction with slab flattening is implied. Volcanism of the Anta Formation (Anta Arc) is important at the West-
ern Cordillera-Altiplano transition. Deformation along the Zongo-San Gabn zone, interpreted to have occurred at the cra-
ton-orogen interface (Farrar et al., 1988; Clark, 1993; Sandeman et al., 1995), is shown for reference. c. Illustrates the main
stage of porphyry copper formation along the belt together with the terminal stages of Anta Formation volcanism (3832 Ma)
(see Fig. 12 for details).

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1597

~40 Ma is interpreted to have increased deformation and and Sacks (1999). In such a geodynamic model, the late
shortening of the upper crust (James and Sacks, 1999), Eocene to early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith and
thereby impeding magma ascent and favoring evolution of its associated porphyry copper mineralization appear to have
large magma chambers (e.g., Sillitoe, 1998; Kay et al., 1999). been emplaced at the inflection point between flat subduc-
Thermal and mechanical gradients, associated with large-vol- tion to the south and normal subduction to the north. Al-
ume magma emplacement, would have eventually given rise though speculative, this location is remarkably similar to the
to the tectonic and gravitational conditions in the upper crust position of the late Miocene to Pliocene porphyry copper belt
(e.g., Kimbrough et al., 2001) that favored rapid tectonic (sur- of central Chile (Fig. 13b), which hosts the world class de-
face) uplift and denudation, and subsequent intrusion of the posits at Los Pelambres, Los Bronces-Ro Blanco, and El Te-
more differentiated, intermediate-stage phases of the niente (Skewes and Stern, 1994, 1995). Moreover, progres-
batholith, between ~40 and 35 Ma (Figs. 11b and c). In the sive flattening of the subducting slab during the middle
proposed model, synchronous surface uplift and unroofing as- Miocene in central Chile resulted in eastward migration of
sisted with the ascent of these smaller, confined magma the volcanic front accompanied by intense crustal thickening,
chambers in the uppermost crust and triggered porphyry cop- deformation, uplift, and erosion (Jordan et al., 1983; Kay et
per emplacement at the appropriate depths (Fig. 12). al., 1991; Skewes and Stern, 1994, 1995; Kurtz et al., 1997),
The intermediate-stage phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri an overall geodynamic setting that compares closely with slab
batholith, therefore, must have ascended as a large composite flattening and deformation inferred for the Andahuaylas-
unit and presumably reached the depth of porphyry copper Yauri belt during the Incaic orogeny.
formation broadly at the same time over its entire extent,
judging by the similar ages of hydrothermal biotite formation Possible extensions of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt
at Lahuani, Cotabambas, Portada, and Panchita (Table 4; Fig. The northern and southern extensions of the Andahuaylas-
10). It should also be noted that porphyry copper formation Yauri belt are not well constrained. Indeed, most reconstruc-
was recurrent and, locally, much younger systems developed tions for late Eocene to early Oligocene magmatism and min-
in zones that had been the locus of earlier hydrothermal ac- eralization imply significant segmentation along the belt at
tivity, as in the area of Lahuani, Trapiche, Los Chancas, and the latitude of the Bolivian Orocline in the central Andes (Sil-
Leonor (Fig. 10). litoe, 1988, 1989; Clark et al., 1990; Clark, 1993; James and
Volcanism seems to have been subdued along the belt dur- Sacks, 1999; Petersen, 1999). To the north, the belt appar-
ing much of the transition from normal to flat subduction, al- ently stops at the Abancay Deflection (Fig. 14). Farther
though, apparently, it never became completely extinct (Car- north, late Eocene to Oligocene magmatism is present in cen-
lier et al., 2000) as occurred in nearby transects (Clark et al., tral Peru (Noble et al., 1984; Soler and Bonhomme, 1988;
1990; Sandeman et al., 1995). An example is provided by the Clark et al., 1990; Noble and McKee, 1999; Petersen, 1999),
arc that formed the Anta Formation south of Cuzco (Fig. 6), and northeast of Lima the Quicay high-sulfidation gold de-
which is inferred to have been fed from magma chambers as- posit has been related to magmatism associated with Incaic
sociated with the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith. deformation (Noble and McKee, 1999).
Figure 13a displays a hypothetical map of the Wadati-Be- The extension of the belt into southeastern Peru is compli-
nioff zone during the late Eocene to Oligocene period of flat cated by the presence of the widespread, post-Oligocene vol-
subduction in the central Andes as reconstructed by James canic cover of the region. The following lines of evidence,

Andesitic Volcanism
Rapid (Anta Formation)
Porphyry Copper
Uplift
Stock
Molasse Deposits
20 km

Mesozoic Sequences
Fold-Thrust
Belt
Intermediate-Stage
50 km Granodiorites and
Early-Stage Quartz Monzodiorites
Cumulate Gabbros
and Diorites
FIG. 12. Schematic illustration of the spatial and temporal relationships between batholith ascent, rapid regional uplift,
porphyry copper emplacement, compressive deformation, volcanism, and synorogenic sedimentation. The relatively shallow
emplacement of the main, intermediate-stage body of the batholith is implied. Figure borrows from Skewes and Stern (1994)
and Sillitoe (1997, 1998).

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1598 PERELL ET AL.

FIG. 13. Comparison between the geodynamic settings of the Andahuaylas-Yauri and central Chile porphyry copper belts.
a. Illustrates the setting of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith at the inflection corridor between flat and normal subduction
during the late Eocene and the Oligocene, as modeled by James and Sacks (1999). b. Displays the setting of the central Chile
Miocene plutons and late Miocene to Pliocene porphyry copper belt at the inflection of the present-day subduction zone
(Cahill and Isacks, 1992; Ramos et al., 2002). Plutons of the partially unroofed late Tertiary batholith taken from Parada et
al. (1988) and Kurtz et al. (1997). Note the broad similarities between both settings and the presence of the Zongo-San
Gabn zone and the Sierras Pampeanas basement highs in each case.

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1599

80 70

MIDDLE EOCENE-EARLY OLIGOCENE


PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT
SELECTED DEPOSIT OF THE
BRAZIL LATE PALEOCENE-EARLY EOCENE BELT
PERU (1) CUAJONE; (2) QUELLAVECO; (3) TOQUEPALA;
(4) CERRO COLORADO; (5) SPENCE

POST-EARLY OLIGOCENE VOLCANIC

CH
AND SEDIMENTARY COVER 10

EN
QUICAY (38-37) SEQUENCES

TR
10

U
(30-32) : AGE RANGE

ER P
MOROSAYHUAS (35) COTABAMBAS (36-35)
LIMA LAS BAMBAS (36-35)
ION
FL EC T
Y DE
NC A ?
ABA ZONGO-SAN GABAN

LOS CHANCAS (32)

KATANGA (33-30)
BOLIVIA
TINTAYA (42; 35-33)
LA PAZ
(1)
SANTA LUCIA (32-30) (2)
ATASPACA (40)
(3)
TICNAMAR (41)

QUEEN ELIZABETH (36)

PER U BRAZIL
(4) 20
QUEBRADA BLANCA-
20 COLLAHUASI-UJINA (35-32)
LIMA
ESPERANZA-
EL ABRA-CONCHI (37-36)
TELEGRAFO (42-41)
?

BOLIVIA (5)

CHUQUICAMATA-
LA PAZ MM-TOMIC (34-31)
CENTINELA- GABY (42-40)
POLO SUR (44)
SALTA
TACA-TACA (34-33)
CHIMBORAZO
(39-38*) ESCONDIDA - ESCONDIDA
NORTE-ZALDIVAR (38-35*; 35-31)

Inner Arc EXPLORADORA (33-32)


CH

EL SALVADOR (44-41)
CHILE
TREN

Area with Eocene to POTRERILLOS (36-35)


SALTA
Oligocene (Incaic)
CHILE

LA FORTUNA (35-32)
deformation and/or
terrigenous sedimentation APOLINARIO (35)
CHILE

30
LOICA (35) ARGENTINA
30

ARGENTINA

SANTIAGO SANTIAGO
b 500 km
500 km
a
80 70
FIG. 14. a. Schematic illustration of the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt and its possible northward and southward extensions. Seg-
mentation along the belt is apparent at the Abancay Deflection. The extension of the belt into northern Chile, if real (see
text for discussion), is masked by younger volcanic and sedimentary cover sequences. Geologic elements borrowed from
Maksaev and Zentilli (1988), Sillitoe (1988, 1990), Clark et al. (1990, 1998), Maksaev (1990), Clark (1993), Perell et al.
(1996), Petersen et al. (1996), Cornejo et al. (1997), Cuadra et al. (1997), Clark et al. (1998) and references therein, Noble
and McKee (1999), Petersen (1999), Rojas et al. (1999), Gustafson et al. (2001), Zappettini et al. (2001), and J. Perell,
unpub. data for Esperanza (2000), Telgrafo, Polo Sur, and Conchi. Asterisks indicate ages of intrusions at La Escondida,
Zaldvar, and Chimborazo, based on U-Pb (zircon) dating by Richards et al. (1999). All other ages are for hydrothermal al-
teration assemblages. b. (inset) Relationship between Eocene to early Oligocene (Incaic) porphyry copper mineralization,
synorogenic sedimentation in Chile (Mpodozis et al., 1999; Tomlinson et al., 1999; J. Perell, unpub. data, 2000) and Ar-
gentina (Jordan and Alonso, 1987; Adelman and Grler, 1999; Hernndez et al., 1999; Kraemer et al., 1999; Coutand et al.,
2001). The location of the inner Arc in Bolivia and southeastern Peru (sensu James and Sacks, 1999) is shown for reference.
According to James and Sacks (1999), the inner arc is characterized by high heat flow, high degree of crustal deformation,
and high electrical conductivity, features that they consider to have been inherited from the period of flat subduction be-
neath the central Andes during late Eocene to early Oligocene time. Their definition of inner arc includes the inner arc do-
main and parts of the inner Cordillera Occidental of Clark et al. (1990) and Sandeman et al. (1995).

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1600 PERELL ET AL.

however, imply that late Eocene to early Oligocene deforma- of northern Chile might have also taken place under similar
tion and magmatism occurred in the area and that the exten- conditions of subduction flattening (Mpodozis and Perell,
sion of the belt into Chile is represented at Ataspaca and, 2003). Furthermore, subduction flattening, perhaps triggered
probably, Santa Luca. by fast convergence (Pardo Casas and Molnar, 1987; Soler
and Bonhomme, 1990) between ~45 and 35 Ma, might have
1. Important thin-skinned deformation of fold-thrust belt occurred essentially simultaneously along the late Eocene
type took place during the late Eocene (~40 Ma) in the Santa magmatic arc of southern Peru and northern Chile. Indeed,
Luca area, and was accompanied by the synorogenic, mo- current knowledge (Fig. 14b) suggests that Eocene to
lasse-type sedimentation of the Puno Group (Portugal, 1974; Oligocene Incaic compression, shortening, and sedimenta-
Jaillard and Santander, 1992). This association is remarkably tion extended eastward as far as the Altiplano and Eastern
similar to that described for the San Jernimo Group in the Cordillera of Bolivia (Farrar et al., 1988; Sempere et al.,
Andahuaylas-Yauri belt near Cuzco. 1997) and as far south as 26S in the Puna of northwestern
2. Magmatism at Santa Luca was active in the early Argentina (Jordan and Alonso, 1987; Alonso, 1992; Kraemer
Oligocene (~3032 Ma; Clark et al., 1990) and was broadly et al., 1999; Coutand et al., 2001).
coeval with the ~30-Ma flows interbedded in San Jernimo
Group redbeds, and with the ~30- to 35-Ma magmatism, al- Summary and Conclusions
teration, and mineralization of the Katanga area, in the An- The Andahuaylas-Yauri belt is defined by 31 deposits and
dahuaylas-Yauri belt (Fig. 10). prospects with porphyry-style alteration and mineralization,
3. Magmatism and Incaic deformation in the Santa Luca accompanied by hundreds of occurrences of magnetite-bear-
area are interpreted to have occurred along the same crustal ing, skarn-type Fe-Cu mineralization. A salient feature of the
discontinuity that chaneled the deformational front in the An- belt is the spatial association of porphyry stocks and related
dahuaylas-Yauri belt near Cuzco (Jaillard and Santander, mineralization with the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, a large
1992), i.e., the Cuzco-Puno high (Figs. 3 and 6). composite body of calc-alkaline intrusions of middle Eocene
4. Southeasterly extensions of the regional late Eocene to to early Oligocene age (~4832 Ma). Porphyry stocks are
early Oligocene structures present in the Andahuaylas-Yauri dominated by multiphase, calc-alkaline, biotite- and amphi-
region appear to extend into southeastern Peru (Sempere et bole-bearing intrusions of dacitic and granodioritic composi-
al., 2002) and across the border into northernmost Chile tion. Hydrothermal alteration is typical of porphyry ore de-
(Garca et al., 2002). posits elsewhere and includes potassic, propylitic,
5. In the Tarata district, near the border with Chile, the quartz-sericitic, sericite-clay-chlorite, calcic-potassic, and ad-
~45- to 39-Ma magmatic and hydrothermal activity recorded vanced argillic alteration types. Calc-silicate assemblages with
at Ataspaca (Clark et al., 1990) represents the connection skarn-type mineralization occur where carbonate country
with the late Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry copper belt rocks of the Ferrobamba Formation predominate.
of northern Chile. Porphyry copper deposits and prospects of the belt range
from gold-rich, molybdenum-poor examples, through sys-
These observations suggest that there may have been con- tems containing both gold and molybdenum, to relatively
tinuity between the Andahuaylas-Yauri and the northern molybdenum-enriched, gold-depleted endmembers. Gold-
Chile porphyry copper belts during middle (late) Eocene to only porphyry systems with similarities to the gold porphyries
early Oligocene time (~4530 Ma; Fig. 14). Interruption of of the Maricunga belt of northern Chile also occur. Gold-rich
the belt at the latitude of the Arica deflection may be appar- members of the belt do not possess any unique features that
ent, and enhanced by the widespread younger volcanism that distinguish them from gold-poor, molybdenum-rich counter-
mantles much of the region. Alternatively, the interruption parts, except perhaps for their appreciably higher contents of
may be attributable to the changing tectonomagmatic frame- hydrothermal magnetite and the presence of amphibole- and
work in response to along-arc flat subduction propagation in pyroxene-bearing alteration assemblages in addition to potas-
southern Peru during the late Eocene to Oligocene (James sic alteration.
and Sacks, 1999). Although the rapidly changing metallogen- Available geochronologic data confirm that much of the
esis of the Miocene to Pliocene magmatic belt of central porphyry alteration and mineralization in the belt formed be-
Chile (Kay et al., 1999; Kay and Mpodozis, 2002) may be con- tween ~40 and 35 Ma, i.e., during the late Eocene, although
sidered as a more modern analog (Fig. 13), no such along-arc the complete spectrum of age ranges between ~42 and 28 Ma
migration is apparent in the late Eocene to early Oligocene (middle Eocene to earliest late Oligocene). No sub-belts or
porphyry copper belt of northern Chile. On the contrary, as age trends are apparent in the data, which suggest that por-
shown in Figure 14a, much of the porphyry copper mineral- phyry mineralization took place during a well-defined interval
ization there, irrespective of size, seems to have taken place of time along the 130-km-wide, 300-km-long belt, broadly si-
during a well-defined interval of ~10 to 12 Ma duration (cf. multaneously with emplacement of intermediate-stage
Maksaev and Zentilli, 1988; Maksaev, 1990). phases of the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith (~4032 Ma). The
By analogy with the Andahuaylas-Yauri belt, and given that data also support the broad inference that gold-rich and gold-
a genetic association between the late Eocene to early poor members of the belt formed synchronously, irrespective
Oligocene porphyry copper belt of northern Chile and Incaic of their locations, country rocks, and porphyry stock compo-
compression, uplift, and denudation is widely accepted sitions. However, evidence from the belt does not support any
(Maksaev and Zentilli, 1999), it is here speculated that late apparent connection between metallogenesis and crustal
Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry copper mineralization properties (Titley, 1990).

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PORPHYRY-STYLE ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION, ANDAHUAYLAS-YAURI BELT, PERU 1601

There is ample evidence to support a genetic relationship that led to numerous improvements. Constructive comments
between emplacement of the intermediate-stage phases of by Economic Geology reviewers Dick Tosdal and John Dilles,
the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith, porphyry copper formation, as well as the indefatigable editor are highly appreciated.
and regional shortening, uplift, and synorogenic clastic sedi- Nevertheless, responsibility for the opinions expressed and
mentation associated with the compressive Incaic orogeny any errors is ours alone. Special thanks are due to Antofagasta
between ~40 and 32 Ma. This overall geologic setting is strik- Minerals for supporting basic research beyond day-to-day ex-
ingly similar to that of the late Eocene to early Oligocene por- ploration work and for permission to publish.
phyry copper belt of northern Chile, where compelling evi- January 6, June 4, 2003
dence defines a close link between porphyry copper
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Crdenas, J., Carlotto, V., Vallenas, V., Chvez, R., and Gil, W., 1999, Las
We would like to thank Gabriel Carlier, Ricardo Martini, areniscas cuprferas de las capas rojas del Grupo San Jernimo (Eoceno
Rodrigo Arcos, Toms Vila, Victor Torres, Carlos Seminario, Medio-Oligoceno Inferior) de la regin de Cuzco y Sicuani: XVIII Curso
Orlando Pariona, Edmundo Martnez, Jos Crdenas, Sandra Internacional de Postgrado en Metalogenia, Quito, Ecuador, Universidad
Romanville, Jorge Fierro, Gerardo Soto, Eduardo Tejada, and Central del Ecuador, June 1999, Actas, p. 155159.
Carlier, G., Carlotto, V., Ligarda, R., and Manrique, E., 1989, Estudio
Christophe Noblet for their contributions on various aspects metalogentico de la subprovincia cuproaurfera Tintaya-Bambas:
of the geology of the belt. Percy Garca assisted with the geo- Convenio de Cooperacin Cientfica UNI-ORSTOM, Informe Final 1984-
logic database for the region and Hctor Poblete drafted the 1988, Lima, Per, p. 143248.
figures that accompany this paper. We are also grateful for the Carlier, G., Lorand, J.P., Bonhomme, M., and Carlotto, V., 1996, A reap-
support of the Anaconda Per and Antofagasta Minerals staffs praisal of the Cenozoic Inner Arc magmatism in southern Peru: Conse-
quences for the evolution of the Central Andes for the past 50 Ma: Third
in Lima and Santiago, respectively and the field assistance of International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics, St. Malo, France, Ex-
Luis Castillo, Luis Gago, Elmer Prado, Mximo Condori, and tended Abstracts volume, p. 551554.
many others. Luca Cuitio is thanked for her petrographic Carlier, G., Carlotto, V., Fornari, M., Sempere, T., and Crdenas, J., 2000, El
work and Carlos Prez de Arce for K-Ar geochronology. Dick magmatismo Cenozoico del sur del Per y sus implicaciones geodinmicas
[abs.]: X Congreso Peruano de Geologa, Sociedad Geolgica del Per,
Sillitoe and Constantino (Cocho) Mpodozis are thanked for Abstracts, Volumen Especial 2, p. 11.
their comments on an early version of the manuscript. We are Carlotto, V., 1998, volution Andine et Raccourcissement au niveau de
indebted to Alan Clark for his extraordinarily detailed reviews Cusco (13-16S) Prou: Enregistrement sdimentaire, chronologie,

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1602 PERELL ET AL.

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