A Modelling Framework for the Study of HDPS And DSM

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an approach to the modelling and simulation of highly distributed
power systems, in the context of existing UK distribution networks. The model is part of a
framework to assess the network impact of high-penetrations of micro-generation, as well as
demand side management (DSM) measures. This framework supports the representation of the
11 kV and low voltage distribution network within a geospatial model, together with an
integrated load-flow computational capability.

A domestic electricity demand model is incorporated within the framework that generates
synthetic demand profiles within the network. The framework is used to investigate the impact of
distributed generation for a case study of a regional UK town, together with the surrounding
villages and rural locale. The scope includes primary distribution substations, 11 kV feeders and
a low-voltage distribution network, serving approximately 35,000 domestic properties and
commercial premises. This case study also includes the measurement of minute-by-minute
residential electricity usage within a number of individual domestic houses and distribution sub-
stations.

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A Modelling Framework for the Study of HDPS And DSM

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar work entitled A Modelling Framework for the

Study of Highly Distributed Power Systems and Demand Side Management

submitted to the NIE-IT MYSURU, is a work done by KOUSHIK C (4NN13EE019) under the
guidance of Mr.SRINIVAS S, Asst Professor in Electrical & Electronics E n g i n e e r i n g ,
NIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, a n d t h i s i s s u b m i t t e d i n t h e p a r t i a l
f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

Students Signature:

KOSHIK C

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A Modelling Framework for the Study of HDPS And DSM

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Electricity generation technologies that could be incorporated into the domestic sector on
a wide scale, include solar photovoltaic (PV), micro-wind, and micro-combined heat and power.
Additionally there are demand side management (DSM) opportunities, where there is an interest
in both managing demand to achieve an overall reduction in energy use through greater
efficiency, as well as to manage when the demand occurs. This is the concept of demand
response, where time shifting of demand is a technique used to balance generation and demand
over the short term.

This paper describes a modelling framework that is capable of the simulation of a

significant area of distribution network incorporating many thousands of nodes, together with the
capability to represent domestic demand patterns at a high-resolution.

Real data is considered an important aspect of the simulation. We utilize a UK utility

database that provides real network topology data in order to encompass the variability of an
actual network. This framework is initially being used to study the distribution network topology
present in the East Midlands area of the UK. Clearly, network structure varies throughout the
world, but a framework and case study of this kind enables a detailed basis for contrasting
different types of network.

A FRAMEWORK FOR EXISTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:

1.2 CONTEXT:

The first step in constructing a framework model to study HDPS and DSM is to be able
to represent the existing electricity distribution system. We propose that there are four core
aspects of this framework: the ability to represent (i.) the distribution network topology and
parameters (including cables, lines, as well as substation transformer equipment), (ii.) the
geospatial distribution of loads on the network, (iii.) the time based variation of demand for each
load on the network and (iv.) a load-flow analysis to calculate the resulting power flows within
the network.

1.3 Distribution Network Representation:

The initial use of the modelling framework has been to construct a representation of a
real 11 kV and low voltage network. The network model uses data from the utility database of
Central Networks, E.ON UK. This details the routes of the lines and cables, their parameters, as
well as the location and ratings of substations.

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Fig. 1 presents a visual representation of the geographical information systems tool

(GIS) that has been developed to integrate the framework model using the network data. An
urban town can be seen to the south west corner of the network, with radial 11 kV feeders
(shown as thick black lines) spanning outwards to more rural areas, with the low voltage
distribution shown as thin black lines.

Fig.1 An example distribution network topology, shown within the GIS framework

1.4 A Geospatial Representation of Demand:

We utilize the UK Ordnance Surveys (OS) Master Map and Address Layer data to
represent the location of consumer buildings and addresses. Assuming that there is one consumer
meter per household address, the location of the loads in geospatial terms can be estimated to
within an accuracy of a few meters. Further, the Master Map topographic features data set can be
used to determine the location and orientation of buildings. Since the utility network data does
not, in general, include the location of cables connecting from the low voltage cables in the roads
to the customer meter locations, it is necessary to make an approximation by joining the address
point location of each dwelling to the nearest low-voltage connection point on the network.

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A Modelling Framework for the Study of HDPS And DSM

An example of an estate of detached houses is shown in Fig. 2. The black points

within buildings indicate the address point locations and the thin black lines indicate the paths of
the low-voltage cables.

Fig. 2 Using the OS Master Map Address Layer 2 as a means of locating Consumer loads on the
Distribution network.

1.5 Demand Modelling:

Realistic simulation of the network requires the ability to apply realistic demands to
every domestic consumer supplied by the low-voltage network. This framework is being used to
represent up to 35 000 domestic dwellings. Clearly, the high-resolution measurement of demand
in such a large quantity of dwellings is impractical without the wide scale deployment of the
required metering technology.

The data is generated at a one minute resolution, although higher resolutions are possible.
The purpose of generating demand time-series is to be able to simulate the network on a time
step by time step basis. The benefit of this approach is that the network response can be analyzed
in different scenarios, such as different times of the day at different times of the year.

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The approach to demand modelling is described in the following sections:

1.5.1 Electricity demand and occupancy:

The demand modelling component of the work is built upon the premise that active
occupancy (that is, when occupants are within a dwelling and not asleep) is a primary driver of
domestic electricity consumption. A model of domestic active occupancy is the subject of
another paper by the authors [5]. This model is based upon the 2000 UK Time Use Survey [6],
which is a detailed study of how people spend their time, based upon an extensive diary based
survey. The profile of active occupancy throughout the day, when aggregated over a number of
dwellings, follows the typical load profile of daily electricity demand [5]. An example active
occupancy profile is shown in Fig. 3. This shows the proportion of houses that have at least one
active occupant against the time of day, for a week day scenario.
1
0.9
active

0.8
0.7
of houses with
occupancy

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Proportion

0.2
0.1
0
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Time of day

Fig. 3 Simulated proportion of dwellings with active occupancy (weekday)

1.5.2 A model of domestic lighting:

The occupancy model is used to build up an appliance level model of domestic

electricity use. In the first instance, a high-resolution model of domestic lighting demand was
constructed and is the subject of a forthcoming journal paper.

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The lighting model uses the combination of two dynamic physical input factors to build
a stochastic model of lighting demand.

The two factors are active occupancy and natural light levels. Whilst the natural light
level will be consistent across a number of houses in the same area, the use of active occupancy
allows for representation of diversity between the dwellings. Using the natural light level also
allows for seasonal variation, since there will be a greater use of lighting during the darker winter
months of the year. The results of a simulation of 100 houses are shown in Fig. 4. As expected,
the winter demand is higher during the morning, later afternoon and evening. In summer,
lighting demand occurs mainly in the evening due to the early sunrise and late sunset.

0.35
Mean domestic lighting demand (kW).

Winter day
0.3
Summer day
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Time of day
Fig. 4.Simulated lighting demand (winter and summer scenarios)

1.5.3 An integrated appliance model:

Using the same stochastic approach to modeling, a full set of the most common domestic
appliance categories is simulated. The appliance model includes cold, wet, cooking, heating and
entertainment appliance categories and is integrated with the lighting model described above.
The UK Time Use Survey [6] is used to indicate when occupants are likely to be performing
particular domestic activities. The appliance model is configurable in that the ownership levels,
power consumption and demand profile during use may be changed.

1.6 Load Flow Calculations:

The framework integrates the demand model and the network topology using an
unbalanced load flow [7]. At each time step of network simulation, a steady state is assumed
with a sinusoidal waveform.

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A Modelling Framework for the Study of HDPS And DSM

USE OF THE FRAMEWORK FOR HDPS SCENARIOS

The framework is to be used for the study of HDPS in a domestic generation context
as well as to assess the impact of DSM measures. Solar PV models will be integrated into the
framework using a combination of the irradiance data gathered at CREST [8] and the OS Master
Map topographic data. The latter is of interest as the realistic orientation of buildings can be
incorporated into the model to take into account the angle of solar incidence. This will be of
benefit in modeling realistic PV electricity generation when considering large quantities of
dwellings.

Models of other micro-generation technologies are also to be integrated into the

framework. This will allow high-resolution time series analysis of the network impact of these
technologies within a real network scenario.

In DSM terms, we are particularly interested in the ability of demand response to shift
demand over time. Shifting could reduce demand during a period of low supply margin, and
similarly be used to encourage use during periods of surplus generation. This may be as a result
of attempts to reduce the daily peak demand or to balance a system in which there is a high
penetration of variable renewable energy based generation.

In particular, domestic heating technologies including ground or air source heat pumps,
as well as CHP have the potential to be controlled in order to provide some form of demand
response capability. A further area of consideration is the impact that the charging, as well as the
occasional discharging, of electric vehicles would have on networks.

1.7 LITERATURE SURVEY:

From [1] & [2] we get the reports on Home Lighting, Domestic Lighting. It also gives the
information about increase in the use of electrical consumer goods, as well as in some cases, the
increase in the power usage of some categories of appliance, such as the consumption of plasma
televisions against traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) devices [3]. Master Map and Address
Layer i.e. from [4] we are able to get the data to represent the location of consumer buildings
and addresses.I. Richardson, M. Thomson, D. Infield gives the details about a high-resolution
domestic building occupancy model for energy demand simulations. From [5] we are able to get
the Active occupancy throughout the day, when aggregated over a number of dwellings, follows
the typical load profile of daily electricity demand.

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From [6] we get detailed study of how people spend their time, based upon an extensive
diary based survey. It is also used to indicate when occupants are likely to be performing
particular domestic activities. From [7] we the framework integrates the demand model and the
network topology using an unbalanced load flow.

1.8 CONCLUSIONS:

A framework has been constructed to support modelling of both the current and future
use of electricity distribution networks, with a particular focus on domestic demand and
generation. The framework comprises the ability to represent realistic distribution networks. Real
network topology data is being used in the context of a typical UK town of around 35 000
dwellings. The OS Master Map data is used to provide a realistic demand distribution over the
modelled area, as well as to provide building orientation information to support the modelling of
PV based generation.

A high-resolution demand model has been constructed that has the ability to model appliance use
within dwellings. The use of an occupancy model to underpin the electricity demand model
provides both realistic demand diversity when simulating large groups of dwellings, as well as
providing a means of correlating demand and generation within dwellings.

There is more work to do in terms of the construction and integration of models of micro-
generation and DSM technologies. The integrated model will allow the simulation of network
response to HDPS and DSM scenarios over high-resolution time series.

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1.9 REFERENCES:

[1] The Lighting Association, Telford, UK. In Home Lighting Audit Report, Domestic Lighting
Report 2008.

[2] Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Smith Square, London, UK. Market
Transformation programme, Assumptions for energy scenarios in the domestic lighting sector,
version 4.0, 2008.

[3] Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Smith Square, London, UK. Policy
Brief: Improving the energy performance of Consumer electronics products, 2008.

[4] Ordnance Survey, Southampton, UK. OS Master Map Topography Layer and Address
Layer 2. Crown Copyright. All Rights reserved.

[5] I. Richardson, M. Thomson, D. Infield, A high-resolution domestic building occupancy

model for energy demand simulations.

[6] Ipsos-RSL and Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom Time Use Survey, 2000
(Computer File), third ed., UK Data Archive (distributor), Colchester, Essex, September 2003,
SN: 4504.

[7] W. H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis (2nd ed.), Boca Raton, Florida,
U.S.: CRC Press, 2007

[8] Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST), Loughborough University,
Loughborough, UK. Loughborough irradiance data set.

[9] M. Thomson, D. G. Infield, Modelling the impact of micro-combined heat and power
generators on electricity distribution networks, Proceedings of the I MECH E Part A Journal of
Power and Energy, Volume 222, Number 7, pp. 697-706, 2008

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SUBMITTED BY

KOUSHIK
4NN13EE019
DEPT OF EEE

Guide Signature:

Mr. Srinivas S
Asst. Professor,
Dept of EEE,
NIE-IT

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