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Lab Manual
IV- Semester
Subject: Theory of Machine II
List of Experiment:
To study the gyroscopic principle and verify the relation between the applied torque, Spin
velocity and Precessional velocity in case of free precession and forced precession.
Formula Used:
1. Gyroscopic couple C = I x w x wp
2. Applied Torque (T) = W X r
Procedure Of Experiment:
Part I:
The spinning body exerts a torque or a couple in such a direction which tends to make the
axis of spin coincides with that of the precession. To study the phenomenon of forced
precession following procedure is adopted.
1. Balance initial horizontal position of rotor.
2. Start the motor and adjust the voltage to get the constant speed.
3. Press the yoke frame about the vertical axis by applying the necessary force
by hand in the clockwise direction viewed from the top.
4. It will be observed that rotor frame swing about the horizontal axis so that
the motor side moves upwards.
5. Rotating the yoke axis in the opposite direction causes the rotor frame to
move in the opposite direction.
Part II:
The spinning body precesses in such a way that to make the axis of spin to coincide with
that of the applied couple.
The direction is verified by following the procedure given below and using the apparatus
as well as the relation for the magnitude of the couple.
Part II:
1. Mass of rotor (m) : 3kg
2. Thickness of rotor : 19mm
3. Rotor diameter (d) : 220mm
4. Moment arm (r) : 200mm
5. Motor power : 120w
6. Speed of motor : 0 500 rpm
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Weight Kg. Spin Speed Angle Time in Direction of
(W) rpm (N) turned seconds (t) rotation
degrees ()
Calculations:
Result Table :
Conclusions :
a) Comments are to be written based on the observations of direction observed
during Part I and Part II of the experiment.
b) The values tabulated in the result table are to be compared (i.e. the values of C &
T are compared) and comments on the variation are to be written.
c) Different case where the gyroscopic couple is observed is to be mentioned.
Experiment No. 2.
Procedure of Experiment:
1. Select suitable cam and follower combination. Fix the cam on driving
shaft. fix the follower on the push rod and properly tighten the check nut,
such that knife edge follower (or the axis of the roller incase of roller
follower is ) parallel to the axis of cam shaft
2. Give the required initial compression to the spring. In order that initial
compression is not lost during operation, the check nut is to be tightened
against spring seat.
3. Choose suitable amount of weight to be added to the follower weight with
central hole can be inserted from the top end of the push rod. A rest plate
for the weights should be firstly screwed to the lowest position, tighten
against it, so that there will be no loosening of the rest plate after adding
the required weights. Tightly to push rod.
4. See that the knob of the dimmerstat is at zero position
5. Now switch on the supply and increase the speed of the motor gradually
with help of dimmerstat. Do not operate the control vigorously
Observations Table :
1. For Displacement diagram:
(a) For CAM I
Sr. Follower Type
No.
1 2 3
Spring B C D A B C D A B C D
A
1 20
2 40
3 Up
to
360
(Note: Prepare separate table for CAM II)
Given:
Formula Used:
Force = m x w x r
Procedure Of Experiment:
1. Attached the balance frame to maintain frame firmly. Insert the card with pan
to the grooved pulley provided set the unit to 0 positions.
2. Values of static balancing for all the weights will be arrived when we are
conducting the experiment of dynamic balancing.
3. Now keep the block in any suitable position as reference and fix the second
block in any convenient position say 3cm to left.
4. Now hang the frame by chain and couple it with motor and run the motor by
using electric dimmer to a rated speed. By this way we can balance the
machine.
5. If the calculation is not correct then the unit will vibrate. That indicates there is
some calculation mistake at the time of drawing the force and couple polygon.
6. Attach any clock to the shaft at any position.
7. Put steel balls in one of the pans to bring the block to original 90 positions.
8. Number of balls proportional to the wr value o block.
9. Repeat the experiment for other three blocks.
10. wr X No. of balls.
Observation Table:
Sr. Weight Radius Centrifugal Centrifugal Distance Couple = m r l
No. (m) kg. (r) m force Force / W from RP
(w)rad/sec (m x r) (I) m
1.
2.
3.
Calculations:
Force l = m x W x r
Conclusions:
1. The force and the couple polygon coming to be close hence the force produce
due to rotating masses are completely balance.
Experiment No. 4
Observation Table:
Result Table:
Radius of gyration for pendulum are
Kth=
Kexp=
Experiment No. 5
Formula Used:
Procedure Of Experiment:
1. Fix two disc of the shaft and fit the shaft in the bearing.
2. Deflect the disc in opposite direction by hand and then release.
3. Note down the time required for particular number of oscillations.
4. Fit cross arm to one end of the disc and again note down the time.
5. Repeat the procedure with different and equal masses attached to the ends of cross
arm and note down the time.
Observation:
Observations are to taken for copper and steel shafts.
Observation Table:
Sr. b No. of Time Texp Tth Fth =1/Tex Fexp
No. Oscillation = 1/Texp
1
2
3
Result:
The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in two rotor system is -----Hz
Conclusion:
It is studied to determine the natural frequency of vibration of the given shaft.
It is necessary to find out the natural frequency, so that during working resonance will be
taken care of.
Experiment No. 6
Formula Used:
Tth =2 I/Kt
Procedure Of Experiment:
1. Fix the bracket at convenient position along the tower beam.
2. Grip one end of the shaft at bracket by the chuck.
3. Fix other end of shaft in the rotor.
4. Twist the motor rotor to some angle and then release.
5. Note down the time for no. of oscillations.
6. Repeat the procedure for different length of shaft.
Observation:
Observations are to taken for mild steel brass shafts.
Observation Table:
Sr. Len. Of No. of Time K Tth Texp Fth Fexp
No. Shaft oscillation
1
2
3
Result:
The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in single rotor system is---Hz
Conclusion:
Natural frequency of torsional vibration experimental to theoretical is nearly
same.
Experiment No.7
Procedure Of Experiment:
1. Fix one end of the helical spring to upper screw.
2. Determine the straight length of the helical spring at no load.
3. Put the known height of the platform at same distance.
4. For oscillations, Stretch the spring for some distance and leave it.
5. Count the time for no. of oscillations.
6. Determine the actual time period.
7. Repeat the same procedure for different weights.
Observation Table:
Result:
The mean actual frequency is found to be ------- and theoretical frequency is
Found to be -------
Conclusion:
It is found that the actual and the theoretical frequencies of the vibration close to
each other.
Experiment No.8
Equipment:
Universal Vibration testing machine
Formula Used:
Kt = G/L (lp)
Ip - Polar moment of inertia of shaft
G - Modulus of rigidity
L - Length of shaft
Procedure Of Experiment:
1. With no oil in the container allow the flywheel to oscillate and measure the time for
some oscillation.
2. Put thin mineral oil in the drum and rote the depth of immersion.
3. Put the sketching pen in the bracket.
4. Allow the flywheel to vibrate.
5. Allow the pen to descend and see that it is in contact with the paper.
6. Measure the time for some oscillations by means of stop watch.
7. Determine amplitude (Xn) at any position and amplitude(X) after Y cycles
Observation Table :
Result:
The damping co-efficient is found to be _________
Experiment No.9
Formula Used:
T = 2 1 g
Procedure Of Experiment:
Observation :
For experimental frequency.
Observation Table:
Sr. Mass of Ball Length (cm) No. of Time (t sec) Texp (t/n) T th
No. oscillati
ons(n)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Conclusion:
The relation for time period T is verified.
Experiment No.10
Equipment:
Whirling of shaft apparatus (rigid frame with motor, supporting ends.)
Formula Used:
Kt = m (r+e) (t)
K lateral stiffness of shaft
r Distance
e eccentricity
m mass of disc
(t) rotation speed
(t)n natural frequency of lateral vibration
Procedure Of Experiment:
1. Choose the required size of the shaft.
2. Mount the two fixing ends on the frame to obtain the desired condition.
3. The shaft is fixed between two ends.
4. The motor is started.
5. Motor speed is increased slowly.
6. The amplitude of vibrations in lateral direction starts and mode shape is
observed.
7. The speed is noted down so also the mode shape and mode point.
8. To observe second mode shape the speed is increased further.
9. The speed and the mode shape is noted down.
10. The procedure is followed for different shafts and different end conditions.
Observation Table :
a) Diameter of shaft (d) = _____mm
b) Effective length of shaft (L) =_______mm
c)End conditions:
i) Motor end simply supported / fixed
ii) Far end simply supported / fixed
1
2
3
4
Result:
Sr. No. Mode Whirling Speed
1 Theoretical Observed
2
3