Harmonic Filter Analysis and Redesign for a Modern

Steel Facility with Two Melt Furnaces Using

Dedicated Capacitor Banks

Thomas J. Dionise, PE Visuth Lorch

Eaton Electrical Eaton Electrical
Power Systems Engineering Power Systems Engineering
Warrendale, PA Warrendale, PA
Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractThis modern steel making facility relies on reactive TABLE I. HISTORY OF FILTER FAILURES
compensation at the substation level in the form of harmonic
filtering to support voltage for casting operations, and at the melt Date Failure
furnace level in the form of capacitor banks to support LMF 1995 filter bank commissioned
operations. A history of harmonic filter failures at the
substation, and intermittent capacitor unit failures at the melt
1997 cap oil fire and reactor failure
furnace banks, culminated in a recent catastrophic failure of the 1997 rebuilt reactors and replaced failed caps
filter reactor. April 2003 reactor failure phase-B, others damaged
July 2003 new and rebuilt reactors installed
This paper describes the analytical methods used to redesign the Sept 2003 severe reactor failures
harmonic filter to achieve the desired level of compensation yet
avoid future failure of the filter components. Field measurements In addition to the filter failures, other problems included 1)
showed the harmonic filter provided a low impedance path for capacitor failures at the Rounds Caster Filter, #1LMF and
harmonic currents produced during arcing of either or both melt #2LMF, 2) low voltage problems at the Vine St. Sub, and 3)
furnace transformer resulting in overload of the filter reactor. voltage problems at the Bloom Caster EMS and Boiler House.
Preliminary harmonic analysis enabled temporary detuning of
the harmonic filter in the field to avoid this damaging resonance Fig. 1 shows the damage to the reactor following the
condition permitting steel making operations to continue while September 2003 failure. Clockwise from upper left, the
redesigning the filter. Detailed harmonic analysis and filter damage to the Phase-B reactor included: a) iron core hot
design considered a wide range of normal and emergency system enough to melt varnish and blacken paint, b) nuts came off the
conditions, especially the effects of extended line outages by the bolts that sandwich the windings to the core, c) the entire
utility for reconductoring. Recommendations included reactor frame slipped inch or more, and d) Arcing between
specifications for the redesigned harmonic filter as well as Phase-B and ground (Phase-B faulted to ground).
changes to improve performance of the melt furnace capacitor
banks.)

Keywords-Power Quality meaasurements, harmonic analysis,

harmonic filtering, IEEE 519-1992, IEEE 18-1992.

I. INTRODUCTION
The reactive compensation of interest for this steel making
facility was the Rounds Caster Filter (12.6 MVAc at 14.4 kV,
three 1-phase iron core reactors of 1.5 mH rated 600 A), and its
interaction with the melt furnaces and melt furnace capacitors
(#1LMF 14.4 MVAc at 13.8 kV and #2LMF 16.2 MVAc at
14.4 kV). All three capacitor banks are wye-ungrounded. A
history of harmonic filter failures at the substation, and
intermittent capacitor unit failures at the melt furnace banks,
culminated in a recent catastrophic failure of the filter reactor.
Table I shows the history of the repeated failure of the Rounds
Figure 1. Damage to Filter Reactor Following September 2003 Failure
Caster Filter reactor.

137
1-4244-0365-0/06/$20.00 (c) 2006 IEEE
 EDGEWATER
JOHNSON
3P 6863 Amps
3P 9994 Amps SLG 6119 Amps
SLG 8911 Amps

B1000 JOHNSON 138000 V 138000 V B1500 EDGEWTR

SW-3N
SW-3S
OCB-1N
OCB-1S

SW-4S SW-4N

SW-5N
SW-5S
OCB-2N
OCB-2S
SW-6N
SW-6S B2510
B2500
B2000
B2010

SW-7S B2001 B2501

SW-8S SW-7N B2011 B2511

SW-8N
SW-15N SW-14N
T-1S SW-14S SW-15S
T-1N
20000.0 kVA 20000.0 kVA
138000 V / 13800 V 138000 V / 13800 V T-4S
Z 10.02 % Z 10.12 % 20000.0 kVA
138000 V / 13800 V T-4N
Z 9.80 % 25000.0 kVA
B2502 138000 V / 13800 V
CB-15 Z 11.00 %
B2002
CB-4S
CBL-LMF2
B4000 13800 V
750 1200 ft
2 /phase

B2100 LMF2 13800 V

CB-1N B4001-LMF1
CB-1SB 13800 V B4002-CAP 1
13800 V
LOAD-LMF1 CB-4N
B2200-BUS B E 13800 V CB-T1 13800 V B2600 BUS A W CAP LMF1

B4500 BUS B1 E 13800 V CB-T4 13800 V B4100 BUS A1 W

CB-14B CB-13B CB-12B CB-4A CB-3A CB-11A
CB-2A
TB CLIP
TA CLIP CB-14B1 CB-13B1 CB-TB CB-6A1 CB-TA
B2101-LMF2 B2102-CAP2 CB-11B1 CB-8B1 CB-2A1
13800 V 13800 V CB-1A1

CAP LMF2
LOAD-LMF2 CBL-11B1
500 1700 ft
CBL-2A1
1 /phase
500 1700 ft
1 /phase

CB-8A12
CB-8A11
B8000 CASTER 13800 V CB-T910 B8100 CASTER
13800 V

CB-FILTER

CBL-FILTER
500 80 ft
1 /phase

B8110 -FILTER
13800 V

FLTR-CASTER

Figure 2. Simplified Electrical Distribution System One-Line Diagram

A. Electrical Distribution System II. FIELD MEASUREMENTS

Fig. 2 shows two utility incoming 138 kV lines called Analysis of the filter bank failure began with field
Johnson and Edgewater that serve the steel facility. Three measurements to quantify performance of the filter bank under
138/13.8 kV subs called Vine St., Gary and Clinton provides normal casting and melting operations, as well as determine the
power to major mill operations. The 138/13.8 kV Vine St. interaction between the filter bank and both of the LMF
Substation is of interest for this analysis, because the capacitor capacitor banks.
and reactor failures occurred on this electrical distribution
system. The Vine St. Substation contains four power A. Test of Rebuilt Filter
transformers. Transformer T1S rated 20/26.6/33.3 MVA with
10.02% impedance supplies 13.8 kV Bus B (East), while Fig. 3 shows the results of a test of the filter after the
Transformer T4N rated 25/32.5/41.5 MVA with 11% reactor was rebuilt and put back in service. For the test, the
impedance supplies 13.8 kV Bus A1 (West). The tie breaker reactor was set on Tap 3-2 with all 42 cans in-service. The
between the Bus B (East) and the Bus A (West) is normally filter was energized Nov. 20, 2003 at 2:45 PM, and showed
closed as well as the tie breaker between the Bus B1 (East) and 528 A per phase. Shortly after arcing began on #1LMF and
Bus A1 (West). Bus B1 and Bus A1 comprise what is called #2LMF, current in excess of 640 A, with 65% 4th harmonic
the Vine Annex. The cable tie between Bus B and Bus B1 is was measured. The reactors made noticeable noise each time
normally closed, and a clip style fuse is armed to open the tie #1LMF and #2LMF arced. The reactor temperature rose
in the event of a fault on the 13.8 kV system, to limit fault steadily from 78 degrees F on Thu at 3:30 PM to 102 degrees F
currents within the short circuit KAIC rating of the 13.8 kV by Fri at 11 AM. The reactor could not tolerate such resonant
breakers. The cable tie between Bus A and Bus A1 is normally conditions, and it was decided to detune the filter away from
open. the damaging 4th harmonic resonance.

138
 Figure 3. Test of Rebuilt Filter
Figs. 4 and 5 show arcing of #1LMF or #2LMF furnaces
are rich in even harmonics, especially the 4th harmonic current.
The series combination of the Rounds Caster filter plus the
Vine St. Sub transformers (T1S and T4N) are series tuned to
the 4th harmonic at 138 kV. Although designed as a 5th
harmonic filter at 13.8 kV, the Rounds Caster Filter and the
Vine St. Sub transformers provide a lower impedance path at
138 kV for the 4th harmonic currents than does the utility
source impedance. The 4th harmonic current from either
#1LMF or #2LMF during arcing, finds the low impedance path
to the Rounds Caster filter rather than to the utility. At times,
the Rounds Caster Filter saw in excess of 640 Arms during
arcing of either LMF, and sustained 4th harmonic resonance.
Figure 4. Harmonic Currents at #1LMF During Arcing
139
Figure 5. Harmonic Currents at #2LMF During Arcing
B. Test of De-Tuned Filter
Fig. 6 shows the results of a test after de-tuning the filter
bank away from the troubles-some 4th harmonic resonant
condition. The reactor was set on tap 5-4 and 9 cans (3 per ph)
were removed from the capacitor bank. The above changes
were made on Nov. 21, 2003 at Noon. After reenergizing,
about 400 A was measured as expected, due to the removal of
capacitors. Once the #1LMF and #2LMF began arcing, the 4th
harmonic current measured 1% to 18%(occasionally), and the
5th harmonic current measured 10-13%. The filter ran quiet
and temperature held at 90 degrees F.
Figure 6. Test of Detuned Filter
 III. HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND FILTER REDESIGN TABLE II. CRITICAL LOAD FLOW CASES FOR NORMAL AND EMERGENCY
CONDITIONS
Detailed harmonic analysis and filter design considered a
wide range of normal and emergency system conditions, Operating Rounds Vine Sub
especially the effects of extended line outages by the utility for Case Condition 138 kV Lines Filter Load
reconductoring. 1 Nov. 17 Both In Out Full
1A Nov. 20 Both In In Full
A. Load Flow Analysis
2 Nov. 21 Both In Detuned Full
Table II shows load flow cases were selected to study a
wide range of normal and emergency system conditions. The 3 Normal Both In New Full
existing, de-tuned and redesigned filter were considered in the 3A Normal Both In New No Load
analysis. In addition, the utility needed to outage one or the 3B Normal Both In Out Full
other of the 138 kV lines for reconductoring for extended
periods. Such outages for reconductoring weakened the 138
4 Emergency Johnson Out New Full
kV source, and magnified harmonic conditions at the Rounds
4A Emergency Johnson Out New No Load
Filter. These emergency configurations had to be considered in
4B Emergency Johnson Out Out Full
addition to the normal modes of operating the 138 kV supply to
the steel facility. Full-load as well as no-load were considered
5 Emergency Edgewater Out New Full
to determine the extremes of voltage regulation.
5A Emergency Edgewater Out New No Load
Table III shows the necessity for reactive compensation to 5B Emergency Edgewater Out Out Full
achieve proper voltage support at the 13.8 kV Vine Street
substation (Case 1). Full compensation by the filter results in
acceptable power factor and voltage support (Case 1A). The Operating without Johnson 138 kV line (Case 4) results in
detuned filter provides about 2/3rd of the rated compensation, acceptable voltages provided a change is made in the power
and enough voltage support to enable steel making operations transformer tap. When the Edgewater 138 kV line is out of
to continue (Case 2). Further improvement in the voltage service, no such change in tap is needed to regulate voltage to
regulation is achieved with the redesigned harmonic filter acceptable levels. In the extreme case of no load (Cases 3A,
(Case 3) at full compensation. 4A and 5A), the capacitor will be switched off.

TABLE III. LOAD FLOW CASE STUDY RESULTS

STUDY 138 kV JOHNSON 138 kV EDGEWATER TOTAL UTILTY POWER

CASE MW MVAR MVA
MW MVA R MVA
MW MVAR MVA pf
1 53.680 30.581 36.394 21.072 90.074 51.653 103.833 0.87
1A 53.615 22.739 36.387 15.738 90.002 38.477 97.882 0.92
2 53.625 24.572 36.385 16.985 90.010 41.557 99.140 0.91
3 53.607 21.749 36.386 15.064 89.993 36.813 97.231 0.93
3A 33.253 8.781 22.603 6.146 55.856 14.927 57.816 0.97
3B 33.272 17.734 22.574 12.236 55.846 29.970 63.380 0.88
4 OUT OF SERVICE 90.894 41.423 90.894 41.423 99.888 0.91
4A OUT OF SERVICE 56.155 15.541 56.155 15.541 58.266 0.96
4B OUT OF SERVICE 56.223 31.931 56.223 31.931 64.658 0.87
5 90.434 39.864 OUT OF SERVICE 90.434 39.864 98.830 0.92
5A 56.006 16.115 OUT OF SERVICE 56.006 16.115 58.278 0.96
5B 56.033 31.373 OUT OF SERVICE 56.033 31.373 64.218 0.87

Case 1* Case 1A Case 2 Case 3 Case 3A Case 3B

kV pu kV pu kV pu kV pu kV pu kV pu
13.655 0.989 13.755 0.997 13.643 0.989 13.815 1.001 14.552 1.054 14.005 1.015

Case 4* Case 4A* Case 4B* Case 5 Case 5A Case 5B

kV pu kV pu kV pu kV pu kV pu kV pu
13.855 1.004 14.783 1.071 14.136 1.024 13.648 0.989 14.477 1.049 13.895 1.007

Noted that the transformers T-1S and T-4N tap set at 134.55 kV (Tap 4 -0.975 pu) for all study cases
Except for Study Cases 1, 4, 4A and 4B as noted (*), the transformer tap set at 131.1 kV(Tap 5 - 0.95 pu)

140
B. Harmonic Analysis TABLE IV. HARMONIC CASES FOR NORMAL AND EMERGENCY
CONDITIONS
Table IV shows the harmonic case conditions selected to
study the interaction between the harmonic filter, melt Operating Rounds Vine Sub
furnaces, and melt furnace capacitors. Of particular interest Case Condition 138 kV Lines Filter Load
was the percent voltage and current THD at the following 1 Nov. 17 Both In Out Full
locations: 13.8 kV LMF Furnace #1, 13.8 kV LMF Furnace #2, 1A Nov. 20 Both In In Full
the 13.8 kV Rounds Caster Substation, and 138 kV incoming
lines Johnson and Edgewater. The cases were selected to 2 Nov. 21 Both In Detuned Full
redesign the Rounds Caster Filter, keeping each capacitor
voltage and current THD within IEEE Std. 18-1992 standard 3 Normal Both In New Full
limits, and keeping the reactor current within the continuous
rating of the reactor. 4 Emergency Johnson Out New Full
Table V shows the excessive currents seen by the filter
reactor match those measured in the field (Case 1A). De- 5 Emergency Edgewater Out New Full
tuning the filter resulted in currents within the reactor
continuous current rating, again the system model agreed with
Table VI shows the parallel resonant and series resonant for
field measurements (Case 2). Having proved the system
the harmonic filter. The parallel and series resonant points here
model, the filter was redesigned resulting in continuous current
are reported at the local 13.8 kV bus. However, care was taken
within the reactor rating (Case 3). The redesigned filter was
in each case to check the resonant points as reflected to the 138
checked for weaker 138 kV systems with Johnson out-of-
kV bus. The existing filter was series tuned to 4.78th (Case
service (Case 4) and Edgewater out-of-service (Case 5) giving
1A). The filter was temporarily series detuned to 5.65th in the
acceptable filter loading and system harmonic distortion in both
field to prevent reactor overload and provide about 2/3rd of the
cases.
rated reactive compensation for voltage support (Case 2).

TABLE V. HARMONIC STUDY CASE RESULTS FILTER AND CAPACITOR DUTIES

Study Bus Capacitor VOLTAGE (kV) CURRENT (Amps) MVA

Case Nuber Location kV Rated % Amperes Rated % MVA Rated %

1 4002 CAP1 at LMF1 13.800 13.800 100.00% 760 602 126.15% 16.11 14.40 111.86%

2102 CAP2 at LMF2 14.504 14.400 100.72% 915 650 140.87% 20.2206 16.20 124.82%
8111 FILTER at Caster OUT OF SERVICE OUT OF SERVICE OUT OF SERVICE

1A 4002 CAP1 at LMF1 13.965 13.800 101.20% 798 602 132.46% 16.92 14.40 117.52%
2102 CAP2 at LMF2 14.612 14.400 101.47% 930 650 143.18% 20.65 16.20 127.50%
8111 FILTER at Caster 15.023 14.400 104.33% 640 505 126.69% 15.53 12.60 123.25%

2 4002 CAP1 at LMF1 13.621 13.800 98.70% 746 602 123.83% 16.07 14.40 111.57%
2102 CAP2 at LMF2 14.555 14.400 101.08% 917 650 141.18% 20.35 16.20 125.60%
8111 FILTER at Caster 14.095 14.400 97.88% 406 397 102.29% 9.57 9.90 96.64%

3 4002 CAP1 at LMF1 13.860 13.800 100.43% 756 602 125.49% 16.16 14.40 112.24%

2102 CAP2 at LMF2 14.570 14.400 101.18% 920 650 141.64% 20.40 16.20 125.91%
8111 FILTER at Caster 14.164 14.400 98.36% 573 577 99.25% 13.97 14.40 97.04%

4 4002 CAP1 at LMF1 13.457 13.800 97.51% 720 602 119.44% 15.15 14.40 105.24%
2102 CAP2 at LMF2 14.498 14.400 100.68% 986 650 151.80% 21.57 16.20 133.14%
8111 FILTER at Caster 13.804 14.400 95.86% 566 577 98.09% 13.36 14.40 92.78%

5 4002 CAP1 at LMF1 13.659 13.800 98.98% 726 602 120.51% 15.53 14.40 107.85%

2102 CAP2 at LMF2 14.607 14.400 101.44% 967 650 148.88% 21.37 16.20 131.89%
8111 FILTER at Caster 14.004 14.400 97.25% 572 577 99.07% 13.73 14.40 95.34%

IEEE Limit 110% 180% 135%

141
 TABLE VI. RESONANT CONDITIONS FOR THE FILTER BANK AND BOTH 0.10E+03 Z Ohm Log

CAPACITOR BANKS 32.

10.

Parallel Resonace Series Resonance 3.2 1

Study Filter or Frequency Frequency Frequency 1.0

1

Case Capacitor (Hz) Order (Hz) Order (Hz) Order 0.32

1 LMF#1 221 3.68 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.10

LMF#2 209 3.48 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.32E-01

Rounds Caster N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.10E-01

1A LMF#1 221 3.68 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

X 1.0E+01 Freq(PU)

LMF#2 209 3.48 N/A N/A N/A N/A

1:8100CASTER 8100CASTER Mod=0 F1

Rounds Caster 237 3.95 N/A N/A 287 4.78

2 LMF#1 223 3.72 N/A N/A N/A N/A CASE 2

LMF#2 209 3.48 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Rounds Caster 275 4.58 N/A N/A 339 5.65 Figure 8. Frequency Scan at Detuned Harmonic Filter (Case 2)
3 LMF#1 223 3.72 N/A N/A N/A N/A
LMF#2 209 3.48 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Rounds Caster 275 4.58 N/A N/A 389 6.48
4 LMF#1 203 3.38 209 3.48 223 3.72 Study Case 2 was performed to determine the accuracy of
LMF#2 203 3.38 217 3.62 221 3.68 the computer model compared to the measured data on
Rounds Caster 273 4.55 N/A N/A 389 6.48 November 21st 2003. The data was taken right after the
5 LMF#1 205 3.42 209 3.48 221 3.68 energizing of the detuned harmonic filter at the Rounds Caster.
LMF#2 205 3.42 217 3.62 221 3.68
Rounds Caster 273 4.55 N/A N/A 389 6.48
The reactor at the harmonic filter was adjusted to Tap 5-4 (or
1.73 mH) with 9 cans of 300 kVAc capacitor were removed.
Fig. 8 shows the frequency scan at the harmonic filter. The
In this way, steel-making operations could continue while parallel resonant frequency was found to be at 275 Hz (or
the filter was redesigned. The filter was redesigned with a 4.58th harmonic) and the series resonant frequency was found
series tuning of 6.48th, requiring installation of a new reactor to be 339 Hz (or 5.65th harmonic).
but permitting rated capacitive compensation without fear of
overloading the reactor (Case 3). The parallel and series Study Case 3 was performed to evaluate the new designed
resonance for the capacitor banks changes with the emergency harmonic filter at the Rounds Caster at normal operating
line out conditions, while those of the filter bank do not change condition with both 138 kV Johnson and 138 kV Edgewater in
(Cases 4 and 5). service. Since the measured data did not find significant
amount of the 5th harmonic current for the load current at the
Caster substation.
C. Discussion of Specific Cases
Study Case 1A was performed to determine the accuracy of The redesigned harmonic filter specification is given in
the computer model compared to the measured data on Table V. The design goals included: 1) Maximize the number
November 20th 2003. The data was taken right after the of capacitor cans. There is enough space to utilize 48 cans of
energizing of the rebuilt harmonic filter at the Rounds Caster. the 300 kVAc, and 2) Design the harmonic filter such that the
The reactor at the harmonic filter was set at Tap 3-2 (or 1.9 parallel resonant frequency will be at 275 Hz.
mH) with 42 cans of 300 kVAc. Fig. 9 shows the frequency scan at the harmonic filter. The
Fig. 7 shows the frequency scan at the harmonic filter. The parallel resonant frequency was found to be at 275 Hz (or
parallel resonant frequency was found to be at 237 Hz (or 4.58th harmonic) and the series resonant frequency was found
3.95th harmonic) and the series resonant frequency was found to be 389 Hz (or 6.48th harmonic).
to be 287 Hz (or 4.78th harmonic).
Z Ohm Log
0.10E+03

32.

32. Z Ohm Log

10.

10.
3.2
1

3.2 1
1.0 1
1

1.0
0.32

0.32
0.10

0.10 0.32E-01

0.32E-01 0.10E-01

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

0.10E-01
X 1.0E+01 Freq(PU)
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

X 1.0E+01 Freq(PU)
1:8100CASTER 8100CASTER Mod=0 F1

1:8100CASTER 8100CASTER Mod=0 F1

CASE 2
CASE 1A

Figure 7. Frequency Scan at Rebuilt Harmonic Filter (Case 1A) Figure 9. Frequency Scan at Redesigned Harmonic Filter (Case 3)

142
 TABLE VII. HARMONIC FILTER SPECIFICATION (REDESIGNED FILTER)
Specification
System Voltage
System Frequency
Filter Tuning (series resonant)
Capacitor rated KVA (total three phase)
Total of 48 cans of 300 KVAR per can
Capacitor rated KVA (single phase)
Capacitor rated Voltage
Capacitor rated Voltage
Capacitor of Low Stress Design
REFERENCES
Value
[1] IEEE Standard 519-1982, IEEE Recommended Practice and
13,800 Volts
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, IEEE,
60 Hz
1992, tables 10.2 and 10.3, pp. 77-78.
389 Hz (6.48th harmonic) [2] ANSI/IEEE Standard 18-1992, IEEE Standard for Shunt Powr
Capacitors, IEEE Standards Board 1992, ANSI 1993, section 5.2.3, p. 4.
14,400 kVAc [3] D. Carnovale, V. Lorch, T. Dionise, T. Gerstnecker, Electric Arc
Furnace Harmonic Filter Failure, Analysis and Repair, AISE
Conference Proceedings, Memphis, TN, October 2002, pp. 4-5.
4,800 kVAc
14,400 Volts (phase to phase)
8,314 Volts (line to neutral)
1500 Volts per mil or better

Reactance rated ohm 0.339 ohms per phase

Reactance 0.9 millihenry per phase
Reactance Taps +/-5%, steps of 2.5%
Reactance rated voltage 15 kV
Reactance rated voltage 110 kV BIL
1
Reactance rated current 1000 A rms (See below)
Reactor Harmonic Order Amperes
Fundamental 600
2 200
3 200
4 600
5 600

Note 1: Harmonic current magnitudes were determined by field measurements

using a Dranetz 658 Harmonics Analyzer.

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the field measurements and harmonic analysis,
the authors make the following recommendations:
Replace the existing filter with the redesigned filter.
The specifications for the redesigned filter are given in
Table VII. Significant design improvements included
the increased voltage rating of the capacitors, and the
increased continuous current rating of the reactor.
Build the tuning reactor with several taps to
accommodate changes in the utility short circuit MVA,
since the parallel frequency is dependent on the utility
short circuit MVA.
Prevent the capacitor fuse failure as well as reduce the
voltage stress on the LMF #1 capacitors by replacing
the 14.4 MVAc capacitor bank rated 13.8 kV with 18
MVAc capacitor bank rated 15.125 kV.
Similarly for LMF#2, replace the 16.2 MVAc capacitor
bank rated 14.4 kV with 18 MVAc capacitor bank
rated 15.125 kV.
For the redesigned filter bank and the two capacitor
banks, make use of extreme duty capacitors that allow
125% of rated voltage rms. These capacitors exceed
the 110% of rated voltage rms required per ANSI/IEEE
Standard 18-1992.
Perform additional Harmonic Analysis prior to any
changes of the utility short circuit MVA, i.e. upgrades
or modifications to the 138 kV grid, as well as addition
or removal of generation.

143