LUX IN DOMINO

BOOK - II
Cel. 314 - 4587865
boblearnenglish@yahoo.com
 About the Author

Robert Gerlach Zaragoza

Robert Gerlach Zaragoza, being of Fil-American parentage was born on

November 27, 1938, in the city of Manila the capital the Philippines an
archipelagic nation in the Far East made up of 7,107 islands and
spanning 1,840 kilometers north to south. He was a former Advertising,
Marketing Executive with an international agency and a Television
Producer and Director in one of the Television channels in the city of
Manila.

Bob, as he is called by his friends, took up Bachelor of Arts, Majoring in

English (Licenciado en Letras Especializacin en Ingles) at the Xavier
University in Manila, R.P., and here in Colombia Graduate courses in
Phonetics, attended several Symposiums for professors of English at
Centro Colombo Americano. In 2006 he was called to participate in a
national English Language project Huila unido habla ingles And came
to respect the teachers of Huila.

He left the Philippines in 1970 and in his travels throughout the world
when he was in Hong Kong he taught English as a Second Language,
and liked it. As a result, before compiling and writing the material for his
English language book, he did some research and studies gathering
material that took him to some great libraries of Manila, Hong Kong,
Spain, Switzerland and Colombia.

When he arrived in this country (Colombia) in the early '70s, he made

Colombia his home. During the past years becoming aware that most of
the materials being used are not books made to teach English as a
second language and knowing the importance of learning English in
South American countries, he worked on his notes and eventually wrote
these books to facilitate the teaching and learning of English as a
Second Language for the benefit of all South Americans. .

ADVERTENCIA
Este material esta echo para el uso de los estudiantes de Zaragoza. S prohbe cualquier clase de reproduccin total o parcial
de ste material. Se perseguir administrativa o judicialmente a toda persona natural o jurdica que viole en cualquier forma la
propiedad intelectual del presente material.

Copyright 1994 by R.G.Zaragoza Bogot Colombia S.A.

 SABER ENSEAR Y ESTUDIAR
ALUMNOS:

Es mi placer transmitirles mis conocimientos a travs de mi mtodo, el cual

dise para cambiar la idea de pensar que es muy difcil aprender ingls y que la
mayora piensa. No es as, es el maestro(a) quien es ignorante porque no conoce
(estudi) mi idioma, por lo tanto no sabe ensearlo. No es suficiente ir a un pas de
habla ingls, y aprender el habla de la calle, sino que es necesario ir a la
universidad y aprenderlo para poder ensearlo correctamente.

Ustedes tienen una ventaja por que hablen el espaol, uno de los lenguajes
ms difciles de aprender. Es vital hacer un paralelo entre las similitudes del idioma
a aprender, y el idioma nativo. No se puede ensear correctamente un idioma si el
alumno no tiene claros los conceptos gramaticales de su idioma nativo. Por eso
desconfe de maestros(as) o cursos donde le dicen "No more Spanish" desde la
primera clase. Perdnales por favor por que no saben lo que dicen y mucho menos
lo que hacen en contra de las personas que apenas estn empezando a aprender el
ingles.

Es adecuado para el aprendizaje autodidacta. (Complemente el conocimiento

conversando con personas que lo hablen correctamente). El odo lo puede afinar
mediante la utilizacin de programas de computacin que estn en ingls. Tambin
la tele o pelculas en ingles, es una excelente herramienta para adquirir vocabulario
y poder divertirse de manera sana.

El poco conocimiento que tengo del castellano, lo utilizo aqu con lgica y
sentido comn para dar absoluta claridad sobre los temas. Explico de manera
amena y coloquial de los dos idiomas para simplificarlo al estudiante; la redaccin
del texto simula la presencia del instructor, lo que le quita el carcter impersonal que
tiene cualquier libro de enseanza. Comprende una parte gramatical en espaol y su
aproximacin a la gramtica bsica del ingls de manera paralela; despus
estudiaremos la forma de construir oraciones en ingls, rea bsica para conversar y
para poder hacerse entender.

Si se dedica un poco de tiempo todos los das a aprender vocabulario,

lograrn avances y mejorarn su entendimiento. No se puede negar que hay
mtodos que son mejores que otros. Para aprender vocabulario no se necesita
instructor (un buen diccionario basta).

Una de las principales causas del fracaso en el estudio de Idiomas es el no

saber estudiar. Aqu anotaremos las diferentes partes que componen cada leccin
de este Mtodo y como debe estudiarse cada una. Este mtodo es enteramente,
pedaggico, comprensible, gramatical y prctico y estudindose debidamente el
alumno conocer el idioma Ingls a fondo al graduarse. Refirindose
particularmente al ingls, idioma de extraordinaria aplicacin en todo,
conjuntamente con el castellano, no hay que realzar, por sabios, los beneficios
que del conocimiento de dichos idiomas se desprenden. Hemos hecho este
material para suplir las necesidades del estudiantado.

El aprendizaje del idioma Ingls ofrece innumerables ventajas, entre las

cuales cabe destacar, como ms importantes, las que se refieren al terreno cultural,
social y econmico. Dada la gran divulgacin que a travs de todo el mundo ha
adquirido el ingls, el estudiante que se grada con nosotros para la Universidad
estar en una posicin ventajosa para desempear con brillantez cualquier prueba
acadmica dentro o fuera del pas. Ello, naturalmente, significa, para el estudiante
en tales condiciones, un mayor beneficio econmico y mejores facilidades de triunfo
dentro de su carrera.

Para hablar el Ingls no basta saber pronunciar las letras del alfabeto, pues
no hay, quizs, lengua alguna que presente sonidos tan variados y excepciones
tan numerosas a la regla general; de modo que solo por medio de un maestro,
y/o, practicando con Ingleses o Norteamericanos inteligentes, se puede conseguir
una pronunciacin ms o menos perfecta.

Tiene el Ingls, tambin, otra irregularidad importante en su ortografa; una

misma letra se pronuncia de diferentes maneras, con sonidos enteramente
distintos, ejemplo: V, G, A, suenan como / E /. E como / I /, o como / U / .As en
Ingls / LO / (he aqu!), se pronuncia precisamente como el pronombre LO en
Espaol. Pero DO = (hacer), se pronuncia / DU / y TO = (a), se pronuncia / TU /
etc. Esta irregularidad, de la cual hablo, se extiende a muchsimas palabras, a
tal punto que en espaol, solamente sucede con la Y, que cuando es conjuncin se
pronuncia como / I /, / V /, / G / Ejemplo: Europa, Amrica. Y se pronuncia como
consonante cuando adhiere a una vocal, en el caso de yerro - yugo.

Estas excepciones o irregularidades son tan abundantes en ingls que, casi,

puede decirse, que las letras de ese idioma de ninguna manera representan los
sonidos del lenguaje. a cosa es aprender a escribir una palabra, y otra muy
diferente el saber pronunciarla despus de estar escrita. Tan grande es, esta
dificultad, que los mismos norteamericanos ingleses estn obligados a emplear
Diccionarios de Pronunciacin con su clave correspondiente. Diccionarios donde las
palabras estn impresas tal cual deben escribirse; y a continuacin, las mismas
palabras con ciertos signos, que muestran como deben pronunciarse. Estos
Diccionarios de Pronunciacin no los hay en castellano, porque no se necesitan.

La diferencia entre la manera de escribir y la de pronunciar las palabras en

Ingls se debe en parte a que la lengua Inglesa se ha formado de la mezcla de
gran nmero de diferentes lenguas; y en parte a los grandes cambios que han
ocurrido en la manera de pronunciar muchas palabras durante muchos siglos,
mientras que el modo de escribirlas no ha cambiado en proporcin; pero
principalmente a causa de haber adoptado el alfabeto romano para representar el
Ingls, que tiene muchos ms sonidos que aqul el latino, y aun ms que el
castellano, y por lo tanto no puede representarlos el alfabeto romano.

Robert Gerlach Zaragoza.

(Universal Value)
Honesty, Responsibility, Tolerance
Note to the Teacher:

A GOOD TEACHER EXPLAINS

A SUPERIOR TEACHER DEMONSTRATES

AN EXCELLENT TEACHER INSPIRES

The reason English is a required subject in almost all schools is that nothing in your education is
more important than learning how to express yourself well. You may know a vast amount about a
subject, but if you are unable to communicate what you know, you are severely limited. By
learning how English functions and by practicing language skills, you can acquire the competence
necessary to express adequately what you know and what you think.

You have two guides to help you in your study of English. One is your teacher; the other is your
textbook. This textbook is designed to help you improve your ability to use English. It will show
you how the English sentence works, how words are combined in sentences, and how the parts of
sentences may best be arranged for clear communication. You will learn the difference between
sentences, which are strong and awkward. You will learn to use Standard English,

What this book does not do

This book is not a complete guide to the English language. Its purpose is practical: to give the
learner and the teacher important information they need in order to deal with common language
problems. Within this framework, the explanations are as complete and accurate as I could make
them. However it is not always possible to deal with all the details of a complex structural point; so
you may well find occasional exceptions to some of the grammatical rules. Equally, this book is
not aimed to replace a dictionary. However, it gives information about common problems; it does
not attempt to describe other meanings or uses of the words beside those points that are selected.

In general, each chapter is organized around one of structure, building from basic structures to
related structures and usage. The text is designed to be used in the order in which it is Presented;
however, the integration of material is not so extensive as to preclude your rearranging the
order of presentation to suit your purposes and the needs of your class.

The exercises designated ORAL is to be done with open books but require no writing and no
preparation. This book is intended to be practical, useful, and fun-for both student and teacher.

How important is correctness?

If one makes too many mistakes in a foreign language, it would be difficult for one to be
understood, so a reasonable level of correctness is important. However, it is quite unnecessary to
speak or write a language perfectly in order to communicate effectively (few in fact achieve a
perfect command of another language). Learners should aim to avoid serious mistakes but you
should not become obsessed with correctness, or worry every time you make a mistake.
Grammar is not the most important thing in the world!

So Which Approach Is Best?

There is no one best approach because the circumstances and needs of ESL students
vary so greatly.To choose approaches that are the most appropriate for your students,
you must take into account many variables. What are your students needs? Where will
they use their English? Will they need their English for school or for work? How old are
they? What kind of work do they do? How much time do they have to learn English?
Have they studied English or another language before?

How well do they know their own language? In this case Spanish.
 UNIT1
:

ALWAYS BEGIN WITH THE

ALPHABET
/ei/ /bi/ /si/ /di/ /i/
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee
1 2 3 4 5

/ef/ /yi/ /eich/ /ai/ /yei/

Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj
6 7 8 9 10

/kei/ /el/ /em/ /en/ /ou/

Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo
11 12 13 14 15

/pi/ /quiu/ /ar/ /es/ /ti/

Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt
16 17 18 19 20

/iu/ /vi/ /dabeliu/ /ex/ /uai/

Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
21 22 23 24 25

/zii /

Zz
26

The letter Z is pronounced /zii/ in American English and /zed/ in British English Ten en cueta que
deletrear (Spell) es diferente de pronunciar. Deletrear significa decir una por una las letras que
componen la palabra.

Vowels = a, e, i, o, u.
Consonants = b, c. d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

E T AINORS HCDFLMU BGPWY JKQVX

13% 10% 7% 5% 3% 2%
CUANDO USTED ENCUENTRE LETRAS MAYSCULAS EN LA PRONUNCIACIN FONTICA,
DEBEN PRONUNCIARSE DBILMENTE.

MONTHS OF THE YEAR = meses del ao

January /yanuari/ Enero February /februari/ Febrero

March /maaRch/ Marzo April /eipril/ Abril
May /mei/ May June /yuun/ Junio
July /yuulai/ Julio August /ooguest/ Agosto
September /septembeR/ Septiembre October /octoUbeR/ Octubre
November /novembeR/ Noviembre December /disembeR/ Diciembre

DAYS OF THE WEEK = das de la semana

Monday (Mon.) /mandEi/ Lunes Tuesday (Tues.) /tiusdEi/ Martes

Wednesday (Wed.) /uuensdEi/ Mircoles Thursday (Thurs.) /zersdEi/ Jueves
Friday (Fri.) /fraidEi/ Viernes Saturday (Sat.) /saterdEi/ Sbado
Sunday (Sun.) /sandEi/ Domingo

Usando nmeros para escribir la fecha: mm / dd / yy = 11/ 27/ 38 = November 27, 1938

NUMBERS

CARDINAL CARDINAL ORDINAL ORDINAL

/ ferst /
1 ONE 2 TWO 1st FIRST 2nd SECOND
3 THREE 4 FOUR 3rd THIRD 4th FOURTH
5 FIVE 6 SIX 5th FIFTH 6th SIXTH
7 SEVEN 8 EIGHT 7th SEVENTH 8th EIGHTH
9 NINE 10 TEN 9th NINETH 10th TENTH
/ ileven / / tuelf / /ilevente/
11 ELEVEN 12 TWELVE 11th ELEVENTH 12th TWELFTH
/ tertin /
13 THIRTEEN 14 FOURTEEN 13th THIRTEENTH 14th FOURTEENTH
15 FIFTEEN 16 SIXTEEN 15th FIFTEENTH 16th SIXTEENTH
17 SEVENTEEN 18 EIGHTEEN 17th SEVENTEENTH 18th EIGHTEENTH
/ tuuenti /
19 NINETEEN 20 TWENTY 19th NINETEENTH 20th TWENTIETH

TIME on the CLOCK

It's nine o'clock. It's nine. It's nine-oh-five.

It's five (minutes) after nine. It's five (minutes) past nine.

It's nine-ten. It's ten (minutes) after nine. It's ten (minutes) past nine.

It's nine-fifteen. It's a quarter after nine. It's a quarter past nine.

It's nine-thirty. It's half past nine. Its thirty minutes after nine.

It's nine-forty-five. It's a quarter to ten. It's a quarter of ten.

It's nine

It's ten (minutes) to ten. It's ten (minutes) of ten.

It's noon. It's midnight.

A.M. = morning It's nine A.M.

P.M. = afternoon evening night It's nine P.M.

 UNIT2

REVIEW
FORMS of BE

Simple Present Simple Past Present Prefect Past Prefect

I am I was I have been I had been
You are You were You have been You had been
He, she, it is he, she, it was he, she, it has been he, she, it had been
We, you, they are we, you, they were we, you they have been we, you, they had been

An AUXILIARY VERB helps in the conjugation of a main verb. The Spanish auxiliary verb haber
(have) is used to form the compound tenses.

EXAMPLE: I speak with the teacher / I spoke with the teacher

I have spoken with the teacher. = Yo he hablado con el maestro.
I had spoken with the teacher. = Yo haba hablado con el maestro.

KINDS OF SENTENCES:
Declarative sentences make statements:
Interrogative sentences ask questions:
Imperative sentences make requests or give commands:
Exclamatory sentences express strong feeling:

SIMPLE PRESENT Presente Simple

NOTE: Usamos el presente simple para hablar sobre las cosas en general. Lo usamos
para decir que algo pasa todo el tiempo o repetidamente, o que algo es en general verdad. No
es importante si la accin est pasando en el momento de hablar.

SIMPLE PRESENT Sometimes the simple present is used in sentences that contain future time
words. The simple present is used primarily with verbs such as open/close, begin/end, arrive/ leave an
expression, an established fact. Simple tenses consist of a conjugated main verb only. They occur in
the Present, Imperfect, Past, Future, Present Conditional, Present Subjunctive, and Imperfect
Subjunctive.

(a) The museum opens at ten tomorrow morning. (c) Classes begin next week.
(b) Johns plane arrives at 6:05 next Monday.

Note: In expressing future time, the present progressive is used in a much wider ranger of
situations than the simple present.

PROGRESSIVE TENSES are used in English and Spanish to indicate that an action or condition
is in progress or ongoing, or that an action was in progress when another one took place. They occur
in the Present, Past, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Tenses, and the Conditional Mood.
In Spanish, alternate continuous tenses may be formed using the auxiliaries ir, venir, or estar +
present participle.

EXAMPLES: El vino corriendo. = He came running...

He esta u hablando con el maestro. = I have been specking with the teacher.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE The present progressive may be used to express future time when
the idea of the sentence concerns planned event or definite intention.

COMPARE: (A verb such as rain is not used in the present progressive to indicate future time because
rain is not a planned event.) A future meaning for the present progressive tense indicates either by
future time words in the sentence or by the context.

(d) My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is seeing Dr. North next Tuesday.
(e) Sam has already made his plans. He is leaving at noon tomorrow.
(f) A: What are you going to do this afternoon?
(g) B: After lunch I am meeting a friend of mine, and were going shopping.
Would you like to come along?
(h) A: My car is in the garage for repairs. B: How are you going to go to work tomorrow?
A: I am taking the bus.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE:
The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.
(a) I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come.
(b) Right now I am sitting in class.__
(c) Dont call me at nine because I wont be home. I am going to be studying at the library.

EXAMPLES: El vino corriendo. = He came running...

He estado hablando con el maestro. = I have been specking with the teacher.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the
present. When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words such as for, since, all morning,
all day, all week.

Right now I am sitting at my desk.

(a) I have been sitting here since seven oclock.
(b) I have been sitting here for two hours.
(c) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why dont you take a break?
(d) He has been watching television since nine o clock this morning.
(e) It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now._

When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a general activity in
progress recently, lately.
(f) I have been thinking about changing my major.
(g) All of the students have been studying hard.
(h) John has been doing a lot of work on his thesis. He should be finished by May.
( i ) My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor Lately, the bed is too soft.

With certain verbs (most notably live, work, teach) there is little or no difference in meaning
between the two tenses when since or for is used
(j) I have lived here since 1975. I have been living here since 1975.
(k) He has worked at the same store for ten years.
He has been working at same store for ten years.

PAST PERFECT
The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past. If
either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is not necessary because the time
relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used instead of the past perfect, as in (e) and (g)

(a) My parents had already eaten by the time I got home.

(b) Until yesterday, I had never heard about it.
(c) The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door.
(d) He had arrived before we got there.
(e) He arrived before we got there.
(f) After the guests left, I went to bed.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before
another activity or time in the past.

(g) The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.
(h) The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before a doctor
finally treated her.
(i) He finally came at six-o clock. I had been waiting for him since four thirty.
(j) Her skin was sun burned because she had been lying on the beach all afternoon.
This tense also may express an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in
the past.
(k) When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming.
(l) Her eyes were red because she had been crying.

EXAMPLES: He hablado con la maestra. = I have spoken with the teacher.

El vino corriendo... = He came running...
 PERFECT TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT
USE: Unspecified Time before now.
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now.

Ex. People have traveled to the Moon.

PAST PERFECT
USE: Completed Action before Something in the past.
The pat perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past.
It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Ex. Had you ever studied English before you moved here?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

USE: Duration from the pat until now. We use the present perfect continuous to show that
something started in the pat and has continued up until now.

Ex. Have you been waiting for two hours?

"WH" QUESTION WORDS

Use them with all the above tenses.
WHEN is used to ask questions about time.

When did you arrive? Yesterday.

When will you go? Next Monday.

WHERE is used to ask questions about place.

Where is he? At home.

Where can I get tickets for the show? At the box office.

WHY is used to ask questions about reason.

Why didn't he stay home? Because he wasn't sick.

Why aren't you with us? Cause I'm tired.

. WHO is used as the subject of a question.

It refers to people. It is usually followed by a verb.

Who can answer this question? I can.

Who is coming to dinner tonight? Mary, Bob and Joan.
Who wants to come with me? She does.

. WHOM is used as the object of a verb or preposition.

In spoken English, whom is rarely used; It is used only in formal questions.

Who (m) did he see? He saw George.

Who (m) are we visiting? My relatives.

NOTE: Whom, not who, is used if preceded by a preposition.

To whom should I talk? (Formal) The boss.

Who (m) should I talk to?

. WHOSE asks questions about possession.

Whose car did you borrow? David's.

Whose mug is this? It's mine.
Whose is this? It's his.

. WHAT is used as the subject of a question. It refers to things

It is also used as an object. It sometimes accompanies a noun.

What made you angry? His rudeness.

 What went wrong? Everything.
What do you need? I need some money.
What did you buy? A car.
What did she write about?
What time did she finally arrive? At 7:00 o'clock.
What programs do you like on TV? The news specials.
About what did she write? (Formal) About me.

.WHICH is used instead of WHAT when a question concerns choosing from a definite, known
quantity or group. In some cases, there is little difference in meaning between which and what
when they accompany a noun.

I have two pens. Which pen do you want?

Which one do you want? The blue one.
Which do you want?

Which book should I take this one or that one? That one.
Which countries did you visit on your trips?
What countries did you visit on your trips?

.HOW generally asks about manner, but it has many idiomatic uses
It is used with much and many. It is also used with adjectives and adverbs.

How did you come to the office? By bus.

How does she drive? Like a woman.
How much money does it cost? $10.00 (ten dollars).
How many people came to the meeting? Fifteen or sixteen.
How old are you? Twelve.
How cold is it? Ten below zero.
How soon can you get here? In ten minutes.
How fast were you driving? 50 m.p.h.

HOW LONG .asks about length of time.

How long have you been in this city? Two years.

HOW OFTEN .asks about frequency.

How often do you go there? Every week.

HOW FAR .asks about distance.

How far is it to Cartagena from here? I don't know.

UNIT - 3
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
AT + specific time on the clock. a. We've got a date at 7:00 p.m.
b. I've got an appointment at 3:00 p.m.

AT + night c. We sleep at night.

IN + month d. My birthday is in ______________.

IN + Year e. I was born in 1964.

IN + morning f. I don't have breakfast in the morning.

IN + afternoon g. I don't have snack in the afternoon.

IN + evening h. We have supper in the evening.

ON + date j. He was born on March. 3, 2000.

ON + day of the week i. I work on week-days.

FROM (a specific time) TO (a specific time) k. I have work from 8:00 to 5:00.
 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

a. A person travels on a plane, or bus, in a car or taxi.

(Una persona viaja en un avin, bus, carro o taxi.)

b. One gets angry at people, but with things. (Uno se enoja a la gente, pero se enoja con cosas.
c. When speaking about an address: (Cuando se habla acerca de una direccin.

One lives at a specific address: (Uno vive en una direccin especfica:

One lives on a specific street: (Uno vive sobre una calle especfica:
One lives in a specific city: (Uno vive en una ciudad especfica:

NOTICE: Preposition usage after ARRIVE:

ARRIVE is followed by either IN or AT. ARRIVE es seguido por IN o AT.

ARRIVE is not followed by TO. ARRIVE no es seguido por TO.

You arrive in a country or in a city. (Tu llegas dentro de un pas o dentro de una ciudad.)
You arrive at a particular place. (a building, an airport, a house, an apartment, a party)
Tu llegas a un lugar particular. (un edificio, un aeropuerto, una casa, un apartamento,
una fiesta )

DRILL 1: Complete the sentences with prepositions of time.

1. Bob was born _____ 1938. 10. I was born ______ November.
2. He was born _____ Nov. 27, 1938. 11. She studies ______ the evening.
3. The school isn't open ____ Sundays. 12. We go to the school ______ 8 o'clock.
4. What time are you ____ the house? 13. We have recess _____ the afternoon.
5 We have recess ______ the morning. 14. I sleep ____ 10:30 p.m. ____ 6:00 a.m.
6. Werent you _____ Bob's last Saturday? 15. Don't you have lunch ___12:00 __ 2:00?
7. Could you see me _____ 10:55 ____ Wednesday?
8. The principal is ____ his office before 9:00 ____ Thursday's.
9. The school is open ___ 8:00 a.m. __ 6:45 p.m. ___ Mondays, it closes ___ 6:45 p.m. .

NOTE: WHEN = CUANDO hace preguntas acerca de tiempo

When is the schedule changed? Cundo se cambia el horario?

When are the schedules changed? Cundo cambian los horarios?

NOTE: PREPOSITION + NOUN = Prepositional phrase at the office

prepositional phrase = frase preposicional

UNIT8
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
ALWAYS USUALLY OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM RARELY NEVER
Siempre usualmente a menudo algunas veces de vez en cuando Rara vez nunca
100% 99-90% 90-75% 75-25% 5-10% 10-1% 0%

Frequency adverbs come between the subject and the simple present verb.
They sometimes come at either the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

Sometimes I get up at 6:00. I sometimes get up at 6:00. I get up at 6:00 sometimes.

(a) Bob always comes to work. (b) I seldom go to movies.

(c) Mary usually comes to work. (d) She rarely makes a mistake.

(e) We often watch TV at night. (f) I never fall in love.

DRILL 2: Add the frequency adverbs to the sentences. (ORAL)

1. She drinks. 2. I get up at 5:45. 3. I have breakfast.

4. I do my housework. 5. I smile. 6. I have tea after dinner.
7. I watch TV in the morning. 8. I am happy. 9. They watch TV in the afternoon.
10. I like to have a snake. 11. We listen to some music at dinner.
12. I eat bacon and eggs for breakfast. 13. I drink two cups of coffee at breakfast.

Frequency adverbs follow BE.

14. She is on time for work. 15. She comes to class on time. 16. He goes to his date late.
17. He is late for his date. 18 He has lunch at the cafeteria. 19. He does his work.
20. I watch TV in the morning. 21. It snows in October. 22. It is cold in November.
23. Bob stays home in the evenings.

DRILL 3: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.

1. Why do kids (ask, often) ________ ________questions about everything?

2. Rob (go, usually) _________ _______at the library every evening.
3. Does Jane (bite, ever) _______ _____her fingernails when shes nervous?
4. Did Don (wash, usually) __________ ________the dishes after dinner?
5. Sometimes (worry, I) ___________ _______about my work at the office.
6. But you (worry, never) ____________ ________________ about yours.
7. She (work?) _________________________ ___________________hard.
8. Do you ( say, always ) ________ _______ hello to everyone at the office in the morning?
9. A mechanic (fix,? ) _________ _________cars. A bartender (mix, ? ) _______ _____drinks.
10. Birds (fly,? ) __________ ____________.They dont ( have, ? ) __________ ________wings.
11. A bird (fly, ? ) __________ _________.It ( ?, have )__________ ___________wings.
12. Ms. Jones (teach, always) _____________ _______________English at a local high school.

PRONOUN AGREEMENT WITH NOUNS

NOTE: A singular pronoun is used to refer to a singular noun, as in (a).

(a) A student walked into the room. She was looking for a teacher.

NOTE: A plural pronoun is used to refer to a plural noun, as in (b).

(b) Some students walked into the room. They were looking for the teacher.

NOTE: With an indefinite noun

(e.g. in (c): student = anyone who is a student)

(c) A student should always do his / her assignments.

Agreement with indefinite pronouns. The following are indefinite pronouns:

NOTE: Indefinite pronouns are singular; however, in informal spoken English,

a plural personal pronoun is sometimes used to refer to an indefinite pronoun.

(d) Somebody left his / her book on the desk. Informal: Somebody left their book on the desk.

(e) Everyone has his / her own ideas.

NOTE: Agreement with collective nouns In informal usage, a collective noun

usually takes a singular verb but a plural pronoun, as in (f) the collective noun is
considered a single unit instead of a collection of various individual people.

Examples of collective nouns:

audience class committee couple crowd faculty
clase comit par facultad
*family * government group * public staff * team.
familia gobierno grupo pblico empleados equipo

(f) My family is loving and supportive. They are always ready to help me.
Mi familia es encantadora y me apoya. Siempre estn listos para ayudarme.

(g) My family is large. It is composed of nine members.

 NOTE: In formal usage, a collective noun followed by a plural pronoun takes a
plural verb, especially if the pronoun and verb occur in the same sentence, as in
(i).

(h) My family are loving and supportive. They are always ready to help me. (Plural)

(i) The faculty have signed their contracts. (Plural)

NOTE: * Government, team and public are usually followed by

plural verbs in British usage but by singular verbs in American usage.

UNIT3
PAST TENSE WORDS USING

YESTERDAY LAST AGO

(a) Bob was here..... (b) Bob was here..... (c) Bob was here.....
yesterday last night last summer five minutes ago
yesterday morning last week last fall two hours ago
yesterday afternoon last month last winter three days ago
yesterday evening last year last spring a (one) week ago
last Monday last Wednesday six months ago

PAST TENSE USING ED

NOTE: Final -ed is pronounced /t/ after voiceless sounds
and ed is pronounced /d/ and /ed/ after voiced sounds:

/t/ /t/ /d/ /d/ /ted/ /ted/

walked watched rained sneezed waited wanted

(a) I love you every day of my life. I loved you every day of my life.

(b) I dream of you every night. I dreamt / dreamed of you every night.

DRILL 4: Fill in the blanks, use yesterday or last.

1. He wasnt in town ____________week. 6. I was downtown _________ morning.

2. Two were absent ___________Friday. 7. She wasnt at home ______ evening.
3. They werent at home _________night also. 8. I dreamt about you ________ night.
4. Juan walked home _____________afternoon. 9. I had to work ______ weekend.
5. My sister arrived from the U.S. ___Sunday. 10. I visited San Francisco ___ month.

DRILL 4: Complete the sentences with the words in the list use present or past.

rain wait cook dream smile erase

llover esperar cocinar soar sonrer borrar

shave walk watch work stay ask

afeitar caminar observar trabajar quedar pedir / preguntar / averiguar

1. I ________ a movie on TV last night.

2. I _____ to the office everyday. I _______ to the office today.
3. Sue often _____ questions. She _____ a question in class today.
4. Dick doesnt have a beard anymore. He _____ three days ago.
5. It often _______ in the morning. It _______ this morning.
6. I usually ______ home at night .I _______ home last night.
7 . When Im asleep, I often _____. I ______ about you last night.
8 Mike _____ his own dinner this evening. He _____ his own dinner every evening.
9. He usually _____ for the bus at the bus stop in front of his apartment building.
He _____ for it there yesterday.
10. The teacher _____ some words from the board a couple of minutes ago. He used
his hand instead of an eraser.
11. She is a warm, friendly person. She always ________ when she is talking to me.
12. I have a job. I ___ at the library every evening. I ____ there yesterday evening.
DRILL 5: Read the words aloud, and then use them to complete the sentences.

NOTE: final -ed is pronounced /t/ after voiceless sounds:

/t/ /t/ /t/ /t/ /t/ /t/ /t/

liked watched kissed laughed finished worked walked

touched coughed stopped cooked washed helped asked

1. Instead of taking the bus, she________ to work. 9. We _____ TV for the past two nights.
2. He___________ the dirty dishes after dinner. 10. Bob______ the board with an eraser.
3. I love my son thats why I _____him on the forehead. 11. The joke was funny. We_____ at it.
4. The sky is clear. The rain ______ a few minutes ago. 12. I ____my work about an hour ago.
5. To get my attention he _________my shoulder. 13. She just _________a question.
6. Mr. Gerlach ______ in his garden this morning. 14. She has the flu, thats why she _______.
7. Bob is a good cook. He _______some delicious food last night.
8. I had a problem with my visa. The Foreign Student Advisor ______________ me with it.

NOTE: final -ed is pronounced /d/ after voiced sounds:

/d/ /d/ /d/ /d/ /d/ /d/

closed rained smiled remembered signed killed

snowed played shaved sneezed enjoyed arrived

9. Its winter. The ground is white because it _______ yesterday.

10. Achoo! When she __________, he said, Gesundheit! Dick said Bless you.
11. Bob _________ in the States three weeks ago. He ______ at the airport on September 3rd.
12. The girls and boys _________ baseball yesterday.
13. Al ______ a contract to buy a washer and dryer today.
He _______________ his name on the bottom line of the contract.
14. Bob used to have a beard, but now he doesnt. He ___________ this morning.
15. He _____________ when he passed me.
16. I _______________ to bring the things with me.
17. Mrs. Gerlach ____________ the fly buzzing all around the room.
18. I ______________ the party last night. It was fun and I had a good time.
19. Helen ______________ the window because it was cold outside.
20. It _____________ last night that is why the streets were wet.

NOTE: final -ed is pronounced /ted/ after /t/ & /d/:

waited needed wanted added counted folded visited invited

21. The children ___________ some candy after dinner.

22. Mr. Gerlach _______to stay in the hospital for two weeks after he had an operation.
23. I__________ the number of students in the room.
24. They ___________us to come to their house last night.
25. Last Monday we _________the Johnsons.
26. I________ the letter before I put it in the envelope.
27. Jerry__________ for the bus at the corner of 5th Ave. and Main Street.
28. The kids_________ the numbers on the blackboard in arithmetic class yesterday.

DRILL 6: Use the words in parentheses, present, past, or present progressive.

1. I ___________to the office yesterday. (walk)

2. I ___________in the room right now. (sit)
3. I usually _________to bed at 11:00 every night. (go)
4. Sally _________her work at 10:15 last night. (finish)
5. We___________ late at the office tonight. (work)
6. She __________for everyone everyday. (cook)
7. Im in a meeting right now. I ___________a meeting. (have)
8. You need an umbrella because it _________right now.(rain)
9. My officemate__________ me with my work last night.(help)
10. This morning I _____my teeth, ______my face and _______. (shave, brush, wash)
DRILL 7: Complete the sentences use HAVE, HAS and PRONOUNS

1. I_______ an interesting. book. ______book is interesting.

2. Bob________ a tan coat. _______coat is tan.
3. You________ a brown. Raincoat. _________raincoat is brown.
4. She__________ a red sweater. ________sweater is red.
5. Bob and I are married, we ___ a baby. ____ is four years old. ___ name is Frank.
6. Bob and I ________a kid. _______ kid ___ 4 years old.

NOTE: Adjectives come before nouns. = Los adjetivos vienen antes de los sustantivos.

DRILL 8 - ORAL: Practice pronouncing the following words.

dreamed smiled erased stayed liked watched kissed

laughed finished worked walked touched coughed stopped
cooked washed helped asked closed rained smiled
signed killed snowed played shaved sneezed enjoyed
arrived waited needed wanted added counted folded
visited invited remembered
UNIT4

DRILL 9: ORAL: Make sentences. Use the correct present tense of the verbs above.

DRILL 10 ORAL Complete the following with your own words.

Example: One of my..... One of my friends knows Chinese.

Some of........ Some of them are coming to see me.
What about What about shaving?
How about How about kissing me?
UNIT5
THE SIMPLE IRREGULAR VERBS
The following are some differences in forms between American English and British English:

AMERICAN BRITISH
bet bet bet bet bet bet OR bet betted betted

fit fit fit fit fitted fitted

get got - gotten get got got

quit quit quit quit quitted quitted

AMERICAN:
burn, dream, kneel, lean, leap, learn, smell, spell, spill, spoil are usually regular:
burned, dreamed, kneeled, leaned, leaped, etc.

BRITISH: simple past and past participle forms of these verbs can be regular but more commonly end
with t: burnt, dreamt, knelt, leant, leapt, learnt, smelt, spelt, spilt, spoilt.

Check (American English) is spelled cheque in British Canadian English.

LINKING VERBS
Other verbs like be that may be followed immediately by an adjective are called linking verbs.
An adjective following a linking verb describes the subject of a sentence.*

Become feel look grow seem stay

smell turn sound remain taste appear

*COMPARE:
The man looks angry. an adjective (angry) follows look.
The adjective describes the subject (the man). Look has the meaning of appear.

The man looked at me angrily. An adverb (angrily) follows look at.

The adverb describes the action of the verb. Look at has the meaning of regard, watch.
VERBS: Verbs that are not followed by an object are called intransitive verbs.
Verbs that are followed by an object are called transitive verbs.

Some verbs can be intransitive or transitive.

Transitive: A student studies. Intransitive: A student studies books.

TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE
raise, raised, raised rise, rose, risen

He raised his head. The sun rises in the east.

set, set, set sit, sat, sat

I set it on the desk. I sit in the front row.

lay, laid, laid lie,* lay, lain

She is laying a book on the desk. I am lying on my bed.

Build, cut, find, like, make agree, arrive, come, cry, go

Send, use, want, need live, occur, rain, sleep, stay, walk

Some of the verbs in the irregular verb list can be troublesome. Many native speakers find some of
these verbs troublesome too, especially lay and lie.
UNIT6

NOTE: * Many food terms are used as count nouns when

they mean a kind of; e.g., an orange is a fruit.

DRILL 11: A lot of is used with both COUNT and NONCOUNT nouns. Complete the following by
using a lot of and the correct form of the noun in parentheses.

1. (money) He has a lot of money

2. ( sandwich ) ______________________________________________________
3. (good idea) ______________________________________________________
4. (bad weather) ______________________________________________________
5. (homework) ______________________________________________________
6. (good advice) ______________________________________________________
7. (photograph) ______________________________________________________
8. (information) ______________________________________________________
9. (new vocabulary) ______________________________________________________
10.(American slang) ______________________________________________________

DRILL 12: Many is used with count nouns, much is used with non-count nouns. Complete the
following sentences by using many or much and the correct form of the nouns in parentheses.

1. (money) I dont have much money .

2. (city) I havent visited many cities in Colombia.
3 (mail) _______________________________________________________
4. (work) _______________________________________________________
5. (edge) _______________________________________________________
6. (equipment) _______________________________________________________
7. ( information ) _______________________________________________________
8 (home work) _______________________________________________________
9. (people) _______________________________________________________
10.(postage) _______________________________________________________

DRILL 13: ORAL: Use Many or Much with the following words, changing the word to plural if
necessary.

Examples: (a) shelf = many shelves (b) water = *much water

traffic people work photograph

information sandwich violence progress

 UNIT-7
FUTURE TIME (tenses) = WILL
NOTE: WILL = FUTURO (voluntad del sujeto) We use will (ll) when we
decide to do something at the time of speaking:

CONTRACTIONS: (a) I will come. = Ill come. You will come. = Youll come.
He will come. = Hell come. She will come. = Shell come.
It will come. = Itll come. We will come. = Well come.
They will come. = Theyll come.

NOTE: Negative contraction: will + not = wont

NEGATIVE: (b) Bob will not be here. (d) Bob wont be here.

(c) It will not work anymore. (e) It wont work anymore.

We often use will in these situation:

Offering to do something:

(a) That bag looks heavy; Ill help you with it. (not I help)

(b) I need some money. Dont worry. Ill lend you some.

Asking someone to do something (will you?)

(c) Will you shut the door, please?

(d) Will you please be quiet? Im trying to concentrate.

Promising to do something:

(e) I will love you forever. = Te voy a amar para siempre.

We often use will with these words and expressions:

(f) Probably Ill probably be a little late this evening.

(g) (Im) sure You must meet Joan. Im sure youll like her.
(h) (I) bet I bet Joan will get the job.
(i) (I) think Do you think well win the match?
(j) (I) suppose I suppose well see Joan at the party.
(k) (I) guess I guess Ill see you next week.

NOTE: SHALL = FUTURO (obligatoriedad exterior al sujeto)

I shall always love you. = Siempre te amar .

We use shall (not will) in questions Shall I? And Shall we ? (for offers, suggestions, etc.)

(a) Shall I open the door? (Is the same to, Do you want me to open the door?)

(b) Where shall we go this evening?

DRILL 14: Rewrite the sentences use will.

1. Im going to arrive around six. _________________________________________

2. He isnt going to come to our party. _____________________________________
3. Shes going to be out of town. ________________________________________
4. Sue is going to be in tomorrow. ________________________________________
5. She has a cold, but she isnt going to stay home. __________________________
6. Hurry up, or Im going to be late. ________________________________________
7. Were going to stay at a hotel in Honolulu. ________________________________
8. Im going to send it by special delivery. __________________________________
9. Were going to be there at 7:45. ________________________________________
10. They are going to meet us at our house. _________________________________
 FORMULA Wh WORD + WILL + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB

QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

(a) Will Bob come? Yes, he will. No, he wont. (b) When will he come? Next Sunday.
(c) Will you be there? Yes, I will. No, I wont. (d) What time will you arrive? 9:30 a.m.
(e) Where will you be tonight? At home.

DRILL 15: Fill in the questions and answers then read it:

1. A: ________________________________ B: Yes , ______________.Ill be at home tonight.

2. A: ________________________________
3. A: ________________________________
4. A: ________________________________
5. A: ________________________________
6. A: ________________________________
7. A: ________________________________
B: No , ___________.Mary wont be in tomorrow.
B: Yes, ______.Dinner will be ready in a few minutes.
B: In a few minutes. Dinner will be ready soon.
B: Yes, _______________.The plane will be on time.
B: Next week. Ill see you next week.
B: In October. The weather will turn cold in Oct.

NOTE: We use both WILL and GOING TO to talk about our future actions, but there is a clear
difference. We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.
(a) I will go to the office.

NOTE: GOING TO: We use going to when we already decided to do something.

(b) I am going to the office.

FORM: am, is, are + going + infinitive*

(a) I am going to town today. (b) We are going to come to class. (c) She is going to cook.

NEGATIVE: be + not + going to

(d) Im not going downtown today. (e) She isnt going to cook.

QUESTION: be + subject + going to

(f) Are you going to come to class? (g) Is he going to be at the meeting?
(h) Where are you going to go ? ( i ) What time are you going to go to bed tonight?

NOTE: Going to is often pronounced gonna.

Gonna is used in speaking, not in writing.

(j) Im gonna go downtown today. (k) What are you gonna say to him?
(l) When is she gonna cook it? (m) How are you gonna drive that way?

call the landlord
stay in bed today
major in psychology
call the police
take them to the laundry-mat
see a dentist lie down and rest for a while
go to the beach take a long walk in the park
go to bed go to an Italian restaurant
get something to eat take it to the post office
go to the grocery store look it up in the dictionary

DRILL 16: Complete the sentences with be and going to + the expressions.
1. I need to buy some tea. _______________________________________________
2. Sue is hungry. She___________________________________________________
3. His wisdom tooth hurts. ________________________________________________
4. I hear a burglar. I _____________________________________________________
5. When I go to the university, I ____________________________________________
6. We want to go out to eat. We ____________________________________________
7. I dont know how to spell that word. I_______________________________________
8. Frank has to mail a package. He _________________________________________
9. Sue and I want to go swimming. We _______________________________________
10. Lucy lives in an apartment. The plumbing doesnt work. She ___________________

SIMPLE FUTURE/ BE: GOING TO: Will or be going to is used to express future time. *Shall
may be used with I or We, but will / be going to is more commonly used. In speech going to is often
pronounced, gonna.

(a) He will finish his work tomorrow. (b) He is going to finish his work tomorrow.
(c) I will wash the dishes later. (d) I am going to wash the dishes later__
A clause is a grammatical structure, which has a subject and a verb. A time clause begins with
such words as when, before, after, as soon as, until. These words may be followed by a subject and
verb: When he comes, we will see him. When + subject + verb = time clause. A future tense is not
used in a time clause. The meaning of the clause is future, but the simple present tense is used.

(e) Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we will see him.
(f) Linda will leave soon. Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work.
(g) I will get home at 5:30. After I get home, I will eat dinner.
(h) The taxi will arrive in less than five minutes. As soon as the taxi arrives,
we will be able to leave for the airport.
(i) They are going to come soon. I will wait here until they come.

Occasionally, the present perfect is used in a time clause; as in (k) Examples (j) and (k) have the
same meaning. The present perfect stresses the completion of the act and the other act occurs
in the future.

(j) I shall go to bed after I Finish work.

(k) I shall go to bed after I have finished my work.

* Shall is used much more frequently in British English than in American English.
A time clause is an adverbial clause. Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future
progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in
the future, as in (d) and (e)

(d) Dont get impatient. She will be coming soon. (e) Dont get impatient. She shall come soon.__

UNIT9
TIME EXPRESSIONS
PAST FUTURE PAST FUTURE
yesterday tomorrow last week next week
yesterday morning tomorrow morning last month next month
yesterday afternoon tomorrow afternoon last year next year
yesterday evening tomorrow evening

FUTURE: Im going to be in class tomorrow morning / next week

FUTURE: She graduates from school next spring.
PAST: I was going to be in class yesterday morning / last week.
PAST: He graduated from high school last spring.

last spring next spring last Monday next Monday

last summer next summer last Tuesday next Tuesday
last fall next fall etc. etc.
last winter next winter

DRILL 17: Complete the sentences. Use yesterday, last, tomorrow or next.
1. I went swimming ____________morning. 2. Im going to take a trip _______ week.
3. We had a test in class _______afternoon. 4. My sister is going to arrive ______Tuesday.
5. Her son is going to enter the university ______fall. 6. Bob lived in Manila_________ year.
7. _________evening Im going to go to a game. 8. I went to your house___________.
9. Im going to work late__________ night. 10.______spring I took a trip to San Francisco.

STUDY THE EXAMPLES OF EXPRESSIONS USED WITH AGO (past) AND IN (future):

PAST FUTURE
a minute ago in a minute in a couple of minutes
two minutes ago in two minutes in a few more minutes
three minutes ago in two more minutes
etc. in three minutes
a few minutes ago in three more minutes
a couple of minutes ago in a few minutes

DRILL 18: Use the expressions above with the words in parentheses to complete the
sentences.
1. (days) We studied Chapter 33 _________________. 6. (months) Im leaving this city__________.
2. (days) Were going to Chapter 35_______________. 7. (minutes) We finished it ______________.
3. (hours) I ate breakfast________________________. 8. (minutes) Were finishing it ___________.
4. (hours) Im going to eat lunch__________________. 9. (years) I was born__________________.
5. (months) I arrived in this city___________________ 10. (days) I went shopping_______________.
DRILL 19: Complete the sentences. Use your own words.
1. ______________________a few days ago. 2 . _____________ in a few days (from now).
3. ____________________ in a few more minutes. 4. _____________________ three hours ago.
5. _______________________ in four more hours. 6. _________________ a couple of days ago.
7. _____________________ in a couple of months. 8. ___________________a few minutes ago.
9. _______________________ a 100 years ago. 10. ________ in a couple of minutes from now.

U N I T 10
TODAY, TONIGHT, THIS + MORNING, AFTERNOON, WEEK, EVENING, MONTH, YEAR
These words can be used to express present, past, or future tenses;

PRESENT (a) We are studying English this morning.

PAST (b) she went downtown this morning.
FUTURE (c) Im going to go shopping this morning.

DRILL 20: Discuss the different tenses that are possible.

1. ____________________________today. 6. _________________________this morning.

2. _______________________this afternoon. 7. _________________________this evening.
3. ____________________________tonight. 8. __________________________this week.
4. _________________________this month. 9. ___________________________this year.
5. __________________this coming month. 10. ____________________ this coming week.

NOTE: What + a form of do is used to ask about activities.

PRESENT (a) What do you do every day? (b) What are you doing right now?
PAST (c) What did you do yesterday? (d) What were you doing just now?
FUTURE (e) What are you doing tomorrow? (f) What are you going to do tomorrow?
(g) What were you going to do tomorrow?

DRILL 21: Ask someone a question about anything.

Example: yesterday Student A: What did you do yesterday? Student B: (free response)

1. ________________________________last night? 6. _________________every morning?

2. _______________________________every day? 7. _________________next Saturday?
3. ________________________________tomorrow? 8. ___________________last Sunday?
4. _______________________yesterday afternoon? 9. ___________________this morning?
5. _________________________tomorrow morning? 0. _____________________tomorrow?

U N I T 11
TAG QUESTIONS
NOTE: TAG QUESTIONS (Questions added at the end of a sentence)

affirmative >>>> negative negative >>>> affirmative

(a) Mary is here, isnt she? Yes, she is. Mary isnt here, is she? No, she isnt.
(b) You like tea, dont you? Yes, I do. You dont like tea, do you? No, I dont.
(c) They have left, havent they? Yes, they have. They havent left, have they? No, they havent.
(d) He has brown hair, doesnt he? (Hasnt he?)

NOTE: In American English, a form of do is usually used when have is the main verb.

(e) That is your book, isnt it?

(f) This is your book, isnt it?
(g) Those are your books, arent they?
(h) These are your books, arent they?
(i) There is a party tonight, isnt there?
(j) There were a lot of people at the party, werent there?
(k) I am supposed to be here, am I not? (Formal)

NOTE: This use of arent is common in spoken English.

In (l): Notice the use of arent in the tag question after I am.

(l) I am supposed to be here, arent I? (Informal)

DRILL 22: Add tag questions to the following.

1. They are coming home ,_____________? 2. Elizabeth is a dentist, _____________?

3. They wont be here, ________________?
5. That is your umbrella, ______________?
7. You have a bicycle, ________________?
9. I am invited, ______________________?
11. Those are Freds books, ____________?
13. The tape recorder isnt broken, _______?
4. There arent any problems, ________?
6. He has learned a lot, _____________?
8. She had a cold, _________________?
10. She will help us later, ___________?
12. Joan cant come with us, _________?
14. This answer is correct, __________?

NOTE: A tag question may be spoken (1) with a rising intonation if the speaker is truly seeking
information, or (2) with a falling intonation if the speaker is expressing an idea or belief with
which he/she is almost certain the listener will agree. Most of the tag questions in Drill 22 and 23
reflect situations in which a rising intonation would probably be used.

DRILL 23 Sometimes in spoken English, the auxiliary and the subject you are dropped from a
question. Find the shortened questions in the following, and then give the complete question
form.

FOR EXAMPLE (a) Going to bed now? = Are you going to bed now?
(b) Finished your work? = Did you finish your work?
(c) Wanna to go to the movie with us? = Do you....?

U N I T12
COMPARISONS
NOTE: THE SAME (AS); = igual (como), lo mismo (como)
NOTE: DIFFERENT (FROM); = diferente (de,a)
NOTE: SIMILAR (TO); = similar (a)

THE SAME (AS) SIMILAR (TO) DIFFERENT (FROM)

A B C D E F G

A and B are the same C and D are similar E and F are different from G

A is the same a B C is similar to D E is different from F

DRILL 24: Complete the sentences. With the same (as), similar (to), and different (from).

A B C D E F G
(e.g. both C and D have three edges) but different in other ways
( e.g. C is a pyramid and D is a triangle ).

1. A _________________________ F. 7. C and D are ________________________.

2. C _________________________ D . 8. B ______________________________ D.
3. B and D _____________________. 9. C and A ___________________________.
4. A and B _____________________. 0. F and G ___________________________.
5. F _________________________ G.
6. C_________________________ A and F, but C is ______________________ to D.

COMPARISONS
NOTE: LIKE - similar to = igual a This + be + like + that.

NOTE: ALIKE - similar = similar a / parecido a This and that + be + alike.

NOTE: LIKE and ALIKE have the same meaning, but the sentence patterns are different

NOTE: SIMILAR gives the idea that two things are the same in some ways
DRILL 25: Make sentences from the given information. Use like and alike.
1. (You and I have similar books.) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. (Bob and I have similar coats.) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. (Ted and Sue have similar cars.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. (The Smiths and we have similar houses.) ------------------------------------------------------------------
5. (A town and a city are similar in same ways.) --------------------------------------------------------------

U N I T 13
THE COMPARATIVE -ER & MORE
NOTE: When we use adjectives (e.g. old, expensive) to compare two people or two
things, the adjectives have special forms. We either add -er to an adjective or use
more in front of an adjective. The use of -er or more is called the comparative form.

NOTE: Notice in the examples: than follows the comparative form:

older than, more expensive than.

(a) Mary is 25 years old. John is 19 years old. (a) Mary is older than John.

(b) This watch cost $100. That watch costs $50. (b) This watch is more expensive than that watch.

NOTE: : Adjectives with one syllable: Add -er to one-syllable adjectives.

SPELLING NOTE:
NOTE: : If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant:

fat - fatter, thin - thinner, hot - hotter.

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE
old older

cheap cheaper

big bigger

ADJECTIVES THAT END IN Y:

NOTE: : If an adjective ends in -y, change the -y to i and add er

pretty - prettier funny funnier

ADJECTIVES WITH TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES

NOTE: : Use more in front of adjectives that have two or more
Syllables (except adjectives that end in -y).

famous - more famous expensive - more expensive

interesting - more interesting beautiful more beautiful

U N I T 14
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE FORMS
NOTE: The comparative forms of good, bad, far are irregular.

Good - better bad - worse far - farther/further

DRILL 26: Write the comparative forms.

1. old __________ 7 .long __________ 13. far _________

2. good __________ 8. big __________ 14. sweet ________
3. hot __________ 9. cheap __________ 15. bad ________
4. heavy __________ 10. easy __________ 16. difficult _________
5. lazy __________ 11. expensive __________
6. important __________ 12. small __________
DRILL 27: Complete the sentences. Use the comparative form of the words in parenthesis.

1. (comfortable) This chair is ____________________________ that chair.

2. (large) Your apartment is ________________________________ mine.
3. (warm) Its _______________today _______________it was yesterday.
4. (important) Love is _______________________________ than money.
5. (tall) Your _____________________________________________ I am.
6. (lazy) Im ___________________________________________ you are.
7. (heavy) Iron is ________________________________________ wood.
8. (difficult) Is physics ___________________________ than math course.
9. (good) Is her English ___________________________________ hers?
10. (long) Is the Nile River __________________________ the Mississippi?

DRILL 28: Use the comparative form in the list (or your own words).

big easy cheap hot small intelligent important fast

cold high bright sweet large expensive comfortable

1. An elephant is _______________________________________________________a mouse.

2. A lemon is sour. An orange is ___________________________________________a lemon.
3. Texas is a large state, but Alaska is ______________________________________ Texas.
4. A diamond cost a lot of money. A diamond is _______________________________ a ruby.
5. Hamburger is expensive, but its _________________________________________ steak.
6. An airplane moves quickly. A plane is __________________________________ an automobile.
7. A lake is ____________________________________________________________ an ocean.
8. A person can think logically. A person is ___________________________________ an animal.
9. Hills are low. Mountains are _____________________________________________ hills.
10. The sun gives off a lot of light. The sun is __________________________________ the moon.
11. My feet hurt when I wear high heels. Bedroom slippers are _________________ high heel shoes.
12. Arithmetic isnt difficult. Arithmetic is ______________________________ algebra.
13. Good health is _______________________________________________ money.
14. The weather today is ____________________________________ it was yesterday.
15. Are you ____________________________________________ today than you were yesterday?

U N I T 15
PHYSICAL STATES:
Hungry sick Thirsty well Awake

Tired healthy Sleepy cold hot

POSITIVE EMOTIONS:
Glad pleased happy excited crazy Overjoyed

Relieved proud delighted angry unhappy mad

scared ashamed enthusiastic Sad anxious Afraid
depressed frightened

DESCRIPTIONS:
Fat short tall thin big small
Plain ugly handsome beautiful Attractive curly
Straight wavy dark light blond short
Long dyed natural square round long
Short old new high low fast

Using AS....... AS; and using LESS

Notice the pattern: as + adjective + as In (a): Their ages are the same.

(a) Bob is 21 years old and Mary is 21 years old. (a) Bob is as old as Mary.

NOTE: In (b): The price of the watches is the same.

This watch cost 100.00 and that watch cost 100.00.

 (b) This watch is as expensive as that watch.

NOTE: (c) and (d) have the same meaning.

Fred is 20 years old but Jean is 21 years old.

(c) Fred isnt as old as Jean. (d) Fred is younger than Jean.

NOTE: (e) and (f) have the same meaning.

This book cost 3.00. That book cost 5.00.

(e) This book isnt as expensive as that book.

(f) This book is cheaper than that book.

NOTE: (g) and (h) have the same meaning. Less is the opposite of more.

(g) This book isnt as expensive as that book.

(h) This book is less expensive than that book.

Less is used with adjectives that have two or more syllables (except adjectives that end in -y).

NOTE: Less is usually not used with one-syllable adjectives or adjectives that end in -y.

INCORRECT: Randy is less old than Frank.

CORRECT: Frank isnt as old as Randy. Randy is younger than Frank.

DRILL 29: Complete the following sentences by using as ... as and less if possible.

1. (tall) Mary is _______________ her sister.

2. (sweet) Lemons arent _____________ oranges.
3. (big) A donkey isnt _______________ a horse.
4. (friendly) People in this city are ______ those in my hometown.
5. (dark) Franks hair isnt _________ his brother.
6. (cold) The weather isnt ______ today ______ it was last night.
7. (pretty) This one is _______________ that one.
8. (expensive) A pencil isnt ___________________ a pen.
9. This book isnt as expensive as that book.____________________________
10. Bob isnt as old as Frank. ______________ (no change)________________
11. Arithmetic isnt as difficult as algebra. _______________________________
12. Arithmetic isnt as hard as algebra. _________________________________
13. This chair isnt as comfortable as that one. ___________________________
14. That bag isnt as heavy as this bag. ________________________________
15. A hill isnt as high as a mountain. __________________________________

U N I T 16

ADJECTIVE - COMPARATIVE - SUPERLATIVE

SUPERLATIVE USING -EST AND MOST

NOTE: The COMPARATIVE (-er / more) compares two things or people.

(a) COMPARATIVE: My thumb is shorter than my index finger.

NOTE: The SUPERLATIVE (-est / most) compares three or more things or people.

(b) SUPERLATIVE: My hand has five fingers. My thumb is the shortest (finger) of all.

NOTE: ADJECTIVE WITH ONE SYLLABLE

old = older (than) = the oldest (of all) big = bigger (than) = the biggest (of all)

NOTE: ADJECTIVE THAT END IN -Y

pretty = prettier (than) = the prettiest (of all) easy = easier (than) = the easiest (of all)

ADJECTIVE WITH TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES

expensive = more expensive (than) = the most expensive (of all)

important =more important (than) = the most important (of all)

U N I T 17
IRREGULAR FORMS
good = better (than) = the best (of all) bad = worse (than) = the worst (of all)

far = farther (than) = the farthest (of all) further (than) = the furthest (of all)

DRILL 30: Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives.

ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

1. long ___________________ ___________________
2. small ___________________ ___________________
3. heavy ___________________ ___________________
4. hard ___________________ ___________________
5. far ___________________ ___________________
6. bad ___________________ ___________________
7. easy ___________________ ___________________
8. good ___________________ ___________________
9. difficult ___________________ ___________________
10. comfortable ___________________ ___________________

11. The Nile is _______________ river in the world. (long)

12. The USSR is ____________ country in the world. (large)
13. The Peoples Republic of China is _____________ country in the world in population. (large)
14. Mt. McKinley in Alaska is ________ mountain in North America. (high)
15. The Sears Tower in Chicago is ________building in the world. (tall)
16. Lake Superior is ______________lake in North America. (big)
17. February is _____________________ month of the year. (short)
18. Pluto is _______________________ planet from the sun. (far)
19. In my opinion, San Francisco is ______________city in the U.S. (beautiful)
20. Bob is sitting in ________________________ chair in the room. (comfortable)

Notice the pattern: one of + superlative + plural noun

STUDY THE EXAMPLES: The superlative often follows, one of.

(a) The Amazon is one of the longest rivers in the world.

(b) A Rolls-Royce is one of the most expensive cars in the world.

(c) She is one of the most intelligent people in our class.

DRILL 31: Make sentences about the following.

1. a long river in the world. ______________________________________

2. a nice park in this city ______________________________________

3. a tall person in class ______________________________________

4. a big city in the world _____________________________________

5. a beautiful city in the world ____________________________________

6. a nice place to go to _____________________________________

7. a high mountain in Colombia __________________________________

8. a good restaurant in this city ___________________________________

9. a famous landmark in this city __________________________________

 U N I T 18
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
An adjective describes a
noun.

In (a): careful describes driver. Ann is a / careful / driver.

An adverb describes the action of a

verb.

In (b): carefully describes drives. (b) Ann drives / carefully /.

Most adverbs are formed by adding -y to an adjective.

ADJECTIVE ADVERB
careful carefully
slow slowly
quick quickly
easy easily

NOTE: The adjective form and the adverb form are the same for fast, hard, early, late

Adjective adverb
(C) Bob is a / fast / driver. (d) Bob drives / fast /.

Well is the adverb form of

good.
U N I T 19
WELL and GOOD
Adjective adverb
(e) Sylvia is a /good / writer. (f) Sylvia writes / well /.

NOTE: Well may be used as either an adjective or an

adverb.
As an adjective, well has three meanings:

To be in good health: To appear well dressed or well groomed:

Im well. She looks well in red.
She seems well.
To be satisfactory: Everything is well. That is well.

As an adverb, well means capably: The car was built well.

NOTE: Good is always an adjective. It should not be used to modify a verb.

NOTE: STANDARD That color looks good on you. ( adjective following linking verb)

NOTE: STANDARD The car runs well. NONSTANDARD She sings good.

NOTE: USAGE: Well; is also acceptable in sentences like the last example:
That color looks well on you.

DRILL 32: Complete the sentences by using the adjective or adverb in parentheses.

My hometown is small and _______________________ (quiet, quietly) 1. I like living in a

_______________________ town. (quiet, quietly) 2. He whispered. He spoke __________

(quiet, quietly) 3. She pronounces every word _________ (clear, clearly) 4. I like to go boating in

__________ weather. (clear, clearly) 5. Bob makes a lot of mistakes when he writes. Hes a
____________ writer. (careless, carelessly) 6. Ed writes ______________. (careless. carelessly) 7.

He asked an ________ question. (easy, easily) 8. She answered his question ______. (easy, easily)

9. He has poor eye sight .He cant see ________________ without his glasses. (good, well)

10. She is kind, generous, and thoughtful. She is a _____________ person. (good, well)
DRILL 33: Complete the sentences by using the correct form (adjective or adverb) in
parenthesis.

1. Do you drive ______________? (careful)

2. Mary gave the ___________ answer to the question. (correct)
3. She answered the it ___________. (correct)
4. George is a ___________ reader. (fast)
5. George reads __________ (fast)
6. Barbara has __________handwriting. (neat)
7. Barbara writes _____________. (neat)
8. I study _____________. (hard)
9. Jerry answered the question ______________. (honest)
10. He is an ____________ person. (honest)
11. Helen walked through the park ___________ . (slow)
12. I made some ____________mistakes in my last job. (careless)
13. We were in a hurry, so we ate ___________. (quick)
14. Last night we had dinner ___________ . (early)
15. You speak English very ____________. (good)
16. Kim speaks __________ and ___________. (slow) (clear)

U N I T 20
MAKING COMPARISONS WITH ADVERBS
NOTE: Use more and most with adverbs that end in -ly.

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
more fluently the most fluently
more slowly the most slowly
more quickly the most quickly

(a) Kim speaks more fluently than Ali (does). (b) Barbara speaks the most fluently of all.

NOTE: Use -er and -est with irregular adverbs

harder the hardest

faster the fastest
earlier the earliest
later the latest
better the best

(c) Bob worked harder than Angel (did). (d) Helen worked the hardest of all.

(e) Kim writes better than I do. (f) Frank writes the best of all.

DRILL 34: Complete by using the correct form of the adverbs.

1. Karen got home _______________________ Kim did. (late)

2. You finished your work __________________ Bob. (quickly)
3. Barbara sings _________________________ Kim (does) (beautifully)
4. She sings ____________________________ of all. (beautifully)
5. He works ____________________________ I do. (hard)

DRILL 35: Use the correct form of the words in parentheses.

1. Karen drives _______________her brother does too. (careful)

2. A lion is _______________________a pig. (beautiful)
3. Your apartment is _______________mine. (neat)
4. His apartment is __________________of all. (neat)
5. My suitcase is ____________________that one. (heavy)

U N I T 21
 USING AS _____ AS WITH ADVERBS
NOTE: Notice the pattern in the examples: as + adverb + as

a) Bob doesnt study as hard as his brother (does).

(b) I didnt finish my work as quickly as Sue (did). (c) She speaks English as well as You (do).

NOTE: Notice the patterns in the examples: as + adverb + as

It is frequently followed by subject + can/could or by possible.

(d) Hes working as fast as he can. (e) Hes working as fast as possible.

(f) Bob came as quickly as he could. (g) Bob came as quickly as possible.

DRILL 36: Complete the sentences.

1. Bob is lazy. He doesnt work as hard ___________________________.

2. She is a reckless driver. She doesnt drive as carefully ____________________________.

3. I cant read his handwriting. He doesnt write as neatly ___________________________.

4. She goes to bed late. She doesnt go to bed as early ___________________________.

DRILL 37: Read the text and fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.

It happened over 300 years 1. ___________ in Holland. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek /an-tun van

lay-vun-hook/ had a new microscope that he had 2. _____. One day he 3. ____ at a drop of lake

water through it. What he saw surprised him. The water was alive with what Van Leeuwenhoek

called wee beasties. The microscope made tiny organisms look 200 times 4. ____ than life size.

Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first scientists to see living things that were 5.____. His

work was a giant 6. ____ for science. Today, microscopes are much stronger. An electron

microscope can make tiny organisms look 200,000 times of its 7. ____ size. A few electron

microscopes can see individual atoms. Pictures can be made to show the objects or organisms

much bigger. The pictures add greatly to what we know about tiny objects and 8. ____.

Microscopes have come a long way in 300 years!

1. A. since B. ago C. before D. after

2. A. made B. last C. previewed D. delivered

3. A. fell B. went C. look D. broke

4. A. farther B. smaller C. darker D. larger

5. A. life B. small C. dark D. large

6. A. walk B. deliver C. step D. tower

7. A. small B. over C. under D. life

8. A. organisms B. gravity C. electricity D. microscopes

 APPENDIX --- 1
NUMBERS

CARDINAL CARDINAL ORDINAL ORDINAL

/ ferst /
1 ONE 2 TWO 1st FIRST 2nd SECOND
3 THREE 4 FOUR 3rd THIRD 4th FOURTH
5 FIVE 6 SIX 5th FIFTH 6th SIXTH
7 SEVEN 8 EIGHT 7th SEVENTH 8th EIGHTH
9 NINE 10 TEN 9th NINTH 10th TENTH
/ ileven / / tuelf /
11 ELEVEN 12 TWELVE 11th ELEVENTH 12th TWELFTH
/ tertin /
13 THIRTEEN 14 FOURTEEN 13th THIRTEENTH 14th FOURTEENTH
15 FIFTEEN 16 SIXTEEN 15th FIFTEENTH 16th SIXTEENTH
17 SEVENTEEN 18 EIGHTEEN 17th SEVENTEENTH 18th EIGHTEENTH
/ tuuenti /
19 NINETEEN 20 TWENTY 19th NINETEENTH 20th TWENTIETH
/ terti /
30 THIRTY 40 FORTY 30th THIRTIETH 40th FORTIETH
50 FIFTY 60 SIXTY 50th FIFTIETH 60th SIXTIETH
70 SEVENTY 80 EIGHTY 70th SEVENTIETH 80th EIGHTIETH
90 NINETY 90th NINETIETH

/ handred / / tausand /
100 ONE HUNDRED 1,000 ONE THOUSAND
200 TWO HUNDRED 2,000 TWO THOUSAND

En Ingles el punto (.) es decimal y la coma (,) es mil.

/ handred / / tausand /
100,000 ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND 10,000 TEN THOUSAND

1,000,000 ONE MILLION 5,000,000 FIVE MILLION

1,000,000,000 ONE BILLION

MONETARY
COINS: BILLS:
.50 fifty cents half a dollar $50.00 fifty dollars
.25 twenty-five cents a quarter = a bit $20.00 twenty dollars
.10 ten cents a dime $10.00 ten dollars
.05 five cents a nickel $ 5.00 five dollars
.01 one cent a penny $ 1.00 one dollar / a dollar /a buck

U.S. MONETARY UNITS

BILLS (PAPER MONEY) COINS (SILVER MONEY)

$50.00 or $50 fifty dollars $.50 or 50c fifty cents a half dollar

$20.00 or $20 twenty dollars $.25 or 25c twenty-five cents a quarter

$10.00 or $10 ten dollars $.10 or 10c ten cents dime

$5.00 or $5 five dollars $.05 or 5c five cents a nickel

$1.00 or $1 one dollar $.01 or 1c one cent a penny

$1.25 one dollar and twenty-five cents; a dollar and a quarter
$2.50 two dollars and fifty cents; two & a half dollars; two fifty
$128.50 one hundred twenty-eight dollars and fifty cents;
$128.50 one twenty-eight fifty

APPENDIX -- 2
PERSONAL PRONOUN

PERSONAL PRONOUNS take the place of nouns. They usually accompany a verb
and can be either the subject or the object of the verb. A personal pronoun denotes
the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of.
Los PRONOMBRES PERSONALES toman el lugar del sustantivo. Normalmente acompaan un verbo y o pueden ser el sujeto
o el objeto del verbo. Un pronombre personal denota al portavoz, la persona hablada a, o de quien se le habla.

Singular Plural
Subject Object Subject Object
yo = I mi = me nosotros = we nos = us

t = you te = you nosotras = we nos = us

vos = you te = you vosotros = you os = you

Usted = you lo / la / le = you vosotras = you os = you

l = he lo / la / le = him Ustedes = you los / las / les = you

ella = she la / le = her ellos = they los / les = them

ello = it lo / le = it ellas = they las / les = them

se = it se = it

An apostrophe and s are never used with personal pronouns to show possession.
Un apstrofo y s nunca se usan con pronombres personales para mostrar posesin.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES modify nouns and answer the question "Whose...?".

In Spanish they must be repeated before each noun they modify. But not in English
LOS ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS modifican sustantivos y contestan la pregunta "Whose...?".
En Espaol deben repetirse antes de cada sustantivo que se modifican. Pero no en el Ingls.

EXAMPLE: My father and mother... = Mi padre y mi madre...

A POSSESSIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun that answers the question "Whose...?".
UN PRONOMBRE POSESIVO es un pronombre que contesta la pregunta "Whose...?".

EXAMPLE: Do you want to take lunch at my house or at yours? = Quieres tomar el

almuerzo en mi casa o en la tuya?
 APPENDIX -- 3

SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

PREPOSICIONES Y FRASES PREPOSICIONALES-

about around above across after at

acerca de alrededor sobre al otro lado despus en

among against back below along

entre contra atrs / espalda de bajo a lo largo / por lo largo

beneath between behind beside beyond by

por de bajo entre detrs al lado mas all por / de

during from for next to next top

durante de / desde para / por prximo a siguiente cima

in back of in front of inside in on of

detrs de enfrente de adentro dentro sobre de

off on top of over outside through throughout

apartado encima de sobre afuera a travs a lo largo de

though to then than toward till

aunque a / al entonces que hacia hasta

up under until while with without

arriba debajo hasta mientras con sin

within whatever whether whenever since middle

dentro de lo que sea si / sea que cuando sea desde en medio

near in the back of in the front of in the middle of

cerca

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between its object noun or pronoun and some
other word in the sentence. Una preposicin es una palabra que muestra la relacin entre su pronombre o sustantivo de
objeto y alguna otra palabra en la frase.

An important element of English sentences is the prepositional phrase. It consists of a preposition and
its object. Un elemento importante de frases Inglesas es la frase preposicional. Consiste de una preposicin y su objeto.

The object of a preposition is a noun or pronoun. = El objeto de una preposicin es un sustantivo o pronombre.
Example: Some books on that desk tell about Asia.= Algunos libros sobre ese escritorio cuentan
sobre Asia.
In (a): in the office is a prepositional phrase. = En (a): en la oficina es una frase preposicional.
In (c): In most English sentences, place comes before time.
En (c): En la mayora de las frases inglesas, el lugar viene antes del tiempo.
In (d): Sometimes a prepositional phrase comes at the beginning of a sentence.
En (d): A veces una frase preposicional viene a principios de una frase.

S V PREP O of PREP- = S V PREP O de PREP-

(a) The student works in the office. = (a) El estudiante trabaja en la oficina.
(noun) = (sustantivo)

S V O PREP O of PREP = S V O PREP O de PREP

(b) My sister enjoyed the party at our house. = (b) Mi hermana disfrut la fiesta en nuestra casa.
 (noun) = (sustantivo)

(c) He went to the office in the afternoon. = (c) El fue a la oficina en la tarde.
(place) = (lugar) (time) = (tiempo)

(a) In the afternoon, I went to the office. = ( d ) En la tarde, Yo fui a la oficina.

APPENDIX - 4
AUXILIARES

CAN = PODER (fisica o intelectualmente):

To show ability Mostrar habilidad
I can read it today. = Puedo leerlo hoy. She can not swim. = Ella no puede nadar.
To suggest a possibility or to give an option Sugerir una posibilidad o dar una opcion
We can enlist or sign up in person. = Podemos enlistarnos o firmar en persona.
To ask for or to give permission Pedir o dar permiso Can I see you? = Puedo verte?

BE ABLE TO = SER CAPAZ (fisica / intelectualmente)

You can leave when you want to. = Puedes irte cuando quieras. / Pueden irse cuando quieran.
To show impossibility Mostrar imposibilidad
That cannot be his over there he gave it to me. = Eso no puede ser de l porque ella el me lo dio.
I can drive but I'm not able to, because I'm drunk. = Puedo conducir pero no soy capaz porque estoy borracho.

MUST = DEBER (obligacion / probabilidad):

To show probability or to make a logical assumption Mostrar probabilidad o asumir algo logico
He must be out. = Debe estar afuera.
To show necessity Mostrar mecesidad
I must leave now. = Debo irme ahora.
To show prohibition Mostrar prohibicin
You mustn't forget to come and see me tonight. = No debes olvidar de venir a verme sta noche.

MAY = PERMISO
To ask for or to give permission Pedir por o dar permiso
May I do it? = Puedo hacerlo? May I have it? = Puedo tenerlo?
To show possibility Mostrar posibilidad
He may come. = Puede que venga. He may have come. = Puede que haya venido.

COULD = PODRIA (posibilidad):

To show possibility Mostrar posibilidad
She could be at home. = Ella podria estar en casa.
He could have been busy. = El podria haber estado ocupado.
To show impossibility Mostrar imposibilidad
I could not be at your party. = No podria estar en tu fiesta
I could not have been at your party. = No podria haber estado en tu fiesta.
To ask a polite question Hacer una pregunta cortes
Could I have a coke? = Podria tener una Coca Cola?
To show past ability Mostrar una habilidad pasada
You could swim ten miles when you were in school. = Pudiste nadar diez millas cuando estabas en el colegio.
To suggest a possibility or to give an option Sugerir una posibilidad o dar una opcion
You could try eating that and see if you like it. = Podrias intentar comerlo y ver si te gusta.
To show a past opportunity not realized Mostrar una oportunidad no realizada en el pasado
You could have helped with the problem but you were determined not to.
Podrias haber ayudado con el problema pero estabas determinado a no hacerlo.

WOULD = POTENCIAL (-ra en todos los verbos en el Espaol):

To ask a polite question Hacer una pregunta cortes
What would you like to eat? = Que te gustaria comer?
To indicate a repeated action in the past Indicar una accion repetida en el pasado
When I had a job I would eat every day. = Cuando tenia trabajo comia todos los dias.
To indicate future in a sentence that is in the past Indicar futuro en una frase que esta en el pasado
I did not realize how much I would like my new home.
No pude imaginar cuanto me gustaria mi casa nueva.

MIGHT = PUEDE QUE (probabilidad)

To show possibility Mostrar posibilidad
 I might see you there. = Puede que te vea allia.
I might have seen you there yesterday. = Te hubiera visto ayer all.

SHOULD = DEBERIA (obligacin / consejo de conciencia)

To show obligation Mostrar obligacin
I should renew it before it expaires next month. = Deberia haberlo renovado antes que se venza el prximo mes.
To show advisability Mostrar habilidad
You should try to be nice to her. = Deberias intentar ser amable con ella.
To show advisability after the fact Mostrar consejo despues del hecho
We should have tried that new restaurant downtown. (But we did not.)
Deberiamos haber probado aquel nuevo restaurante en el centro. (pero no lo hicimos.)
You should not have said that to Tom. (But you did.) = No debiste haberle dicho eso a Tom (Pero lo hiciste.)
To show an obligation that was not carried out Mostrar una obligacin que no se hizo
I should have done it but I forgot to do so. = Debi haberlo hecho pero me olvide de hacerlo
To show expectation Mostrar expectacion
What time should we eat? = A que hora deberiamos comer?
To show an expectation that was not realized Mostrar un expectacion que no fue realizada
You should have received my letter two days ago. (but you did not.)
Debiste haber recibido mi carta hace dos dias. (pero no larecibiste.)

WILL = FUTURO (voluntad del sujeto)

To indicate future time Indica tiempo futuro
I will love you forever. = Te voy a amar para siempre.
To make a promise or to show willingness Hacer una promesa o mostrar voluntad
The Colombian government will provide assistence to the victims.
El gobierno Colombiano va a proveer asistencia a las victimas.
To state a general truth Decir una verdad general
The car they have developed will run on ether gasoline or ethanol. (note: time = present)
El carro que ellos han formulado va a correr sobre gasolina o etanol. (nota: tiempo = presente)
To ask a polite question Hacer una pregunta cortes
Mike, will you help me with these heavy boxes? = Mike, puedes ayudarme con estas cajas pesadas?
I cannot lift them myself. (note: time = right now) = No puedo alzarlas solo. (nota: tiempo = ahora mismo)

SHALL = FUTURO (obligatoriedad exterior al sujeto)

I shall always love you. = Siempre te amar .

WOULD RATHER = PREFERIRIA

To show preference Mostrar preferencia
I would rather come here than go there. = Preferiria venir aqui en vez de ir all.

WOULD LIKE = GUSTARIA

To express desire Expresar deseo
I would like to kiss you. = Me gustaria besarte.
To express a desire that was not realized Expresar un deseo que no se realizado
I would have liked to have kissed you. (But I did not.)
Me habria gustado haberte besado. (Pero no lo hice.)

BE ALLOWED = SER PERMITIDO (dejar):

I'm not allowed to go out. = No me dejan salir. / No me permiten salir.

OUGHT TO = DEBER (consejo u obligacin de conciencia)

To show advisability Mostrar consejo
Everyone ought to exercise regularly.
To show advisability after the fact
Francis ought to have exercised before his backpacking trip. (but he didn't.)
To show obligation Mostrar obligation
I ought to register to vote if I want to vote in the next election.
To show an obligation that was not carried out
I ought to have registered to vote by October 5. (but I did not register.)
To show expectation Mostrar expestacion
You ought to receive my letter in two days.
To show an expectation that was not realized
You ought to have received my letter two days ago. (But you did not.)

HAVE TO = TENER QUE (necesidad)

To show necessity Mostrar necesidad
You have to make up on what you missed.= Tienes que recuperar sobre lo que te perdiste.
 She had to make up on what she missed. = Ella tiene que recuperar sobre lo que ella perdio.
To show lack of necessity Mostrar la falta de necesidad
I'm glad that I don't have to see them tonight.= Estoy contento que no tengo que verlos sta noche.
I did not have to see them tonight.= No tuve que verles sta noche.

HAD BETTER = SERIA MEJOR To show advisability Mostrar consejo

We had better leave. It is getting late. = Seria mejor que nos vayamos. Se esta haciendo tarde.

APPENDIX -- 5
REGULAR VERBS
The past tense and past participle of regular verbs are pronounced and spelled the same. Most verbs
in English are regular.

Present Past Past Participle Gerund

add = sumar added added adding
affect = afectar affected affected affecting
appear appeared appeared appearing
avoid = evitar avoided avoided avoiding
breathe breathed breathed breathing
burn = quemar burned burned burning
call = lliamar called called calling
carry = cargar carried carried carrying
cause caused caused causing
change = cambiar changed changed changing
cheer cheered cheered cheering
chew chewed chewed chewing
count = contar counted counted counting
cover covered covered covering
crash crashed crashed crashing
cross crossed crossed crossing
decide decided decided deciding
develop developed developed developing
die = morir died died dying
enter = entrar entered entered entering
exist existed existed existing
exploded exploded exploded exploding
face = enfrentar faced faced facing
float floated floated floating
flow flowed flowed flowing
gather gathered gathered gathering
harvest harvested harvested harvesting
heal healed healed healing
help helped helped helping
hunt hunted hunted hunting
indicate indicated indicated indicating
land landed landed landing
learn learned learned learning
like liked liked liking
live lived lived living
look looked looked looking
mark marked marked marking
measure measured measured measuring
melt melted melted melting
move moved moved moving
need needed needed needing
offer offered offered offering
pass passed passed passing
place placed placed placing
plan planned planned planning
plant planted planted planting
play played played playing
prefer preferred preferred preferring
promise promised promised promising
protect protected protected protecting
prove proved proved proving
pull pulled pulled pulling
push pushed pushed pushing
rain rained rained raining
reduce reduced reduced reducing
remember remembered remembered remembering
remove removed removed removing
rub rubbed rubbed rubbing
sail sailed sailed sailing
save saved saved saving

seem seemed seemed seeming

shout shouted shouted shouting
show showed showed showing
ski skied skied skiing
snow snowed snowed snowing
solve solved solved solving
start started started starting
stay stayed stayed staying
stop stopped stopped stopping
surround surrounded surrounded surrounding
swallow swallowed swallowed swallowing
taste tasted tasted tasting
test tested tested testing
train trained trained training
travel traveled traveled traveling
try tried tried trying
turn turned turned turning
use used used using
walk walked walked walking
want wanted wanted wanting
work work worked working

IRREGULAR VERBS
SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
Arise arose arisen be was, were been
beat beat beaten (beat) become became become
begin began begun bend bent bent
bet bet bet bite hit bitten
bleed bled bled blow blew blown
break broke broken breed bred bred
bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast
burst burst burst buy bought bought
catch caught caught choose chose chosen
cling clung clung come came come
cost cost cost creep crept crept
cut cut cut deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug do did done
draw drew drawn drink drank drunk
drive drove driven eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen feed fed fed
feel felt felt fight fought fought
find found found flee fled fled
fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten (forgot) forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen get got gotten
give gave given go went gone
grind ground ground grow grew grown
hang hung hung have had had
hear heard heard hide hid hidden
hit hit hit hold held held
hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept
know knew known lay laid laid
lead led led let let let
lie lay lain light lit lit(lighted)
lose lost lost make made made
mean meant meant meet met met
pay paid paid put put put
quit quit quit read read read
ride rode ridden ring rang rung
rise rose risen run ran run
say said said see saw seen
seek sought sought sell sold sold
send sent sent set set set
shake shook shaken shine shone shone
shoot shot shot show showed shown

shrink shrank shrunk (shrunk) shut shut shut

sing sang sung sit sat sat
sleep slept slept slide slid slid
slit slit slit speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent split split split
spread spread spread stand stood stood
steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung stink stank stunk
strike struck struck swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept swim swam swum
swing swung swung take took taken
teach taught taught tear tore torn
tell told told think thought thought
throw threw thrown understand understood understood
upset upset upset wake woke woken
wear wore worn weave wove woven
weep wept wept win won won
wind wound wound withdraw withdrew withdrawn
 APPENDIX --- 6
VOCABULARY:
THREE WAYS TO INDICATE GENDER IN ENGLISH:
Using a different word for masculine and feminine:
Man = hombre woman = mujer Boy = nio Girl = nia
Bachelor = soltero spinster = solterona lady = dama Gentleman = caballero

Male = Macho female = hembra King = rey queen = reina

Monk = Nun = Bull = toro cow = vaca
Cock = gallo hen = gallina Dog = perro bitch = perra

ADDING A WORD TO INDICATE GENDER:

Billy goat = cabro nanny goat = cabra Male child = nio female child = nia

ADD -ess TO THE FEMININE FORM:

Actor = actor actress = actriz princess = princesa Duke = duque
duchess = duquesa Prince = prncipe God = Dios goddess = diosa
tigress = tigresa Heir = heredero heiress = heredera Tiger = tigre
Traitor = traidor traitress = traidora lioness = Leona Lion = len

TIME:
afterwards = luego, despus already = ya, list no more = no ms
always = siempre no longer = ya no ms not long ago = no hace mucho

MEDICAL:
Bone = hueso stomach = estmago muscle = msculo an ear ache = dolor del odo
Heart = corazn Lungs = pulmones brain = cerebro A sore throat = dolor de
garganta
Liver = hgado kidney = rin bladder = vejiga

PRONOUNCED the same but have DIFFERENT MEANINGS:

ail ale bare bear altar alter
ate eight ball bawl berth birth
be bee blew blue berry bury
air heir beet beat aisle isle

THE Face = la Cara:

forehead / forjed/ = frente eyebrows /aibraus/ = cejas eyelashes / ailasehes/ = pestanas

eye / ai / = ojo cheek / chic/ = mejilla nose / nous/ = nariz
lips /lips/ = labios mouth /mauth/ = boca teeth / tiith/ = dientes
chin / chin/ = mentn skin / skin/ = piel freckles / frecels/ = pecas

THE Body
arms /arms/ = brazos hip /jip/ = cadera legs /les/ = piernas
feet /fit/ = pies Elbow /elobou/ = codo neck /nec/ = cuelo
ear /ir/ = oreja Chest /chest/ = pecho back /bac/ = espalda
ass /as/ = culo Shoulder /sholder/ = hombro belly button /beli boton/ = ombligo
hand /jand/ = mano hair / jeir/ =pelo stomach / stomac/ = estomago
head /jed/ =cabeza finger /finguer/ =dedo wrist / rist/ = mueca
belly /beli/ = barriga armpit / armpit/ = axial waist /urist/ = cintura

TABLE SETTING:
Saucer platito Napkin servilleta
Fork tenedor Knife cuchillo
Teaspoon cucharita Serving spoon cubierto de servir
Soup spoon cuchara de sopa Plate plato
Soup plate plato hondo Cup taza
Wine glass copa de vino Glass vaso

COGNATES
balance ____________ favorable ___________ escape ____________ flexible ___________
coma ____________ hotel ___________ color ____________ hospital ___________
collar ____________ ideal ___________ capital ____________ humor ___________
cable ____________ horizontal _________ sexual ____________ rumor ___________
social ____________ rural ___________
APPENDIX -- 7
VOCABULARY
A = un, uno, una _______________________________________________________
A WHILE = un rato _______________________________________________________
ABSENT = ausente _______________________________________________________
ACCOMPANY = acompae _______________________________________________________
ACT = acto _______________________________________________________
ACTION = accin _______________________________________________________
ACTIVITY = actividad _______________________________________________________
ADDRESS = direccin _______________________________________________________
ADVERB = adverbio _______________________________________________________
AFFIRMATIVE = afirmativo _______________________________________________________
AFRAID = asustado _______________________________________________________
AFTER = despus de _______________________________________________________
AFTERNOON = tarde _______________________________________________________
AGO = hace _______________________________________________________
AGREEMENT = acuerdo _______________________________________________________
AIRPORT = aeropuerto _______________________________________________________
ALFALFA = alfalfa _______________________________________________________
ALGEBRA = lgebra _______________________________________________________
ALIVE = vivo _______________________________________________________
ALL = todos _______________________________________________________
ALMOST = casi _______________________________________________________
ALOUD _______________________________________________________
ALREADY = ya _______________________________________________________
ALSO = tambin _______________________________________________________
ALTERNATE = alternar _______________________________________________________
ALWAYS = siempre _______________________________________________________
AMAZON = amazona _______________________________________________________
AMERICAN SLANG = jerga americana _________________________________________________
AND = y _______________________________________________________
ANGRILY= enojadamente _______________________________________________________
ANGRY = enfadado _______________________________________________________
ANIMAL = animal _______________________________________________________
ANOTHER = otro _______________________________________________________
ANSWER = respuesta _______________________________________________________
ANXIOUS = ansioso _______________________________________________________
ANYMORE= ya nomas _______________________________________________________
APARTMENT = apartamento _______________________________________________________
APPOINTMENT= cita _______________________________________________________
ARITHMETIC = aritmtica _______________________________________________________
ARRIVE = llegue _______________________________________________________
AS = como (comparativo) _______________________________________________________
ASHAMED = avergonzado _______________________________________________________
ASK = preguntar _______________________________________________________
ASK = pedir _______________________________________________________
ASLEEP = dormido _______________________________________________________
ASSIGNMENT = asignacin _______________________________________________________
ATOM = tomo _______________________________________________________
ATTENTION = atencin _______________________________________________________
ATTRACTIVE = atractivo _______________________________________________________
AUDIENCE = audiencia _______________________________________________________
AUTOMOBILE = automvil _______________________________________________________
AUXILIARY = auxiliar _______________________________________________________
AWAKE = despierto _______________________________________________________
BABY = beb. _______________________________________________________
BACON = tocino _______________________________________________________
BAD = malo _______________________________________________________
BAD WEATHER = mal tiempo _______________________________________________________
BAG = bolsa _______________________________________________________
BARTENDER = barman _______________________________________________________
BASEBALL = bisbol _______________________________________________________
BATH = baar _______________________________________________________
BATHROOM = bao _______________________________________________________
BEACH = playa _______________________________________________________
BEARD = barba _______________________________________________________
BEASTIES = beasties _______________________________________________________
BEAUTIFUL = bella _______________________________________________________
BECAUSE = porque _______________________________________________________
BED = cama. _______________________________________________________
BEDROOM = alcoba _______________________________________________________
BEGIN = empezar _______________________________________________________
BELIEF = creencia _______________________________________________________
BEST = lo mejor _______________________________________________________
BET = apuesta _______________________________________________________
BETTER = major _______________________________________________________
BETWEEN = entre _______________________________________________________
BICYCLE = bicicleta _______________________________________________________
BIG = grande _______________________________________________________
BIRDS = pjaros _______________________________________________________
BIRTHDAY = cumpleaos _______________________________________________________
BLOND = rubio _______________________________________________________
BLUE = azul _______________________________________________________
BOARD = tabla _______________________________________________________
BOATING = _______________________________________________________
BOOK = libro _______________________________________________________
BORN = nacido _______________________________________________________
BORROW = dar de prestar
BOTH = ambos _______________________________________________________
BOTTOM = fondo _______________________________________________________
BOWL = cuenco _______________________________________________________
BOX OFFICE = taquilla _______________________________________________________
BOYS = muchachos _______________________________________________________
BREAD = pan _______________________________________________________
BREAK = descanso _______________________________________________________
BREAKFAST = desayuno _______________________________________________________
BRING = traiga _______________________________________________________
BROILED = a la parrilla _______________________________________________________
BROKEN = roto _______________________________________________________
BROTHER = hermano _______________________________________________________
BROWN = marrn _______________________________________________________
BROWN HAIR = pelo castao _______________________________________________________
BRUSH = cepillo _______________________________________________________
BUILDING = construyendo _______________________________________________________
BURGLAR = ladrn _______________________________________________________
BUS = autobs. _______________________________________________________
BUT = pero _______________________________________________________
BUTTERMILK = suero de manteca _____________________________________________________
BUY = compra _______________________________________________________
BUZZING = zumbando _______________________________________________________
CAFETERIA = cafetera _______________________________________________________
CAKE = pastel _______________________________________________________
CAN = lata _______________________________________________________
CANDY = dulce _______________________________________________________
CAR = automvil _______________________________________________________
CAREFUL = cuidadoso _______________________________________________________
CARELESS = descuidado _______________________________________________________
CARVED = tallado _______________________________________________________
CASES = casos _______________________________________________________
CAUGHT = cogido _______________________________________________________
CERTAIN = cierto _______________________________________________________
CHAIR = silla _______________________________________________________
CHANGE = cambio _______________________________________________________
CHAPTER = captulo _______________________________________________________
CHAR-BROILED = a la parrilla _______________________________________________________
CHEAP = barato _______________________________________________________
CHECK = cheque (ingls americano) _________________________________________________
CHEDDAR = cheddar _______________________________________________________
CHEESE = queso _______________________________________________________
CHEESECAKE = pastel de queso _____________________________________________________
CHEFS SALAD = ensalada del chef ___________________________________________________
CHEQUE = cheque (ingls canadiense britnico) _________________________________________
CHICKEN = pollo _______________________________________________________
CHINA = loza _______________________________________________________

CHINESE = chino _______________________________________________________

CHOCOLATE = chocolate _______________________________________________________
CHOOSING = escogiendo _______________________________________________________
CHOWDER = crema de pescado ______________________________________________________
CINNAMON = canela _______________________________________________________
CITY = ciudad _______________________________________________________
CLAM = almeja _______________________________________________________
CLASS = clase _______________________________________________________
CLAUSE = clusula _______________________________________________________
CLEAR = claro _______________________________________________________
CLOSE = cerca _______________________________________________________
COAT = chaqueta _______________________________________________________
COCKTAIL = cocotal _______________________________________________________
COFFEE = caf _______________________________________________________
COLD = fro _______________________________________________________
COLD = resfro _______________________________________________________
COLD CEREAL = cereal fro _______________________________________________________
COLLECTION = coleccin _______________________________________________________
COLLECTIVE = colectividad _______________________________________________________
COMFORTABLE = cmodo _______________________________________________________
HEAVY = pesado _______________________________________________________
COMMAND = orden _______________________________________________________
COMMITTEE = comit _______________________________________________________
COMMONLY = comnmente _______________________________________________________
COMPARE = comparar _______________________________________________________
COMPARISON = comparacin _______________________________________________________
COMPLETE = completo _______________________________________________________
COMPLETION = _______________________________________________________
COMPOSED = compuesto _______________________________________________________
CONCENTRATE = concentra _______________________________________________________
CONCERNS = preocupaciones _______________________________________________________
CONDITION = condicin _______________________________________________________
CONDITIONAL = condicional _______________________________________________________
CONJUGATION = conjugado _______________________________________________________
CONSIDERED = considerado _______________________________________________________
CONSIST = consista _______________________________________________________
CONTAIN = contener _______________________________________________________
CONTEXT = contexto _______________________________________________________
CONTINUE = contine _______________________________________________________
CONTINUOUS = continuo _______________________________________________________
CONTRACT = contrato _______________________________________________________
CONTRACTION = _______________________________________________________
COOK = cocine _______________________________________________________
COOK = cocinero _______________________________________________________
CORN BEEF = carne de maz _______________________________________________________
CORNER = esquina _______________________________________________________
CORRECT = correcto _ ______________________________________________________
COST = costo _______________________________________________________
COULD = podra _______________________________________________________
COUNT = cuenta _______________________________________________________
COUNTRY = pas _______________________________________________________
COUPLE = par _______________________________________________________
COURSE = curso _______________________________________________________
CRAZY = loco _______________________________________________________
CRIMINAL _______________________________________________________
CROWD = muchedumbre _______________________________________________________
CRY = llora _______________________________________________________
CUP = taza _______________________________________________________
CURLY = rizado _______________________________________________________
DARK = oscuro _______________________________________________________
DATE = fecha _______________________________________________________
DAY = da _______________________________________________________
DECLARATIVE = declarativo _______________________________________________________
DEFINITE = definido _______________________________________________________
DELICIOUS = delicioso _______________________________________________________
DELIGHT = encantado _______________________________________________________
DELIGHTED = entregado _______________________________________________________
DELIVERED = entrega _______________________________________________________
DELIVERY
DEMONSTRATES = demuestra
DENTIST = dentista
DEPRESSED = deprimido
DESCRIBE = describir
DESCRIPTION = descripcin
DESK = escritorio
DESSERT = postre
DIAMOND = diamante
DICTIONARY = diccionario
DIFFERENCE = diferencia
DIFFERENT = diferente
DIFFICULT = difcil
DILL = eneldo
DINNER = cena
DIRTY = sucio
DISCUSS = discutir
DISHES = platos
DISTANCE = distancia
DOCTOR = doctor
DONKEY = asno
DOOR = puerta
DOUBLE-ROOM = doble-cuarto
DOWNTOWN = centro (ciudad)
DREAM = sueo
DRESSING = vistiendo
DRINK = bebida
DRIVE = conducir
DRIVER chfer
DROP = gota
DRYER = secador
DURATION = duracin
DYED = teido
EASY = fcil
EDGE = borde
EGG = huevo
EITHER = o
ELECTRON = electrn
EMERGENCY = emergencia
EMOTIONS = emociones:
EMPHASIZES = nfasis
END = fin
ENTER = entre
ENTHUSIASTIC = entusistico
ENVELOPE = sobre.
EQUIPMENT = equipo
ERASE = borrar
ERASER = borrador
ESPECIALLY = especialmente
ESTABLISHED = establecido
EVENING = noche
EVENT = evento
EVERY NIGHT = todas las noches
EVERYDAY = todos los das
EVERYTHING = todo
EXAMPLE = ejemplo
EXCELLENT = excelente
EXCITED = excitado
EXCLAMATORY = exclamatorio
EXPENSIVE = caro
EXPLAIN = explique
EXPRESS =expreso
EXPRESSING = expresando
EXPRESSION = expresin
EYE = ojo
EYE SIGHT = vista del ojo
FACE = cara
FACT = hecho
FACULTY = facultad _______________________________________________________
FALLING = cayndose _______________________________________________________
FAMILY = familia _______________________________________________________
FAMOUS = famoso _______________________________________________________
FAR = lejos _______________________________________________________
FARTHER = ms lejos _______________________________________________________
FAST = rpidamente _______________________________________________________
FAT = gordo _______________________________________________________
FEW = pocos _______________________________________________________
FILET OF FISH = filete de pez _______________________________________________________
FINAL = ltimo _______________________________________________________
FINALLY = finalmente _______________________________________________________
FIND = encontrar / hallazgo _______________________________________________________
FINGER. = dedo. _______________________________________________________
FINGERNAIL la ua _______________________________________________________
FINISH = acabado _______________________________________________________
FIX = fijar / apuro _______________________________________________________
FLOOR = suelo / piso _______________________________________________________
FLU = gripe _______________________________________________________
FLUENT = fluente _______________________________________________________
FLY = volar _______________________________________________________
FLY = mosca _______________________________________________________
FOLLOWING = siguiendo _______________________________________________________
FOOD = comida _______________________________________________________
FOREHEAD = frente _______________________________________________________
FOREIGN = extranjero _______________________________________________________
FOREVER = para siempre _______________________________________________________
FORGOTTEN = olvidado _______________________________________________________
FORM = formulario _______________________________________________________
FORMAL = formal _______________________________________________________
FORMED = formado _______________________________________________________
FREQUENCY = frecuencia _______________________________________________________
FRIEND = amigo _______________________________________________________
FRIENDLY = amistoso _______________________________________________________
FRIGHTENED = asustado _______________________________________________________
FRONT ROW = fila delantera _______________________________________________________
FRUIT = fruta _______________________________________________________
FRUIT SALAD = ensalada de fruta ____________________________________________________
FUN = divertido _______________________________________________________
FUNNY = cmico _______________________________________________________
FURTHER = ms all _______________________________________________________
FUTURE = futuro _______________________________________________________
GAME = juego/ partido _______________________________________________________
GARAGE = garaje _______________________________________________________
GARLIC = ajo _______________________________________________________
GENERAL = general _______________________________________________________
GENERALLY = generalmente _______________________________________________________
GENEROUS generoso _______________________________________________________
GENTLY =suavemente _______________________________________________________
GIANT = gigante _______________________________________________________
GINGER = jengibre _______________________________________________________
GIRLS = muchachas _______________________________________________________
GLAD = alegre _______________________________________________________
GLASSES = gafases _______________________________________________________
GOOD = bueno _______________________________________________________
GOOD ADVICE = consejo bueno _____________________________________________________
GOOD COOK = cocinero bueno ______________________________________________________
GOOD IDEA = buena idea _______________________________________________________
GOOD TIME = bueno tiempo _______________________________________________________
GOVERNMENT = gobierno _______________________________________________________
GRADUATED = graduado _______________________________________________________
GROCERY STORE = tienda de comestibles _____________________________________________
GROUND = tierra _______________________________________________________
GROUP = grupo _______________________________________________________
GUESS = husped/ invitado _______________________________________________________
GUEST = adivinar _______________________________________________________
HAIR = pelo _______________________________________________________
HAM = jamn _______________________________________________________
HAND = mano _______________________________________________________
HANDSOME = guapo _______________________________________________________
HANDWRITING = la letra _______________________________________________________
HAPPEN = suceder/pase _______________________________________________________
HAPPY = feliz _______________________________________________________
HARD = difcilmente _______________________________________________________
HASH = picadillo _______________________________________________________
HASH BROWN = castao de picadillo __________________________________________________
HEALTH = salud _______________________________________________________
HEALTHY saludable _______________________________________________________
HEAVY = fuerte _______________________________________________________
HELLO = hola _______________________________________________________
HELP = ayuda _______________________________________________________
HERBS = hierbas _______________________________________________________
HIGH = alto _______________________________________________________
HIGH HEELS = tacones altos _______________________________________________________
HIGH SCHOOL = escuela secundaria __________________________________________________
HILL = colina _______________________________________________________
HOME = casa _______________________________________________________
HOME MADE = casero _______________________________________________________
HOMETOWN = ciudad natal _______________________________________________________
HOMEWORK = tarea _______________________________________________________
HONEST = honrado _______________________________________________________
HONESTY = honestidad _______________________________________________________
HORSE = caballo _______________________________________________________
HOSPITAL= hospital _______________________________________________________
HOT = caliente _______________________________________________________
HOT CEREAL = cereal caliente _______________________________________________________
HOTEL = hotel _______________________________________________________
HOUR = hora ______________________________________________________
HOUSE = casa _______________________________________________________
HOUSE SALAD = ensalada cacera _____________________________________________________
HOUSEWORK = quehaceres _______________________________________________________
HOWEVER = sin embargo _______________________________________________________
HUNGRY = hambriento _______________________________________________________
HURRY UP dese prisa _______________________________________________________
HURT = _______________________________________________________
IDEA = idea _______________________________________________________
IDIOMATIC = idiomtico _______________________________________________________
IMMEDIATELY = inmediatamente _____________________________________________________
IMPATIENT = impaciente _______________________________________________________
IMPERATIVE =indispensable ______________________________________________________
IMPERFECT = pretrito imperfecto ___________________________________________________
IMPORTANT = importante _______________________________________________________
IN = dentro/en _______________________________________________________
INDEFINITE =indefinido
INDEX = ndice
INDICATE = indique
INFORMATION = informacin
INSPIRE = inspire
INSTEAD = en cambio
INTELLIGENT = inteligente
INTENTION = intencin
INTERESTING = interesante
INTERROGATIVE = interrogativo
INTONATION = entonacin
INTRANSITIVE = intransitivo
IRON = hierro
IRREGULAR = irregular
JOB = trabajo
JOKE = chiste
JUICY = jugoso
KID = nio
KIND = tipo
KIND = amable
KITCHEN = cocina
LAKE = lago
LANDLORD = propietario
LANDMARK = mojn _______________________________________________________
LARGE = grande _______________________________________________________
LAST MONTH = mes pasado _______________________________________________________
LAST NIGHT = anoche. _______________________________________________________
LAST WEEK = semana pasada _______________________________________________________
LAST YEAR = ao pasado _______________________________________________________
LATE = tarde _______________________________________________________
LATELY = ltimamente _______________________________________________________
LAUNDRY-MAT = lavado-estera ______________________________________________________
LAY _______________________________________________________
LAZY = perezoso _______________________________________________________
LEAVE = dejar _______________________________________________________
LEFT = izquierda _______________________________________________________
LEMON = limn _______________________________________________________
LEND = preste _______________________________________________________
LETTER = carta _______________________________________________________
LIBRARY = biblioteca _______________________________________________________
LIE = mentira _______________________________________________________
LIFE = vida _______________________________________________________
LIGHT = luz _______________________________________________________
LIGHT = liviano _______________________________________________________
LINE = lnea _______________________________________________________
LINEN lino/lancera _______________________________________________________
LINK = eslabn/conexin _______________________________________________________
LISTEN = escuchar _______________________________________________________
LISTENER = oyente _______________________________________________________
LITTLE = pequeo _______________________________________________________
LIVER = hgado _______________________________________________________
LOCK = cerradura _______________________________________________________
LOGICALLY = lgicamente _______________________________________________________
LONG = largo _______________________________________________________
LOW = bajo _______________________________________________________
LUNCH = almuerzo _______________________________________________________
MAAM = seora _______________________________________________________
MAD enfadado _______________________________________________________
MAIL = correo _______________________________________________________
MAIN = principal _______________________________________________________
MAIN STREET = calle principal. _______________________________________________________
MAJOR = mayor _______________________________________________________
MANNER = manera _______________________________________________________
MANY = mucho(s) _______________________________________________________
MARINATED = marinado _______________________________________________________
MARRIED = casado _______________________________________________________
MATCH = fsforo _______________________________________________________
MATH = matemtica _______________________________________________________
MEAL = comida _______________________________________________________
MEANING = significando _______________________________________________________
MECHANIC = mecnico _______________________________________________________
MEETING = reunin
MEMBERS = miembros
MENTION = mencin
MICROSCOPE = microscopio
MIDNIGHT = medianoche
MILD = apacible
MINUTES = minutos
MISTAKE = error
MIX = mezcla
MONEY = dinero
MONTH = mes
MOON = luna
MORE = ms
MORNING = enlama aa
MORSELS = pedacitos
MOST = mayora
MOUNTAIN = montaa
MOUSE = ratn
MOVIE = cine/pelcula
MUCH = mucho
MUFFIN = panecillo
MUG = jarro pocillo
MUSHROOM = champin
MUSIC = msica
NAME = nombre
NATIVE = nativo
NATURAL= natural
NEAT = aseado
NEATLY = pulcramente
NECESSARY =necesario
NEED = necesidad
NEGATIVE = negativo
NERVOUS = nervioso
NEVER = nunca
NEW = nuevo(s)
NEWS = noticia(s)
NEXT MONDAY = prximo lunes
NEXT MONTH = prximo mes
NEXT WEEK = prxima semana
NEXT YEAR = prximo ao
NICE = bueno
NIGHT = noche
NOON = medioda
NORTH =norte
NOTABLY = notablemente
NOTE = nota
NOW = ahora
NUMBER = nmero
OCCASIONALLY = ocasionalmente
OCCUR = ocurra
OFFER = oferta /ofrecer
OFFICE = oficina
OFFICEMATE = compaera
OFTEN =a menudo
OLD = viejo
OMELET = tortilla
ONGOING = continuado
ONLY = slo/nicamente
OPEN = abra
OPERATION = operacin
OPINION = opinin
OR = o
ORAL = oral
ORGANISM = organismo
OUTSIDE = fuera de
OVERJOYED = alborozado
OVERLOOKING = sobrevendo
OWN IDEAS = propias ideas
OWN WORDS = propias palabras
PACKAGE = paquete
PANCAKES = panqueques
PARENTHESIS = parntesis
PARENTS = padres
PARK = parque
PARTICULAR = particular
PARTY = fiesta
PAST = pasado
PEN = pluma
PENCIL = lpiz
PEOPLE = gente
PERSON = persona
PHOTOGRAPH = fotografa
PHRASE = frase
PHYSICS = fsicas
PICTURE = cuadro
PIG = cerdo
PIPING HOT =aven caliente
PLACE = lugar _______________________________________________________
PLANE = avin _______________________________________________________
PLANET = planeta _______________________________________________________
PLANS = planes _______________________________________________________
PLEASE = por favor _______________________________________________________
PLEASED = agradado _______________________________________________________
PLUMBING = plomera _______________________________________________________
POLIC = polica _______________________________________________________
POOR = pobre _______________________________________________________
POPULATION = poblacin ____________________________________________________
POSSIBLE = posible _______________________________________________________
POST OFFICE = correo_______________________________________________________
POSTAGE = estampilla _______________________________________________________
POTATO = patata _______________________________________________________
PRACTICE = prctica _______________________________________________________
PRAWN = langostino _______________________________________________________
PREFECT = prefecto
PRESENT = presente
PRETTY = bonito
PREVIEWED = visto de antemano
PRIMARILY =principalmente
PRIME-RIB = costilla
PRINCIPAL =principal
PROBABLY = probablemente
PROGRAM =programa
PROGRESS = progreso
PROGRESSIVE = progresivo
PROMIS = promesa
PRONOUNC = pronunciacin
PROUD = orgulloso
PSYCHOLOGY = psicologa
PUBLIC = pblico
PYRAMID = pirmide
QUANTITY = cantidad
QUESTION = pregunta
QUIET = callado
RAIN = lluvia
RAINCOAT = impermeable
RAISE = aumento
RANGER = guardabosque
RARELY = raramente
READER = lector
READY = listo
RECENT = reciente
RECENTLY = recientemente
RECEPTIONIST = recepcionista
RECESS = hueco
RECKLESS = temerario
RED = rojo
REFER = refirase
RELATIONSHIP = relacin
RELATIVES = parientes
RELIEVED =relevado
REPAIR = reparacin
REQUESTS = demandas
RESERVATION = reservacin
RESPONSIBILITY = responsabilidad
REST = resto
RESTAURANT = restaurante
REVIEW = revisin
REWRITE = rescribir
RICE = arroz
RIGHT NOW = ahora mismo
RISE = levantar
RIVER = ro
ROLL = rollo
ROOM = cuarto
ROUND alrededor
RUDENESS = rudeza
SAD = triste
SAFFRON = azafrn
SALAD = ensalada
SALESMAN = vendedor
SAME = mismo
SANDWICH = bocadillo
SAUCE = salsa
SAUSAGE = salchicha
SCARED = asustado
SCHEDULE = horario
SCHOOL = escuela
SCIENCE = ciencia
SCIENTISTS = cientficos
SEASONED = sazonado
SEEMS = parece
SELDOM = raramente
SENTENCES = frases
SERVED = servido
SET = juego
SHAVE = afeitado
SHELF = estante
SHOPPING = compras
SHORT = corto
SHOULD = debera
SHOW = muestra
SHRIMP = gamba
SHUT = cierra
SICK = enfermo
SIMMERED = fuego lento
SIMPLE = simple
SIMPLY = simplemente
SINCE = subsecuentemente
SINGLE-ROOM = cuarto-ceillo _______________________________________________________
SIR = seor
SIRLOIN = solomillo
SISTER = hermana
SIT = sintese
SITUATION = situacin
SIZE = tamao
SKIN = piel
SKY = cielo
SLEEP = sueo
SLEEPY sooliento
SLICE = rodaja
SLIPPERS = zapatillas
SLOW = lentamente
SMALL pequeo
SMILE = sonrisa
SNACK = bocado
SNAKE = serpiente
SNOWS = nieva
SO = as / tan
SOFT = suave
SOME = algunos
SOMETIMES = a veces
SON = hijo
SOON = pronto
SOUND = sonido
SOUNDS = suena
SOUP = sopa
SOUR = agrio
SPANISH = espaol
SPARE-RIB = costilla
SPEAK = hable
SPEAKER = portavoz/parlante
SPECIAL = especial
SPECIFIC = especfico
SPEECH = discurso
STRUCTURE = estructura
SPELL = hechizo
SPOKEN = hablado
SQUARE = cuadrado
STAFF = personal
STANDARD = standard
STATEMENT = declaracin
STATES = estados
STAY = qudese
STEAK = bistec
STICKY = pegajoso
STORE = tienda
STRAIGHT = directamente
STREET = calle
STRESSES = tensiones
STRONG = fuerte
STUDENT = estudiante
STUFFED = llenado
SUBJECT = asunto
SUBJUNCTIVE = subjuntivo
MUSEUM = museo
SUCH = tal
SUITCASE = maleta
SUN = sol
SUN BURNED = bronceado
SUPERIOR = superior
SUPPER = cena
SUPPOSE = suponga
SURE = efectivamente
SURPRISE = sorpresa
SWEATER = suter
SWEET = dulce
SWIM = nadar
TALL = alto
RECORDER = grabadora
TASTY = sabroso
TEA= t
TEACH = ensee
TEACHER = maestro
TEAM = equipo

TEETH = dientes
TENDER = tierno
TENSES = tiempos
TERM = trmino
TEST = prueba
TEXT = texto
THAN = que
THAT = eso
THEN = entonces
THESIS = tesis
THIEF = ladrn
THIN = delgado
THING = cosa
THIRSTY = sediento
THOUGHTFUL = pensativo
THUMB = dedo pulgar
TICKET = boleto
TIME = tiempo
TINY = diminuto
TIRED = cansado
TOAST = tostada
TODAY = hoy
TOLERANCE = tolerancia
TOMATO = tomate
TOMORROW = maana
TOMORROW = maana
TOMORROW AFTERNOON = maana por la tarde
TOMORROW EVENING = maana tarde
TOMORROW MORNING = maana por la maana.
TOMORROW NIGHT = maana por la noche
TONIGHT = esta noche
TOO = tambin
TOOTH = diente
TOSSED = echado
TOWER = torre
TOWN = pueblo
TRAFFIC = trfico
TRANSITIVE = transitivo
TREAT = obsequio
TRIANGLE = tringulo
TRIP = viaje
TROUBLESOME = molesto
TRULY = verdaderamente
TURN = giro
UGLY feo
UMBRELLA = paraguas
UNHAPPY = infeliz
UNIT = unidad
UNIVERSAL = universal
UNIVERSITY = universidad
UNSPECIFIED no especificado
UNTIL hasta
USUALLY = normalmente
VALUE = valor
VARIOUS = varios

VEGETABLE = verdura
VERB = verbo
VERY mismo
VIEW = vista
VIOLENCE = violencia
VISA = visa
VISIT = visita
VOCABULARY = vocabulario
VOICED = expresado
VOICELESS = mudo
WALK = caminar
WARM caluroso
WASH el lavado
WASHER = lavadora
WATCH = reloj
WATER = agua
WAVY = ondulado
WEAR = uso
WEATHER = clima
WEEK = semana
WEEK-DAYS das de semana
WEEKEND fin de semana
WELL = bien
WET = moje
WHILE = mientras
WHISPER = cuchicheo
WHITE = blanco
WIDER = extensamente
WIFE = esposa
WIN = ganar
WINDOW = ventana
WINES = vinos
WING = ala
WINTER = invierno
WISDOM = sabidura
WITH = con
WITHOUT = sin
WOMAN = mujer
WOOD = madera
WORK = trabajo
WORLD = mundo
WORRY = cuidado
WORSE = peor
WRITE = escribir
WRITER = escritor
WRONG
YEAR =ao
YESTERDAY = ayer
YOGURT = yogur