3 Phase Transformer PDF

ADVANCED POWER FLOW
EDSA Micro Corporation

16870 West Bernardo Drive, Suite 330
San Diego, California 92127
USA
Copyright 2005
All Rights Reserved
Version 5.60.00 AdvPF November 2005

Advanced Power Flow
Table of Contents
1. What is New in this Release ................................................................................................... 1

2. Program Description and Capabilities .................................................................................... 1
3. Solution Methods .................................................................................................................... 2
4. Generator Modeling ................................................................................................................ 2
5. Under Load Tap Changing Transformers (ULTC)................................................................. 3
Voltage Controlling ULTC ....................................................................................................... 3
Phase Shifting/Active Power Controlling ULTC .................................................................. 4
Reactive Power Controlling ULTC......................................................................................... 4
6. Area Interchange Control........................................................................................................ 4
7. Three Winding Transformers.................................................................................................. 6
8. Autotransformers .................................................................................................................... 6
9. Line Voltage Regulator (LVR) ............................................................................................... 7
10. Motor Starting..................................................................................................................... 8
Motor Starting Using Motor Equivalent Circuit....................................................................... 10
Motor Starting Using Motor Testing Characteristics/SKVA.................................................... 12
Assessing Adequacy of Motor Electrical Torque and Load Torque Curve Fitting .................. 13
11. Power Flow Solution Options and Controls ..................................................................... 15
12. Customizing the EAPF Report, Setting Units and Exporting Facilities ........................... 17
13. Violation and Summary Reports....................................................................................... 21
14. Important Notes ................................................................................................................ 22
Selection of Base Power BASE MVA/KVA ........................................................................ 22
What to do if the Load Flow does not converge....................................................................... 22
15. Tutorial: ULTC using Two-Winding Transformers ......................................................... 23
16. Tutorial: ULTC using Three-Winding Transformers ....................................................... 34
17. Tutorial: Voltage Control Using Generators..................................................................... 40
18. Tutorial: Voltage Control Using Static VAR Compensators............................................ 48
19. Tutorial: Advanced Power Flow Based Motor Starting Analysis .................................... 55
20. Tutorial: Area Control....................................................................................................... 67
21. Tutorial: Variable Frequency Motor Starters.................................................................... 74
22. Motor Decrement Export Function from Advanced Motor Starting to
Protective Device Coordination.................................................................................................... 85
23. Tutorial: Using DC Lines and Verification and Validation............................................ 100
Verification and Validation of DC Line Model...................................................................... 108
DC Line Sample Network 2.................................................................................................... 108
List of Figures
Figure 1: ULTC Voltage Control Transformer Controlling its Own Terminal or Remote
Bus.......................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Area Interchange Control ........................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Schematic of an Autotransformer Circuit................................................................. 7
Figure 4: Line Voltage Regulator (LVR) ................................................................................... 8
Figure 5: General Motor Data Dialog ........................................................................................ 9
Figure 6: Equivalent Circuit Motor Model ............................................................................... 11
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 7: Equivalent Circuit Motor Data Dialog ..................................................................... 12

Figure 8: Defining Motor Characteristics as a Function of Speed...................................... 13
Figure 9: Selecting Electrical Torque Assessment and Load Torque Fitting Option....... 14
Figure 10: Motor Start Testing and Load Torque Curve Fitting .......................................... 15
Figure 11: Advanced Power Flow Solution Options ............................................................. 16
Figure 12: Initializing the Power Flow Solution with Preliminary Gauss-Seidel Iterations
............................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 13: Representation of the Sources (generator) Impedance During Motor Start.. 17
Figure 14: Setting Report Units in the Advanced Power Flow Program ........................... 18
Figure 15: Selection of Reports, Units, Customizing, and Exporting Power Flow Results
............................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 16: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel ........................................................... 19
Figure 17: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel in Actual Values ............................. 20
Figure 18: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel in p.u. ............................................... 20
Figure 19: Exporting and Plotting the Motor Start Result in Excel ..................................... 21
Figure 20: Sample Power System used for DC Line Tutorial ........................................... 100
Figure 21: Selecting DC line Symbol .................................................................................... 101
Figure 22: DC Line Data Dialog ............................................................................................. 102
Figure 23: DC Line Data Dialog - Rectifier and Inverter .................................................... 103
Figure 24: Rectifier and Inverter Data................................................................................... 104
Figure 25: Power Flows Shown on the Single Line Diagram of the Sample Network with
DC Line .............................................................................................................................. 106
Figure 26: Example of a Power System using DC Line, T14bus-dc ............................. 109
Figure 27: DC Line Data for the Sample Network using DC Line .................................... 110
Note: You can view this manual on your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file
name is:
Advanced Power Flow AdvPF.pdf
You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial in the following location:
C:\EDSA2005\Samples\ADPF = Advanced Power Flow
Test Files: 2wxfmrvc, 3wxfmrvc, Advlfv_v, areacont, genvc, motv_v, svcvc, T14bus, T9bus, T9busm, tv_v,
T14bus-DC, T9bus-DC
Important Note:
The Advanced Power Flow handles long bus ID names up to 24 alphanumeric characters.
It is recommended, however that you use 14 characters. If you use more than 18
characters your branch current will have more than one line.
Copyright 2005
All Rights Reserved
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Advanced Power Flow
1. What is New in this Release

The EDSA Advanced Power Flow (EAPF) program has been enhanced to support full models of DC lines.
The DC transmission is the most economical means of power transfer over long distances. It is also used to
interconnect power systems asynchronously. There are many DC lines operating in the North American,
and European power systems, and more recently planned for the Middle East interconnection. A DC line
model is composed of rectifier transformer, rectifier, DC line, inverter, and inverter transformer. The solution
process for DC lines in the EDSA Advanced Power Flow program is as follow. The program will attempt to
achieve the user specified DC active power flow and DC voltage by first adjusting the rectifier and inverter
transformers taps. If this is not successful, then, the program will adjust the rectifier firing angle and inverter
extinction angles. The EDSA Advanced Power Flow program utilizes a robust DC solution algorithm with
excellent convergence properties. If DC solution does not converge, the user should check any of the
following:
The rectifier and inverter transformers are voltage control type transformers with sufficient tap
ranges
The DC voltage is reasonable (e.g. approximately =1.35*AC voltage * No. of bridges)
The firing and extinction angles are reasonable (e.g. 15 and 18 degrees respectively)
The desired DC active power is within converter transformer capability
The number of bridges are reasonable (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4)
The details of DC line model and example of how to use them in a power system are provided in the
section 23.
2. Program Description and Capabilities

The EDSA Advanced Power Flow program is one of the most powerful, fast, and efficient power flow
programs with excellent graphical user interface. EAPF supports advanced plotting, motor starting,
numerous options and modeling features. The EAPF program is based on an advanced and robust solution
algorithms, which incorporates state-of-the-art solution techniques applicable to large and complex systems.
The program is equipped with an easy to use and intelligent graphical interface. The programs modeling
capabilities include:
Generator Local/Remote Bus Voltage Control;

Five solution techniques: Newton-Raphson, Fast De-coupled, Hybrid Solution, Advanced Gauss Seidel,
and Relaxed Generator Reactive Power (Q) limits;
Bus types can be defined as follows: out of service, load, generator, or Swing Bus;
Multiple Swing Busses/Co-Generation Units;
Multiple Independent Islands;
Generator models can have different modes of operation: fixed power output, fixed active power &
control voltage at the terminal or at a remote location
Two and Three-Winding Voltage Control Transformer Models;
Transformers with fixed tap, voltage control, phase shifter (active power control), and reactive power
control;
Transformers can be equipped with Under Load Tap Changers (ULTC) for local and remote bus
voltage control
SVC Static-Var Compensation and Shunt capacitor and reactors;
Area Interchange Control. Many areas can participate in the area power interchange. Each area will
have a dedicated generator for controlling the tie line power;
DC lines and converter models;
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Motor starting feature based on IEEE brown book including a variety of the latest solid-state/soft-state
motor start controllers;
No bus-numbering limitations;
Line Voltage Regulator "LVR";
Unlimited Generators and/or Motors schedules, plus transformer and cable sizing through ADPF
simulation. (Available in the next release of EAPF).
The Program output includes:
Bus voltage and angle;

Reactive power, terminal voltage and remotely controlled bus (if any), power factor for generators;
Active, reactive power flows and flow power factor through branches;
Line and total system losses;
Total Generation, Consumption, Losses, and System Mismatch;
Voltage Violations report vs. user-defined threshold;
Line Loading Violations vs. user-defined threshold;
In Addition, all of the solution quantities (voltages and flows) are exportable to Excel, and can be used to
customize reports using Professional Report Writer.
3. Solution Methods
To cope with the unique features of different power systems, such as transmission, distribution and
industrial power systems, or a mix of these systems, EAPF supports a number of solution techniques.
The solution methods are Newton-Raphson, Fast Decoupled, Hybrid Solution, and the Gauss-Seidel.
The latter offers better convergence for the networks having branches with high R/X. This situation may
arise especially in a power system with predominately cable installations. The users may select the
relaxed Fast Decoupled method when experiencing non-convergence. In this solution technique,
transformer taps will not be adjusted and the generators are assumed able to deliver/absorb reactive
power beyond their reactive power capabilities. This solution technique is particularly useful when the
user wishes to determine the reactive power requirements in a new installation, or sometimes with a
power system having data errors.
If the Fast-Decoupled method does not converge even when you deactivate the constraints (relaxed
solution method), the user should use the Gauss-Seidel method. Since this method is inherently slow in
convergence, user should allow more iterations.
Hybrid Solution is a very powerful technique suitable when systems with a diverse voltage, load sizes
and impedances are modeled. This method utilizes both Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel
techniques. The active power mismatch is solved using Newton-Raphson and reactive power mismatch
is solved using Gauss-Seidel.
4. Generator Modeling
The generator can be modeled using any of the following options:
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Fixed generation i.e., the user specifies constant active and reactive power generation;
Voltage controlled also referred to as P-V, in this case active power and reactive power capability
(maximum and minimum reactive power) is specified. In addition, the user specifies a desired
controlled voltage for either generator terminal or a remote bus. The EAPF solution will determine
how much reactive power is required to maintain the desired controlled voltage;
Swing generator (sometimes it is also referred to as Utility or Reference generator). In this case, the
user only specifies desired controlled voltage and its voltage angle (normally set to zero) at the
generator terminal. EAPF will determine the required active and reactive power generation at the
swing generator.
The user may connect more than one generator to a bus. The generators do not have to be the same
rating and type. The following explains how EAPF divides the power among generators connected at the
same bus:
Fixed generators do not participate in the allocation;

Swing generators share the required active and reactive generation equally;
Voltage-controlled generators when each produces its specified active generation. Their share of
the reactive power required in the solution is distributed proportionately to their reactive power
capability range (without violating their limit).
5. Under Load Tap Changing Transformers (ULTC)

The EAPF program supports three types of ULTC transformers, which are described in the following
section:
Voltage Controlling ULTC

This transformer can be used to control the voltage at either side of the transformer, or alternatively, it
may control the voltage at the bus remote from the transformer terminals. For the latter case, to be
practical, the remote bus should be in close proximity of the transformer. The required input data are:
Transformer leakage impedance and ratings;

Available tap range, maximum and minimum tap and number of taps;
The range of controlled voltage (maximum and minimum voltage);
The controlled bus identification. This may be either one of the transformers terminals or a valid
remote bus in the network.
For example, in Figure 1, a voltage regulating ULTC is connected between buses: BUSA and BUSB. The
transformer tap can be on BUSA or BUSB and the voltage may be controlled at BUSA or BUSB or a
remote bus such as BUSC. The power flow program will adjust the transformer tap to maintain the voltage
at the controlled bus between the maximum and minimum specified voltage. In cases where the program
is unable to control the voltage within the specified range, the transformer tap will be at either
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 1
Figure 1: ULTC Voltage Control Transformer Controlling its Own Terminal or Remote Bus
minimum or maximum tap position. The position is also user defined and can be either one of the
transformers terminals.
Phase Shifting/Active Power Controlling ULTC

This type of transformer can be used to control the flow of active power through the transformer. It is also
known as phase shifting transformer. The required input data are:
Transformer leakage impedance and rating;

Available phase shift range (maximum and minimum phase shift and number of taps);
The range of controlled active power through the transformer.
The EAPF program will automatically adjust the transformer phase shift within its controlled range until
the desired active power flow through transformer is obtained. If unable to control active power flow to the
prescribed value, the phase shift will be set at either maximum or minimum allowable values.
Reactive Power Controlling ULTC.

This transformer controls the flow of reactive power flow trough the transformer by adjusting its tap. The
required input data are:
Transformer leakage impedance and ratings;

Available tap range (maximum and minimum tap and number of taps);
The range of controlled reactive power flow through transformer;
The EAPF program will automatically adjust the transformer tap within its controlled range until the
desired reactive power through transformer is obtained. If unable to control reactive power flow to the
prescribed values, the transformer tap will be set at either maximum or minimum allowable values.
6. Area Interchange Control

This modeling of EAPF program can be used to simulate power transactions between utilities or areas of
a power network. To illustrate this modeling concept, consider the following example based on Figure 2:
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Lets assume that there are three areas in the network, as shown in the figure. Area 2 is exporting power
to areas 1 and 3. Area 1 is only importing power from areas 2 and 3. However, area 3 is both importing
and exporting power to areas 1 and 2. The following data are the required for each area:
Area 1
Area Control
Generator Area 2
Area Control
Generator
Area 3
Area Control
Generator
Figure 2
Figure 2: Area Interchange Control
Area name;
Bus identification of the area control generator;
Net exchange value of Active Power. This number could be positive or negative. If the exchange is
positive, then, it is considered to be exporting power.
Tolerance of MW Exchange;
Maximum and Minimum active generation of the area control generator;
Zones per Area assignment, many zones can be assigned to one area.
Tie lines are branches that link system areas and are entered like any other lines. The metering point for
a tie line is the "From bus". Losses on the tie line are accounted for in the area of the "To bus". The
power flow program automatically determines (using network connectivity information and zones in areas)
the associated area tie lines. For example, in Figure 2, there is one tie line between area 1 and area 2.
There are three tie lines between areas 3 and 1 and finally two tie lines between areas 2 and 3. For each
iteration the program will try to adjust the area control active power generation (within its specified
maximum and minimum) such that the desired amount of import and export within each area is achieved.
Note that each area should have unique zones assigned to it. For example if there are 10 zones, then:
Area 1 can have zones 3,5,9.

Area 2 can have 1,2,7
Area 3 can have 4,6,8 and 10
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7. Three Winding Transformers

Three winding transformers are modeled as three 2-winding transformers. The required data are as
follows:
Primary, secondary, and tertiary bus identification;

Transformer rating;
Primary to secondary impedance;
Primary to tertiary impedance;
Secondary to tertiary impedance;
Primary, secondary, and tertiary overload capabilities;
Identification of the voltage controlled bus;
Primary, secondary, tertiary tap information (maximum tap, minimum tap, number of taps, range of
voltage control).
The EAPF program will automatically create three two-winding transformers. Then, each of the two-
winding transformers will be treated as either a fixed-tap or ULTC depending on the data provided.
8. Autotransformers
The Autotransformer is a special type of power transformer. It consists of a single, continuous winding
that is tapped on one side to provide either a step-up or step-down function. This is different from a
conventional two-winding transformer, which has the primary and secondary completely insulated from
each other, but magnetically linked by a common core. The autotransformers windings are both
electrically and magnetically interconnected.
An autotransformer is initially cheaper than a similarly rated two-winding transformer. It also has better
regulation (smaller voltage drops) and greater efficiency. Furthermore, it can be used to obtain the
neutral wire of a three-wire system, just like the secondary of a two-winding transformer. It is
commonly used to transform between two high-voltage circuits. But, the autotransformer is considered
unsafe for use on ordinary distribution circuits. This is because the high-voltage primary circuit is
connected directly to the low-voltage secondary circuit. The capacity of the Autotransformer is:
The transformation ratio of the Autotransformer is:
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 3: Schematic of an Autotransformer Circuit
For example, if a=1, the capacity has been doubled! The advantages of autotransformers include:
No galvanic isolation between primary and secondary windings;

More power transformation capacity with the same size of the transformer;
Possibilities to control voltage and reactive power flow;
Widespread applications in power systems.
The mathematical model of an autotransformer is similar to a two-winding transformer and the EAPF
treats an autotransformer the same as a voltage-controlled transformer but with simplified data
requirements.
9. Line Voltage Regulator (LVR)

The line voltage regulator normally uses several-tap autotransformer to control the voltage to a precise
set point. The Voltage Regulator circuitry monitors the incoming line voltage and compares it to a voltage
reference set point. If a voltage fluctuation requires that a different tap be selected, the new tap is
electronically switched (normally at the zero-crossing, to avoid distorting the AC waveform). In some
design, if necessary, it can switch taps as often as once each cycle. Most commercial voltage regulators
using multiple-tapped transformers switch taps at uncontrolled times, thereby creating voltage spikes.
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 4: Line Voltage Regulator (LVR)
Again, the LVR is modeled similarly to voltage controlled ULTC, but with simplified data entry. The
function of LVR can be either boost or buck of the secondary voltage.
10. Motor Starting

EAPF incorporates the recommended procedure outlined in the IEEE Brown Book for motor starting using
the power flow engine. The motor starting solution is an accurate and fast method of assessing motor
starting conditions, without resorting to a time domain simulation program. The following data are required
to perform a motor starting simulation:
Motor impedances and ratings;

Motor and Load moment of inertia;
Motor load characteristics;
Motor assisted starting scenario.
The EAPF will carry a series of power flows to determine motor performance as a function of time during
the motors starting period. At each iteration, the motors swing equation (equation of rotation) is also
solved to obtain the motors speed. The result of the motor starting analysis is a time-based tabulation of
motor current, motor terminal voltage, motor torque, power and power factor. EAPF supports the following
motor assisted-starting (Motor Starting Controllers) methods:
Full Voltage
Full Voltage Square
Wye-Delta
Auto-Transformer
Part Winding
Series Resistance
Series Reactance
Shunt Capacitance
Solid State Voltage Control
Solid State Current Limit
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Solid State Current Ramp

Solid State Voltage Ramp
Solid State Torque Ramp
Variable Frequency Drive
The above motor assisted-starting options cover a wide variety of the recent solid-state motor starting
controls as well as the most traditionally used starting methods. The main objective behind the use of
assisted-starting methods is to control (limit) the impact of motor starting events on the electrical power
systems.
Data requirements for each of the above motor assist starting options are described in the users manual.
For example, the data and functionality of the Solid State Voltage Control are summarized in Figure 5,
page 9. This figure shows the EAPF screen corresponding to input data for motor starting. The Control
Type can be set to any of the following options: time, speed or motor bus voltage. This is seen in the
lower part of the screen capture. In this example, at bus 10 there is a motor to be started, motor 10. Time
is selected to be control type. The user also needs to input rated voltage (KV), rated efficiency (%), rated
power factor (%), synchronous speed (RPM), etc. as shown. The moment of inertia can be entered or
estimated.
Step 1:
Enter an appropriate
description here.
Step 9:
Select Equivalent
Circuit tab.
Step 3:
Select the Rated
Power units.
Step 2:
Enter the rated
motor data.
Step 4:
Enter the Load
Shaft Speed and
Load Moment of
Inertia. Load
speed can be
different from
motor speed if a
load gear is
presented. Step 8:
Select Time-Freq
characteristics.
Step 5:
Enter the Motor
Moment of
Inertia. If the
data are not
known, select
Estimate.
Step 6:
Select Solid State
Voltage Control
Motor Starter.
Step 7:
Select Control Type.
Figure 5: General Motor Data Dialog
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Advanced Power Flow
Other motor data as shown in Figure 5 above, include:
full load speed, (RPM);

motor rated power, in KVA, HP or shaft KW;
motor class. A, B, C, or D.
As it can be seen, the program allows the user to specify or calculate the motor design class according to
NEMA conventions. NEMA classifies induction motors according to the following categories, which are
based on the ratio of X1 to X2 (X1/X2):
Class A X1/X2 = 1
Class B X1/X2 = 2/3
Class C X1/X2 = 3/7
The EDSA induction motor parameter estimation provides four options:
Class A applies to: User defined NEMA class A

Class B applies to: User defined NEMA class B
Class C applies to: User defined NEMA class C
Class D applies to: User defined as NEMA class not known. When class D is selected, the program
will automatically determine the motors NEMA class based on the data provided by the user.
In the Equivalent Circuit tab the user can enter the motor parameters and load torque (in per cent or
actual units). The user should enter the motors equivalent electrical parameters; if this data are not
known, then the user selects Calculate button, and the program calculates the motor parameter based
on starting information and weighting factors. The weighting factors can be assigned for the following
motor parameters:
Current,
Torque,
Power Factor,
Efficiency.
A weighting factor applied to any of the above parameters is a number between 0.1 and 1. This number
represents the degree of confidence the user has on the accuracy of the particular figure being entered.
The program offers full automatic on-screen conversion between the different power units. In addition to
the above basic input data, the user may specify a number of operating points motor characteristics, as
a function of speed. The sample points provided by the user can be sparse, in other words, the user does
not need to have all the data for all the included operating points. For example, at speed zero (slip=1) the
user may have the knowledge of the motor power factor and starting current but not of the electrical
torque and efficiency.
Motor Starting Using Motor Equivalent Circuit

The motor starting analysis can be performed by using either motor equivalent circuit impedances (rotor
and stator), or the motor characteristics (current, torque, etc.) at different speeds. In the former case, the
user should provide the rotor and stator impedances as shown in Figure 7. If the impedances are not
known then, the user may use the induction motor parameters estimation program by choosing the
Calculate button shown in Figure 7.
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Advanced Power Flow
The Equivalent circuit of the motor is shown in Figure 6. The power flow program computes the motor
R2 ( s )
[ + jX 2 ( s )] * jX m
Z mot = s + R1 + jX 1
equivalent impedance based on: R2 ( s )
+ jX 2 ( s ) + jX m
s
Figure 6: Equivalent Circuit Motor Model

The motor equivalent impedance (recall that rotor resistance and reactance are assumed to be function of
speed according to cage factors defined) is then placed at the motor bus similar to a shunt and power
flow is solved. At every power flow solution, the motor rotational equation (also referred to as swing
equation) shown below is also solved to compute the subsequent motor speed in time.
dw
2* H * = Te Tm
dt
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Advanced Power Flow
Step 10:
Enter the motors
equivalent parameters
here. If this data are
not known, select
Calculate to have the
program estimate these
values from the data
entered.
Step 11:
Enter the Weighting
Factors (between 0.1
and 1) here. 1 for
100% degree of
confidence/accuracy.
Step 12:
Enter the motor
Locked Rotor data
here.
Step 13:
Select OK.
Figure 7: Equivalent Circuit Motor Data Dialog
Motor Starting Using Motor Testing Characteristics/SKVA

The power flow program also supports the motor starting using the motor characteristics provided at
different speed intervals (this is also known as SKVA method). These characteristics are kVA, power
factor, electrical and load torques as shown in Figure 8 and are normally provided by the motor
manufacturer from either field-testing or via mathematical motor modeling. The user may specify up to
100 points of data and save the characteristics into the library, or retrieve the data points from the library.
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 8: Defining Motor Characteristics as a Function of Speed
The power flow program will not attempt to compute the individual motor impedances (rotor and stator) in
this method, but rather will compute the total equivalent impedance from the kVA and power factor
information. The electrical torque and kVA are of course adjusted according to:
Te = Te ( given) *V 2 kVA = kVA( given) * V

Assessing Adequacy of Motor Electrical Torque and Load Torque Curve Fitting
The EAPF allows the user to quickly assess the electrical torque that the motor can develop from the
motor data provided. This feature facilitates the selection of a particular motor design based on the load
torque requirements. The program takes into account any motor starter that the user has specified or
alternatively, performs the analysis for full voltage start. For example, in the screen below, the data for
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Advanced Power Flow
one induction motor have been specified and starter type of Variable Frequency Drive has been defined.
To see the developed electrical torque select Torque Fitting as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9: Selecting Electrical Torque Assessment and Load Torque Fitting Option
The EAPF program, then, quickly performs the motor starting and displays the result of electrical torque
and load torque as shown in Figure 10. The load torque can be adjusted by changing the coefficients A0-
A3. To examine electrical torque for different motor parameters, modify the motor impedances shown in
Figure 9 and repeat the same process again until the desired performance is achieved.
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 10: Motor Start Testing and Load Torque Curve Fitting
11. Power Flow Solution Options and Controls

The EAPF program solution options and control parameters are shown in Figure 11. With these options
user can select:
Solution Method (Newton, Gauss, etc.);

Convergence tolerance;
Select Automatic Adjustments (ULTCs, Generator, and SVC);
Source (Generator) Impedance Representation For Motor Start;
Zero Impedance Branch Threshold;
The solution options were described in the previous sections. EAPF also allows the user to initialize the
power flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method. This is shown in Figure 12 where the number of initial
iteration is specified as 20.
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 11: Advanced Power Flow Solution Options
Figure 12: Initializing the Power Flow Solution with Preliminary Gauss-Seidel Iterations
The EAPF program supports representation of generator impedance during motor starting. The user may
select to represent sub-transient, transient, or the average value of the sub-transient and transient
impedances. If the generator impedance is to be taken into account, the EAPF computes the internal
voltage of the generator (voltage behind its impedance) from the initial power flow solution and then sets
the internal voltage to be the swing bus as shown in Figure 13:
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 13: Representation of the Sources (generator) Impedance During Motor Start
The above representation is very realistic and results in higher voltage drop and longer motor start up
time.
The EAPF program will use Branch Impedance Threshold, also referred to Zero Impedance Line (ZIL),
to eliminate any branch (cable or line) the impedance is smaller than ZIL from the network solution. This
option will be active and explained in the next release of the EAPF.
12. Customizing the EAPF Report, Setting Units and Exporting Facilities
The EAPF supports a number of standard reports that are commonly accepted by the power industry load
flow report formats. In addition to these reports, the result of power flow solution, i.e., voltages and power
flows can be exported to Excel program. The reports can also be customized by advance Professional
Report Writer Wizard.
The units for reporting voltages and flows can be selected as shown in Figure 14. The voltages can be
reported in p.u, volts, or kV. The unit of current report can be p.u., Amps, or kA. Finally, the active and
reactive powers are reported in p.u., KW/KVAR, or MW/MVAR.
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 14: Setting Report Units in the Advanced Power Flow Program
Figure 15 shows how different report options can be accessed in the Advanced Power Flow Program.
Figure 15: Selection of Reports, Units, Customizing, and Exporting Power Flow Results
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Advanced Power Flow
For example, when Export Result to Excel for motor starting reports is selected, the program will prompt
the user to assign a file name as shown in Figure 16:
Figure 16: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 17 shows the results of exporting motor start results Excel from Advanced Power Flow Program. It
can be seen that the results are exported (in this case) in actual values.
Figure 17: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel in Actual Values
Figure 18 shows the results of a motor start analysis when exported to Excel from Advanced Power Flow
Program. In this case the results are reported in p.u.
Figure 18: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel in p.u.
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Advanced Power Flow
Finally, to quickly plot the result in Excel program, select the variables of interest as shown in Figure 18
(in this case we have selected Time and Current). Then, select Chart Wizard and follow the process
of selecting other graph options. The graph produced by Excel is shown below in Figure 19:
Figure 19: Exporting and Plotting the Motor Start Result in Excel
13. Violation and Summary Reports

The violation report identifies undesirable conditions in the network (overloaded equipment and
unacceptably high or low voltages). It contains only those transformers, lines and cables that are
loaded beyond the limits specified by the user. It also lists only those buses whose voltages fall
outside the user-defined acceptable range. The program allows the user to adjust these limits before
or even after the load flow calculation.
The summary report provides totals of generation, load, losses and mismatches1 in the network.
(Losses are the difference between generation and load.) Active and reactive quantities are listed
separately. Motor load and static load are identified by separate totals. The solution method, base
power, calculation tolerance and mismatches are also listed. The Area Interchange report will also be
included in the Summary report if the area interchange option has been selected.
It is possible to show the power flows and the bus voltages directly on the one-line diagram.
1
If reported mismatches are not small as compared to the other quantities reported (for example a few percent of the total system
load), consider running the load flow again with a smaller tolerance.
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Advanced Power Flow
14. Important Notes

Selection of Base Power BASE MVA/KVA
This is the common power base to which all impedances will be referred (per unitized). Choose a
value midway between the largest and smallest power rating of the equipment in the network.
Convenient values are 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 MVA.
What to do if the Load Flow does not converge

EAPF generates a file named ErrorLog, where all the warnings and error messages are logged. The
power flow iterations are also reported in this file. Log file gives the user the information about the
convergence of the power flow solution process. Also, if the power system component data are in
error, the program will issue messages related to the erroneous data.
If the ErrorLog shows that the calculation does not converge, inspect to see what buses have high power
mismatches. If from iteration to iteration, the mismatches increase steadily, check the input data for
components connected to the indicated buses. Look for very high or very low line/cable/transformer
impedances. Make sure line and cable lengths are consistent with the length unit used for defining the
impedance. If the mismatches increase and decrease and devices are being adjusted on every
iteration, try solving without constraints. If that calculation converges, you may be able to see from the
results what is wrong. Perhaps two devices have been asked to control the voltage at the same bus. If the
convergence seems to be going up and down, this is an indication that some transformers/generators
devices are continually being adjusted. If so, you may also try changing the settings of one or more of
these devices before re-attempting another run. If the mismatches steadily decrease but remain higher
than the specified tolerance as the permitted number of iterations is exhausted, try increasing the number
of iterations before solving again.
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Advanced Power Flow
15. Tutorial: ULTC using Two-Winding Transformers
1. Invoke the EDSAT2K Graphical Interface, and proceed to open the file called 2WXFMRVC
as indicated in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
2. Next, proceed to designate the desired transformer, or transformers, that will be used as
ULTC Control Transformers. Follow the instructions shown in the next screen capture.
To invoke the Advance Power Flow Tools

toolbar, click here.
Motor Dynamic Information
Area Power Control Options
Advanced Power Flow Options
Analyze
Report Manager
Display Options for Load Flow
Overview EDSA Toolbar
Page: 24
Advanced Power Flow
3. Proceed to enter the transformer data as well as the Auto Tap Adjustment Control options for
this unit. In this example, the type of control will be defined as follows:
Control Variable: Voltage

Controlled Bus: FFF69 (69kV Primary Bus)
Follow the instructions shown in the above screen capture. Repeat this procedure for as many
transformers as necessary. In this example, only one transformer will be equipped with
adjustable taps.
Note: There is no limit in Voltage Control Transformers.
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Advanced Power Flow
Step 1. Select the

Advanced Power
Flow Tools Icon.
Step 2. Proceed to
select Advanced
Power Flow Options.
4. Next, proceed to invoke the Advanced Power Flow Program, as indicated in the above screen
capture.
You will then see the Advanced Power Flow Options screen appear.
Step 3
Step 1
Step 4
Step 2
5. Select Advanced Power Flow Options shown above, then click OK.
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Advanced Power Flow
- Please review and examine all the options. In this interface you can select Solution Algorithm and
Perform Motor Starting. Make sure Motor Starting is Off if performing only Load Flow. You may also turn
the Automatic Voltage Control On or Off. You may also turn the Relax Generator Q Limit On or Off.
Under the Power Flow Options menu, the user can select the Power Flow Method: Fast Decoupled,
Newton Raphson, Hybrid Solution (half Newton Raphson and half Gauss Seidel) or Gauss Seidel.
Each of the method employed, can be used with or without relaxing the generator reactive power.
Relaxing the generator reactive power is particularly useful when the user wishes to determine reactive
power requirements in new installation or sometimes with power system having data errors. The Gauss-
Seidel or Hybrid methods are recommended for the networks that have branches with high R/X (cables).
This situation may arise especially in a power system with predominately cable installations. The
convergence of the Seidel-Gauss iteration algorithm is asymptotic. The users may select the relaxed
NEWTON-RAPHSON Fast Decoupled method, when experiencing non-convergence by using Gauss
Seidel.
The following guidelines are offered as an aid to determine which technique may be the most appropriate
for a particular system condition:
The Gauss-Seidel method is generally tolerant of power system operating conditions involving poor
voltage distribution and difficulties with generator reactive power allocation, but does not converge
well in situations where real power transfers are close to the limits of the system;
The Gauss-Seidel method is quite tolerant of poor starting voltages estimates but converges slowly
as the voltage estimate gets close to the true solution;
The Gauss-Seidel method will not converge if negative reactance branches are present in the
network, such as due to series capacitors or three-winding transformer models;
The Newton Raphson method is generally tolerant of power system situations in which there are
difficulties in transferring real power, but is prone to failure if there are difficulties in the allocation of
generator reactive power output or if the solution has a particularly low voltage magnitude profile; in
this situation, it is recommended to select Relax Generator Reactive Power Limits option;
The Newton Raphson method is prone to failure if given a poor starting voltage estimate, but is
usually superior to the Seidel-Gauss method once the voltage solution has been brought close to the
true solution;
The Fast Decoupled Newton method will not converge when the network contains lines with
resistance close to, or greater than, the reactance (cables). This is often the case in low-voltage
systems.
Some experimentation is recommended to determine the best combination of methods for each particular
model. The followings are recommended:
Start with Gauss-Seidel (20 iterations);

Switch to Newton- Raphson method until either the problem is converged or Relax Generator
Reactive Power Limits;
Switch back to Gauss-Seidel method if the Newton- Raphson method does not settle down to a
smooth convergence within 8 to 10 iterations.
The Hybrid Solution technique can be used for systems that have diverse voltages, e.g., 400kV to
120v, very high or low impedance mixes and diverse loads, such as, 50HP and 5000HP. This is a
very exact, fast, technique for large power distribution and transmission systems.
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Advanced Power Flow
6. Once you have selected the Power Flow options, you may click the Analyze icon as shown
in the screen capture below.
You will then see the following screen:
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Advanced Power Flow
You may then proceed to open the Report Manager as shown in the next screen:
You will then see the screen on the next page:
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Advanced Power Flow
Select Professional
Report Writer Wizard.
Advanced Power Flow Report Manager has all the above options. This very powerful Report Manager
includes: Professional Reports generator, Digital Gauges, Full Text Report, Unit Setting, Calculation Log
Information, Short Report, Schedule Report, Area Power Interchange Report and Motor Starting Report.
Selecting the Professional Report Writer Wizard will take you through the appropriate steps for building
your report.
User can view pages

using the arrows above.
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Advanced Power Flow
The user can view Digital Gauges by selecting Output Results to Digital Meters.
Select Output Results

to Digital Meters.
Please try all the options and view the outputs.
User can view All or select Buses

with Violations and specify limits.
Select Buses.
Sample Bus Digital Meters
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Advanced Power Flow
User can view All or select Branches

with Violations and specify limits.
Select Branches.
Sample Branches Digital Meters
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Advanced Power Flow
7. Once the calculations are completed, the results are shown in the Advanced Power Flow
Output screen for TD Load Flow Format 2. With the aid of the tool bar menu, the user has the
following options: Scroll up and down to read the results, Print the results, and Copy the results
into the clipboard for importing purposes. From here, press DONE to return to the main menu.
8. Save As saves the output results in Microsoft Word format. However, when you open the
report, highlight the entire text, change the font to size 6, then save as a *.doc file.
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Advanced Power Flow
16. Tutorial: ULTC using Three-Winding Transformers
1. Invoke the EDSAT2K interface, and proceed to open the file called 3WXFMRVC as indicated in
the above screen capture.
Double-click on this
transformer to edit data.
2. Next, proceed to designate the desired three-winding transformer or transformers that will be
used as ULTC Control Transformers. Follow the instructions shown in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
3. Proceed to enter the transformer data as well as the Auto Tap Adjustment Control options for
this unit. In this example, the type of control will be defined as follows:
Control Variable: Voltage

Winding with Taps: Primary and Tertiary
Controlled Busses: By Primary > Bus 07
By Tertiary > Bus 10
Follow the instructions shown in the above screen capture. Repeat this procedure for as many
transformers as necessary. In this example, only one transformer will be equipped with adjustable
taps.
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Advanced Power Flow
Select Advanced
Power Flow Options.
Complete the load

flow options as
required then click
OK.
capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, select
Analyze.
Verify that the

analysis has
converged.
5. Run the analysis by following the instructions shown in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
Select Report Manager.
Next, select View

Full Power Flow
Report Format 1.
6. Next proceed to view the text output results by following the steps in the above screen
capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
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Advanced Power Flow
17. Tutorial: Voltage Control Using Generators
1. Invoke the EDSAT2K interface, and proceed to open the file called GENVC as indicated in the
above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
Double-click on the Generators 2

& 3 to complete their respective
editors as indicated in step 4.3
2. Next, proceed to designate Generators 2 & 3 as Voltage Control units. Follow the instructions
shown in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
3. Proceed to enter the required data for Generator 2 as indicated in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
4. Proceed to enter the required data for Generator 3 as indicated in the above screen capture. In
those two examples, the type of control will be defined as follows:
Generator 2: Controlled Bus: 08

Desired Voltage: 1.00 PU
Generator 3: Controlled Bus: 03

Desired Voltage: 1.02 PU
Repeat this procedure for as many generators as necessary. In this example, only two generators
will be used for voltage control.
Page: 43
Advanced Power Flow
Select Advanced
Power Flow Options.
Complete the load

flow options as
required then click
OK.
capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, select
Analyze.
Verify that the

analysis has
converged.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, select View

Full Power Flow
Report Format 1.
7. Once the calculations have been completed, proceed to view the output report as indicated in the
Page: 46
Advanced Power Flow
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Advanced Power Flow
18. Tutorial: Voltage Control Using Static VAR Compensators
1. Invoke the EDSAT2K interface, and proceed to open the file called SVCVC as indicated in the
Page: 48
Advanced Power Flow
Double-click on
this Bus to edit
data.
2. Next, proceed to designate Bus ZZZ69 as a Static VAR Compensation Bus. Follow the
instructions shown in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
3. Proceed to enter the required data for the SVC Bus, as indicated in the above screen capture.
Repeat this procedure for as many SVCs as necessary. In this example, only one SVC will be
used for voltage control.
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Advanced Power Flow
Select Advanced
Power Flow Options.
Complete the load

flow options as
required then click
OK.
capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, select
Analyze.
Verify that the

analysis has
converged.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, select View

Full Power Flow
Report Format 1.
6. Once the calculations have been completed, proceed to view the output report as indicated in
the above screen capture.
Page: 53
Advanced Power Flow
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Advanced Power Flow
19. Tutorial: Advanced Power Flow Based Motor Starting Analysis
1. Invoke the EDSAT2K interface, and proceed to open the file called tv_v as indicated in the
Page: 55
Advanced Power Flow
Double-click on this
motor to edit data
and to be started.
2. Once the file is uploaded into EDSA Technical 2000 environment, it appears on the design
space as shown above. As indicated in the screen capture, the motor 10 is going to be
started. To define the characteristics of this motor, proceed as follows:
3. By double clicking the left mouse button, on the motor; you will then see the following screen
captures found on the next page.
Page: 56
Advanced Power Flow
Enter the information as indicated in the above screen.
Important Note:
The Advanced Power Flow handles long bus ID names up to 24 alphanumeric characters. It is
recommended, however that you use 14 characters. If you use more than 18 characters your
branch current will have more than one line.
Enter the information as indicated above.
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Advanced Power Flow
Finally, enter the Motor Start Data as indicated above.
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Advanced Power Flow
Select Advanced
Power Flow Options.
Complete the load

flow options as
required then click
OK.
4. Next, proceed to invoke the Advanced Power Flow Program, as indicated above.
Next, select the

Motor Dynamic
Information icon.
5. Next, invoke the Motor Dynamic Data screen by following the steps in the above screen.
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Advanced Power Flow
Step 1:
description here.
Step 9:
Select Equivalent
Circuit tab.
Step 3:
Select the Rated
Power units.
Step 2:
Enter the rated
motor data.
Step 4:
Enter the Load
Shaft Speed and
Load Moment of
Inertia. Load
speed can be
different from
motor speed if a
load gear is
presented. Step 8:
Select Time-Freq
characteristics.
Step 5:
Enter the Motor
Moment of
Inertia. If the
data are not
known, select
Estimate.
Step 6:
Select Solid State
Voltage Control
Motor Starter.
Step 7:
Select Control Type.
6. Enter the information as indicated in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
Step 10:
Enter the motors
not known, select
entered.
Step 11:
Enter the Weighting
and 1) here. 1 for
100% degree of
Step 12:
Enter the motor
Locked Rotor data
here.
Step 13:
Select OK.
7. Once you select the Equivalent Circuit tab, proceed to enter the data as indicated above.
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Advanced Power Flow
8. Select Torque Fitting button to view the motor torque.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, select
Analyze.
Verify that the

analysis has
converged.
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Advanced Power Flow
To view the Motor Starting

Text Report, click here.
To view the graphical output,

click here.
above screen capture. Notice that the Motor Starting Reports area is now active. The user may
view the Motor Starting Text Report or View Curves Graphically as indicated in the above
screen capture. You may also view Export Results to Excel.
Page: 64
Advanced Power Flow
11. The above screen capture shows the graphical output of the motor starting analysis. To exit,
press Close. Please test and try all the options made available for you in Select Charts, Grid
Display, Background, Full Screen, etc.
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Advanced Power Flow
12. The above screen capture shows the Motor Starting Text Report. With the aid of the tool bar
menu, the user has the following options: Scroll up and down to read the results, Print the results,
and Copy the results into the clipboard for importing purposes. From here, press DONE to return
to the main menu.
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Advanced Power Flow
20. Tutorial: Area Control
ADPF Figure 4 - Area Controlled Network Under Study
This tutorial will be based on the network shown in Figure 4 above. This power system has been
subdivided into two Areas (212 & 213) as indicated above. In turn, each node within these areas belongs
to its own Zone, also as indicated in Figure 4. The intent here is to export 70 MW from Area 213 into Area
212. Each area has the following operational characteristics:
a. AREA 212
Zones: B3, A1, B1, B2, A3
Area Control Generator ID: AAA138
Maximum Active Generation = 200.000 MW
Minimum Active Generation = 10.000 MW
Desired Net Import Active Power = 70.000 MW
Power Exchange Tolerance= 5.000 MW
b. AREA 213
Zones: C2, C1, C3
Area Control Generator ID: DDD138
Maximum Active Generation = 200.000 MW
Minimum Active Generation = 6.000 MW
Desired Net Export Active Power = 70.000 MW
Power Exchange Tolerance = 5.000 MW
Page: 67
Advanced Power Flow
1. Invoke the EDSAT2K, and proceed to load the pre-arranged file called Areacont.axd. The
network should look as indicated in the above screen capture.
Page: 68
Advanced Power Flow
2. Enable the Area Interchange Control command, as indicated in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
3. Proceed to assign the Area and Zone information to every bus in the network, according to the
information provided in Figure 4. Follow the instructions shown in the above screen capture, and
repeat these instructions for every single bus in the network.
Page: 70
Advanced Power Flow
Select Advanced
Power Flow Options.
Complete the load

flow options as
required then click
OK.
4. Proceed to invoke the Advanced Power Flow program, as indicated in the above screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
Step 2: Step 4:
Step 1: Select Area 212. Select Area 213.
Select Area
Power Control
Options.
Step 5:
Enter the required
information here.
Step 3:
Enter the required
information here.
Step 6:
Select OK.
5. Specify the Area Control parameters and run the Load Flow analysis, as indicated in the above
screen capture.
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Advanced Power Flow
To view the Area

Interchange Report,
click here.
Output screen for Area Power Interchange. With the aid of the tool bar menu, the user has the
Page: 73
Advanced Power Flow
21. Tutorial: Variable Frequency Motor Starters

Variable frequency (VF) starters can be used to assist motor starting in a number of different scenarios. A
common situation is where a higher starting torque is required without resorting to replacement of existing
motor with a high starting torque motor design.
The following tutorial will illustrate step by step how to run EDSA APF program for variable frequency (VF)
starters. This exercise will be based on VDF.axd file
1. Invoke the EDSAT2K interface, and proceed to open the file called VFD.axd as indicated in the
Select File /Open

Select VFD.axd
Select Open
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Advanced Power Flow
2. Once the file is uploaded into EDSA Technical 2000 environment, it appears on the design space
as shown above. As indicated in the screen capture, the motor 10 is going to be started. To
define the characteristics of the motor 10, proceed as follows:
Using the left mouse button, double-click on the motor 10 symbol (Bus 10);
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Advanced Power Flow
3. Follow the steps as indicated in the above screen capture.
Page: 76
Advanced Power Flow
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Advanced Power Flow
4. Fill in the motor and motor starting data, as presented in the above screen capture.
Page: 78
Advanced Power Flow
Select Advanced
Power Flow Options.
Complete the load

flow options as
required then click
OK.
5. Select AC Advanced with Motor Starting program, as indicated in the above screen capture.
Next, select the

Motor Dynamic
Information icon.
6. Next, invoke the Motor Dynamic Data screen by following the steps in the above screen capture.
Page: 79
Advanced Power Flow
Step 1:
description here.
Step 8:
Select Equivalent
Circuit tab.
Step 3:
Select the Rated
Power units.
Step 2:
Enter the rated
motor data.
Step 4:
Enter the Load
Shaft Speed and
Load Moment of
Inertia. Load
speed can be
different from
motor speed if a
load gear is
presented. Step 7:
Select Time-Freq
characteristics.
Step 5:
Enter the Motor
Moment of
Inertia. If the
data are not
known, select
Estimate.
Step 6:
Select Solid State
Voltage Control
Motor Starter.
7. Fill in the required motor and motor staring data. Select the Motor Starter Method: Variable
Frequency Drive. In the above scenario, the applied motor frequency up to 3 seconds is 0.8 p.u.
which is 48 Hz in a 60 Hz system. Then, the applied frequency will be 0.9 p.u. (54 Hz) for 2
seconds, and, finally the frequency return to nominal value at 5 seconds. The motor performance
characteristics are shown on the next page:
Page: 80
Advanced Power Flow
Step 10:
Enter the motors
not known, select
entered.
Step 11:
Enter the Weighting
and 1) here. 1 for
100% degree of
Step 12:
Enter the motor
Locked Rotor data
here.
Step 13:
Select OK.
8. If the Motor Parameters are not known, then the user selects Calculate button and the above
screen capture appears. Enter the Weighting Factors 1 for 100% degree of confidence, 0 for
0% degree of confidence in introducing the motor data. The program automatically calculates the
Motor Parameters presented at step 10 in the above screen capture.
Page: 81
Advanced Power Flow
9. Select Torque Fitting button to view the motor torque.
Next, select
Analyze.
Verify that the

analysis has
converged.
Page: 82
Advanced Power Flow
To view the Motor Starting

Text Report, click here.
To view the graphical output,

click here.
above screen capture. Notice that the Motor Starting Reports area is now active. The user may
view the Motor Starting Text Report or View Curves Graphically as indicated in the above
screen capture. You may also view Export Results to Excel.
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Advanced Power Flow
12. The above screen captures show the graphical output results of the motor starting analysis. To
exit, press Close. It is clear from the above chart that starting the motor with applied frequency
less than nominal frequency provides higher starting torque. Of course, this also means that
motor starting current will be higher but the design of VF is a trade off between the requirement of
high starting torque and motor withstand capability of carrying higher current.
EDSA Advance Power Flow program can be successfully used to analyze the motor starting
performances, and select the best starting method. Regarding VFD Motor Starting Method, it is clear
from the above plots, that starting the motor with applied frequency less than nominal frequency provides
higher starting torque.
Of course, this also means that motor starting current will be higher, but the design of VF is a trade off
between the requirement of high starting torque and motor withstand capability of carrying higher current.
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Advanced Power Flow
22. Motor Decrement Export Function from Advanced Motor Starting to

Protective Device Coordination
In this version, you can run EDSA Advanced Motor Starting , then export the time-current to
*.csv/Excel, then import the motor time current from *.csv into EDSA Equipment folder. Once the
data are in the folder, then you can go to Protective Device Coordination, bring up the Motor/Load
and apply Fuse, Relay, Breaker and perform a complete coordination. See the steps below.
First, you will need to open a job file. Go to File>Open Drawing File, then go to
EDSAT2K\Samples\Transient and open Loadramp.axd.
Select
Now select .
Page: 85
Advanced Power Flow
Select
Then select in EDSA Advanced Motor Starting. You will see the following screen on the next page.
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Advanced Power Flow
Review the tabs. Make sure all the data are entered accordingly.
Page: 87
Advanced Power Flow
1. Select
3. Click OK.
2. Select an
Impedance.
Follow the steps as indicated and make sure to select Power Source Impedance option. Run the
Advanced Motor Start by pressing OK.
Page: 88
Advanced Power Flow
View Text Report,

Curves and Export to
Excel.
View Curves, view Text Output, then export to Excel.
Page: 89
Advanced Power Flow
Once you click on Export to Excel you will see the following screen:
Make sure the Unit Selection is Actual.
Next, give the motor a name. In this case, we will name the motor Motor_Starting.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, select View Curves Graphically.
Test all the functions and options and view the Motor Current In-rush.
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Advanced Power Flow
1. Select Database
2. Select Power
Source/Withstand
Follow the steps shown above. Next you will see the following screen:
Select File.
To open the saved Motor file, go to File as shown above.
Page: 92
Advanced Power Flow
Select Import From

CSV File.
Select Import from Excel as shown above.
Select the folder where you had saved or exported the motor in Excel format. In this case, select the
Transient folder.
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Advanced Power Flow
Select the Motor from Folder
Enter the data for

both Description
and Curves.
Edit and complete the motor data information, as shown above.
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Advanced Power Flow
Next, review the Motor in-rush current and make sure it appears satisfactory.
Next, open the Standalone Protective Device Coordination by clicking the icon .
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Advanced Power Flow
You will see the following screen:
1.
2.
3.
1. Select Motor
2. Select Custom Motor
3. Go to the manufacturer and select the motor that was imported from Advanced Motor
Starting.
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Advanced Power Flow
4.
5.
6.
4. Complete the data for Equipment Voltage and Design Load Amps.
5. Next complete the data for Short Circuit Amps and short circuit symbol. Be sure to use Auto
Select.
Page: 97
Advanced Power Flow
1.
2.
Once the selection is complete and successful, you may save it and then proceed to select a device such
as Relay, Fuse, Breaker, etc., for Coordination.
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Advanced Power Flow
In this case, a GE Relay was selected. View the coordination above.
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Advanced Power Flow
23. Tutorial: Using DC Lines and Verification and Validation

In this section we will show how to use DC lines in a power system. The sample power system is defined
in the jobfile named T9bus-dc. The single line diagram of this system is shown below:
Figure 20: Sample Power System used for DC Line Tutorial
A DC line has several components that are required for its proper operation. These are:
1. Rectifier Transformer
2. Rectifier
3. DC Line
4. Inverter
5. Invert Transformer
To be able to use a DC line in a power system, the user should make sure that the above components
are modeled. Items 1 and 5 should be modeled similar to a normal voltage regulating/control
transformer. In the sample network we have modeled two voltage regulation transformers one for the
rectifier (between buses 7 and RECTIFIER) and the other for the inverter (between buses
INVERTER and 05) as shown in Figure 20. Items 2 through 4 above are addressed in the DC line
dialog. To insert a DC line, select its symbol from the branch catalog as shown in Figure 21:
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 21: Selecting DC line Symbol

After selecting the DC line symbol drag it into single line diagram area and connect it to the buses
RECTIFIER and INVERTER as seen in Figure 20.
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Advanced Power Flow
To enter the DC line data, double left mouse click on its symbol. The data dialog is shown below:
Figure 22: DC Line Data Dialog

DC line identification (branch name), resistance, and ampacity are specified in this section of data dialog.
Next select Converter tab to enter data for the rectifier and inverter:
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 23: DC Line Data Dialog - Rectifier and Inverter

It is important to notice that the rectifier is always on the From side and inverter is on the To side as
shown in the upper right part of the Figure 23. For both rectifier and inverter the user should specify
number of bridges. For rectifier, the desired delay (also known as firing) angle as well as desired active
power flow through DC line should be entered. For inverter, the minimum marginal angle (also known as
extinction) angle as well as desired DC line voltage needs to be specified. The proper selection of the DC
line voltage is crucial to DC line operation and solution convergence. To assist the user, the program can
suggest an approximate value of the DC line voltage. Press Estimate button shown next to the field for
Desired DC Voltage. For case at hand the program has calculated a value of 442.95 kV as shown in the
above figure. For this example, lets enter 450 kV as shown in Figure 24.
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Advanced Power Flow
Figure 24: Rectifier and Inverter Data

After completing DC line data we solve the powerflow. The iteration report for the above sample network
is shown below:
Mismatch Report
Iteration No. kW Bus kVAR Bus
1 95169.2 INVERTER 77804.8 09

2 9410.5 05 12424.8 RECTIFIER
3 1129.3 05 2102.7 05
4 128.5 05 305.5 05
5 5299.7 07 30918.7 07
Ctrl Adjustments made for: V Ctrl
6 316.4 05 2281.4 RECTIFIER

7 67.8 05 207.6 RECTIFIER
8 5558.9 07 32905.5 07
9 202.5 INVERTER 2319.8 RECTIFIER

10 46.3 INVERTER 259.6 RECTIFIER
11 1900.5 07 31828.2 05
Page: 104
Advanced Power Flow
12 135.2 INVERTER 1437.8 INVERTER

14 1873.4 05 34005.4 05
15 75.6 05 1853.6 05
16 57.5 05 483.1 INVERTER
17 681.0 05 11754.3 05
18 45.8 05 736.0 05
19 24.5 05 189.6 INVERTER
20 6.1 05 38.0 INVERTER
21 1.4 05 8.6 INVERTER
Ctrl Adjustments made for: DC
22 0.3 05 1.9 INVERTER
*** Solution converged in 23 iterations
The above iteration report shows that the solution was achieved in 23 iterations. Also note that control
adjustments were made for both voltage control transformers as well as DC line. The results of power
flow for the sample system is shown Figure 25.
Page: 105
Advanced Power Flow
Figure 25: Power Flows Shown on the Single Line Diagram of the Sample Network
with DC Line
The summary as well as branch reports are also shown below. It is important to note that in the
branch report for DC line, the MVAR flow is not the reactive power flow on the DC line but it is the
reactive power consumed in the rectifier and inverter.
EDSA Advanced Power Flow Program V5.60.00

=========================================
Project No. : Page : 1

Project Name: Date : 11/11/2005
Title : Time : 03:13:50 pm
Drawing No. : Company :
Revision No.: Engineer :
Jobfile Name: t9bus-dc Check by :
Scenario : 1 - Date :
A 9 bus system from Anderson "Power System

Control and Stability" Page 38
Electrical One-Line 3-Phase to Single-Phase IEC project
System Information
==================
Base MVA = 100.000 (MVA)

Frequency = 60 (HZ)
Unit System = U.S. Standard
MaxIterations = 1000
Error Tolerance = 0.001 (MVA), 0.000010 (PU), 0.0010 (%)
Page: 106
Advanced Power Flow
# of Buses entered = 11
# of Active Buses = 11
# of Swing Buses = 1
# of Generators = 2
# of Loads = 3
# of Shunts = 0
# of Lines entered = 12
# Total Branches/lines = 12
# of Transformers = 5
# of Reactors = 0
# of C.B. = 0
# of Open Switches = 0
Abbreviations
=============
2-W xfmr = 2-winding transformer None = None contributing

3-W xfmr = 3-winding transformer P_Load = Constant power load
Autoxfmr = Autotransformer PhS xfmr = Phase-Shift Transformer
DReactor = Duplex Reactor SeriesC = Series Capacitor
F_Load = Functional load ShuntC = Shunt Capacitor
FeederM = Feeder in Magnetic Conduit ShuntR = Shunt Reactor
Gen = Generator Z_Load = Constant impedance load
I_Load = Constant current load Ref C = Reference Temperature
Power Flow By Fast Decoupled CONVERGED

Iteration: 23
Summary of Total Generation and Demand

======================================
P(MW) Q(MVAR) S(MVA) PF(%)
Swing Bus(es): 70.908 25.357 75.305 94.16

Generators : 248.000 65.385 256.474 96.70
Shunt : 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
Static Load : 315.000 115.000 335.336 93.94

Motor Load : 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
Total Loss : 3.908 -24.259
---------- ----------
Mismatch : 0.000 0.001
Generator & Capacitor/Inductor (SVC) Voltage Control

====================================================
Bus Name Controlled Bus

DesiredV AchieveV GenV P Qmin Q Qmax
(kV) (kV) (kV) (MW) (MVAR) (MVAR) (MVAR)
------------------------ ------------------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
02 02 18.450 18.450 18.450 163.00 -80.00 54.05 80.00

03 03 14.145 14.145 14.145 85.00 -40.00 11.33 40.00
Transformer Voltage Control & Line Voltage Regulator

====================================================
Branch Name C# Type Controlled Bus Name

MinV CalcuV MaxV MinTap Tap MaxTap
(kV) (kV) (kV) (PU) (PU) (PU)
------------------------ -- -------- ------------------------ -------- -------- -------- ------ ------ ------
INV-TRSFO 1 2-W xfmr INVERTER 327.750 353.622 362.250 0.900 0.910 1.100
REC-TRSFO 1 2-W xfmr RECTIFIER 327.750 352.069 362.250 0.900 0.952 1.100
DC Line Result
==============
Branch Name Type Library CodeName From kV

Current Firing To kV
Extinction
(kA) Ang (Deg.) Ang (Deg.)
------------------------ -------- ---------------- -------- -------- -------- ---------- ----------
DCLINE DC Line 250 451.911 450.000 0.191 15.72 17.60
Branch Power Flow Values

========================
Branch Name C# Type Library CodeName From -> To Flow To -> From Flow Losses
(MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)
------------------------ -- -------- ---------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Page: 107
Advanced Power Flow
04 ->05 1 Feeder 250 19.92 33.62 -19.70 -48.19 0.22 -14.57

04 ->06 1 Feeder 250 -50.53 -1.30 50.98 -11.53 0.46 -12.83
05 ->07 1 Feeder 250 -19.94 -38.48 20.30 11.33 0.36 -27.15
06 ->09 1 Feeder 250 40.16 -4.21 -39.47 -28.70 0.68 -32.91
07 ->08 1 Feeder 250 55.71 -7.69 -55.44 -4.82 0.27 -12.51
08 ->09 1 Feeder 250 -44.56 -30.18 44.84 11.44 0.29 -18.74
DCLINE 1 DC Line 250 86.36 27.35 -86.00 31.09 0.37 58.45
01 ->04 1 2-W xfmr 1000-3-D 70.91 25.36 -70.91 -22.09 0.00 3.27
02 ->07 1 2-W xfmr 1000-3-D 163.00 54.05 -163.00 -36.51 0.00 17.54
03 ->09 1 2-W xfmr 1000-3-D 85.00 11.33 -85.00 -7.23 0.00 4.10
INV-TRSFO 1 2-W xfmr 1000-3-D -85.36 36.67 86.00 -31.09 0.64 5.57
REC-TRSFO 1 2-W xfmr 1000-3-D 87.00 32.87 -86.36 -27.35 0.63 5.52
Verification and Validation of DC Line Model

Since there are no published examples of power flow solution including DC line, the following approach is
adopted here.
The power flow solution of the above system without DC line will be compared with the solution with DC
line and the reasonability of the result will be argued. Lets start the discussion by first examining the
power flows reaching bus 05 for the case with DC line:
From Figure 25:
Flow from bus 07 to 05 19.9 MW

Flow from INVERTER to 05 85.4 MW
Total Flow reaching bus 05 125.2 MW
Now, lets examine the power flow reaching bus 05 for the case without DC line (DC Line is open):
From Figure 20:

Flow from bus 04 to 05 41.2MW
Total Flow reaching bus 05 125.2 MW
The difference of total power reaching bus 05 in two cases is 125.2-125.2 / 125.2 *100 = 0 %. Based on
the above evidence, it is concluded that EDSA advanced power flow program accurately models DC
lines.
DC Line Sample Network 2

A second example for the DC line is provided below. This example (jobfile named T14bus-dc) is similar
to the sample power system used in the jobfile named T14bus. We have added rectifier and inverter
transformer as shown below:
Page: 108
Advanced Power Flow
Figure 26: Example of a Power System using DC Line, T14bus-dc
The data for the rectifier and inverter for this system is shown below:
Page: 109
Advanced Power Flow
Figure 27: DC Line Data for the Sample Network using DC Line
The solution is shown in Figure 26 and the text result report is shown below:
EDSA Advanced Power Flow Program V5.60.00

=========================================
Project No. : Page : 1

Project Name: Date : 11/11/2005
Title : Time : 03:46:23 pm
Drawing No. : Company :
Revision No.: Engineer :
Jobfile Name: t14bus-dc Check by :
Scenario : 1 - Date :
A 14-bus network shown in Fig.E.3 in Paul M. Anderson's

Faulted Power Systems
System Information
==================
Base MVA = 100.000 (MVA)

Frequency = 60 (HZ)
Unit System = U.S. Standard
MaxIterations = 100
Error Tolerance = 0.010 (MVA), 0.000100 (PU), 0.0100 (%)
# of Buses entered = 16
# of Active Buses = 16
# of Swing Buses = 1
# of Generators = 4
# of Loads = 9
# of Shunts = 4
# of Lines entered = 19
# Total Branches/lines = 19
# of Transformers = 6
# of Reactors = 0
# of C.B. = 0
# of Open Switches = 0
Page: 110
Advanced Power Flow
Abbreviations
=============
2-W xfmr = 2-winding transformer None = None contributing

3-W xfmr = 3-winding transformer P_Load = Constant power load
Autoxfmr = Autotransformer PhS xfmr = Phase-Shift Transformer
DReactor = Duplex Reactor SeriesC = Series Capacitor
F_Load = Functional load ShuntC = Shunt Capacitor
FeederM = Feeder in Magnetic Conduit ShuntR = Shunt Reactor
Gen = Generator Z_Load = Constant impedance load
I_Load = Constant current load Ref C = Reference Temperature
Power Flow By Newton Raphson CONVERGED

Iteration: 7
Summary of Total Generation and Demand

======================================
P(MW) Q(MVAR) S(MVA) PF(%)
Swing Bus(es): -33.390 27.905 43.515 76.73

Generators : 600.000 253.346 651.294 92.12
Shunt : 0.000 53.772 53.772 0.00
Static Load : 550.000 290.000 621.772 88.46

Motor Load : 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
Total Loss : 16.611 45.028
---------- ----------
Mismatch : -0.002 -0.004
Generator & Capacitor/Inductor (SVC) Voltage Control

====================================================
Bus Name Controlled Bus

DesiredV AchieveV GenV P Qmin Q Qmax
(kV) (kV) (kV) (MW) (MVAR) (MVAR) (MVAR)
------------------------ ------------------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
AAA138 AAA138 140.760 140.760 140.760 200.00 0.00 99.27 100.00

DDD69 DDD69 69.000 69.000 69.000 0.00 0.00 10.80 100.00
FFF138 FFF138 140.760 140.760 140.760 200.00 0.00 87.08 100.00
Transformer Voltage Control & Line Voltage Regulator

====================================================
Branch Name C# Type Controlled Bus Name

MinV CalcuV MaxV MinTap Tap MaxTap
(kV) (kV) (kV) (PU) (PU) (PU)
------------------------ -- -------- ------------------------ -------- -------- -------- ------ ------ ------
INVERTER-TRSFO 1 2-W xfmr INVERTER 218.500 234.409 241.500 0.900 0.959 1.100
RECTFIER-TRSFO 1 2-W xfmr RECTIFIER 218.500 231.862 241.500 0.900 0.959 1.100
DC Line Result
==============
Branch Name Type Library CodeName From kV To kV

Current Firing Extinction
(kA) Ang (Deg.) Ang (Deg.)
------------------------ -------- ---------------- -------- -------- -------- ---------- ----------
DC Link DC Line 250 300.333 300.000 0.167 14.96 17.51
Page: 111

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ADVANCED POWER FLOW

EDSA Micro Corporation

Version 5.60.00 AdvPF November 2005

1. What is New in this Release ................................................................................................... 1

Figure 7: Equivalent Circuit Motor Data Dialog ..................................................................... 12

Advanced Power Flow AdvPF.pdf

Page left intentionally blank

1. What is New in this Release

2. Program Description and Capabilities

Generator Local/Remote Bus Voltage Control;

The Program output includes:

Bus voltage and angle;

Fixed generators do not participate in the allocation;

5. Under Load Tap Changing Transformers (ULTC)

Voltage Controlling ULTC

Transformer leakage impedance and ratings;

Phase Shifting/Active Power Controlling ULTC

Transformer leakage impedance and rating;

Reactive Power Controlling ULTC.

Transformer leakage impedance and ratings;

6. Area Interchange Control

Figure 2: Area Interchange Control

Area 1 can have zones 3,5,9.

7. Three Winding Transformers

Primary, secondary, and tertiary bus identification;

The transformation ratio of the Autotransformer is:

Figure 3: Schematic of an Autotransformer Circuit

No galvanic isolation between primary and secondary windings;

9. Line Voltage Regulator (LVR)

Figure 4: Line Voltage Regulator (LVR)

10. Motor Starting

Motor impedances and ratings;

Solid State Current Ramp

Figure 5: General Motor Data Dialog

Other motor data as shown in Figure 5 above, include:

full load speed, (RPM);

The EDSA induction motor parameter estimation provides four options:

Class A applies to: User defined NEMA class A

Motor Starting Using Motor Equivalent Circuit

Figure 6: Equivalent Circuit Motor Model

Figure 7: Equivalent Circuit Motor Data Dialog

Motor Starting Using Motor Testing Characteristics/SKVA

Figure 8: Defining Motor Characteristics as a Function of Speed

Te = Te ( given) *V 2 kVA = kVA( given) * V

11. Power Flow Solution Options and Controls

Solution Method (Newton, Gauss, etc.);

Figure 11: Advanced Power Flow Solution Options

Figure 16: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel

Figure 18: Exporting the Motor Start Result to Excel in p.u.

13. Violation and Summary Reports

14. Important Notes

What to do if the Load Flow does not converge

15. Tutorial: ULTC using Two-Winding Transformers

To invoke the Advance Power Flow Tools

Motor Dynamic Information

Area Power Control Options

Advanced Power Flow Options

Display Options for Load Flow

Overview EDSA Toolbar

Control Variable: Voltage

Note: There is no limit in Voltage Control Transformers.

Step 1. Select the

Start with Gauss-Seidel (20 iterations);

Te = Te ( given) V 2 kVA = kVA( given) V