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ISBN 978-2-940373-91-8
10987 6543 21
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
TIM WATERMAN
CONTENTS
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designed ror living in, and Often the
resulting designs are hardly noticeable.
Like that pair or jeans, they aight not even
I- be notice.cl Ul"lless they're mentioned.
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Images
Photographs , diagrams and
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Navigation Diagrams
Chapter navigat ion helps you Hel p to explain landscape
determine which chapter unit you archit ectural t heory and concepts in
are in and what t he preceding and more detail.
following sections are.
INTRODUCTION
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WHERE DO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS WORK? .c
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Landscape architects work within an incredibly Historic places - historic monuments,
diverse number of places. Anywhere humans heritage landscapes, historic urban areas
have a hand in shaping the landscape, you may Scholarly places - universities, botanic
find a landscape architect at work. some may gardens, arboreta
specialise in a specific area, but many will have contemplative places-healing gardens, sensory
the opportunity to work with a wide variety of gardens, cemeteries
fields over the course of a career. Productive places - community gardens, storm
water management, agricultural land
Everyday places - schoolyards, parks, streets Industrial places - factories and industrial
Monumental places - Olympic campuses, grand development, mining and mine reclamation,
public squares, waterfront developments reservoirs and hydroelectric installations
Play places - resorts, golf courses, playgrounds, Travel places - highways, transportation
theme or amusement parks corridors and structures, bridges
Natural places - national parks, wetlands, Theentireplace-newtowns, urban regeneration
forests, environmental preserves and housing projects
Private places -gardens, courtyards,
corporate campuses, science or industrial parks
Courtyard in the LG Chemical
Research Centre, Seoul, Korea
This courtyard by Mikyoung Kim
derives its contemplative beauty
f rom the great precision of its design.
A simple, elegant relationship
between bamboo, moss, stone and
water create a highly sculptural
composition.
THE ROLE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS Landscape architectu re combines social, 11
As a profession, landscape architecture economic. enviro nmental and cultu ral
is relatively new, dating back only about perspectives. Landscape architects study, plan.
a century and a half . However. the term design and manage spaces, which are both
'landscape architecture' emerged slightly sustainable and visually pleasing. They shape
earlier. It sits within a group of interdependent the face of the Earth and also help to shape the
professions that can be conveniently called face of t he future.
'the arch itectu res', which include: architecture. Q)
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12
HISTORY AND IDEAS
The history of humankind is written
in the landscape. Every civilisation,
every empire, has left its mark in
some significant way. People have, for
millennia, felt the need to build and
create, not just to provide for the basic
needs of food, shelter and companionship,
but to make glorious monuments that
symbolise their collective ambitions.
We have, as a species, become disconnected
from the landscape that supports us in many
ways. For example, we are rarely able to
make a link between the food on our plates
and the landscape that produced it. This
disconnection is also of ten clear when we
look at the great built landscapes of our
past. Most people, for instance, see the
Pyramids at Giza as merely buildings, but
in reality they were parts of a complex
functioning landscape. An understanding of
the history of landscapes can help us to see
the whole picture.
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The ancient city wall in Xi'an , 13
China
Contemporary buildings
overshadow the ancient city
wall, which in turn overshadows
a modern streets cape where
"' building fac,ades are a mix of old
and new.
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YESTERDAY AND TODAY
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own making, and if we are t o save it for the f uture,
z it w ill requ ire a great d eal more making and less
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destroying.
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The beginnings of Settlement at Skara Brae, The Ziggurat at Ur, Sumer, It symbol ised not only
agriculture and of the Orkney, Scotland Mesopotamia religious power, but it also
Neolithic age The Ziggurat at Ur stood marked the centre of one of
at the heart of a tern ple the earliest empires: that of
complex, in t he heart of the anc ien t !:iumerians.
one of the earliest cities .
~ have given names to t he hills and ri vers that Brittany, France, are monument al examples of
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gave shape t o their exist ence, whic h provid ed how St one Age people left t heir mark on th e land .
o them with more stable sust enance. Skara Brae
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a: of Scotland is t he most complete Stone Age
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settlement in Europe, bui lt roughly 5,000 years
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Birth of the Prophet The rise of the The Wars of the Roses Michelangelo paints the
Muhammad Aztec Empire Sistine Chapel
The beginning of the
Black Plague
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The gardens at the Villa image of t he natural world, Vaux-le-Vicomte, near design t hat incited such
d'Este, Tivoli, Italy and is not able for its very Melun, France jealousy in Lou is XIV th at he
Th e Villa d'Este is a elabo rat e gravity-fed Andre le Not re designed hired the same designer to
masterpiece of Renaissance fou nt ains. the impeccable landscape creat e t he ultimate garden
Italian garden design. It atVaux-le-Vicomte, a for him at Versailles.
is a highly romanticised masterpiece of ba roque
Birth of The American Revolution Pere Lachai se Cemetery, centuries. Its picturesque
Napoleon Bonaparte Paris, France style set t he tone for later
The French Revolution The cemet ery of Pere cemete ries, such as Mount
Lachaise contains the tombs Auburn in Massachusetts,
of some of the most famous wh ich would serve for
French figures of two pleasure as much as burial.
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Invention of the Central Park, New York, USA The real it y of it has lived
lawnmower The vision of Frederic k up t o Ol mst ed's vision a
Law Ol msted, Central hundredfold.
Park was c onceived as an
egal itarian public spac e fo r
all t he people of New York.
Baron Georges-Eugene
Haussmann's renovation
The Opium Wars of Paris The First Boer War World War I
20 EASTERN CIVILISATIONS landscape were in commemoration of death .
The evolution of humans in t he landscape There has been much speculatio n over t he
followed much the same progress in the Far years about the uses of t hese stones, and
East as it did in the West. The earliest hunter- aside from t hei r use as tomb markers, it seems
gatherers improved their circumstances most likely t hat t he stones either had spiritual
t hrough the domestication of animals and the significance or they were used as observatories.
development of agricu ltural practice. The links One t hing is certain: they served to f ix a place
between West and East are perhaps more in the landscape that signif ied a belonging,
profound t han is commonly imagined. The wh ich marked a physical place on the planet .
prehistoric development of Eu rasian languages as well as a locatio n with in t he cosmos . It is t h is
are li nked in ways t hat suggest t hat nomad ic significance t hat has resonance and relevance
t ribes had spheres of influence that overlapped to us today; it situates t he work of landscape
across all of Europe and Asia. These t ribes would architects within human needs and aspirations,
have travelled with domest icated an imals and wh ich stretch back over millennia.
lived an itinerant existe nce. following resources
seasonally across t he landscape.
~" Almost everywhere in t he East, there are
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remains to be fou nd t hat are strikingly sim ilar to
o t hose found in Europe. These include standing
~ stones, eit her in circles or alone, and dolmens.
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er: For much of the history of humanki nd, many
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1-- of t he most important marks made upon the
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World War II Paley Park, New York, USA First man on the moon
A tiny oasis in Manhattan where
t he sound of a wall of water
washes away t he noise of the
city. Designed by landscape
arch itects Zion and Breen
Assassination of Martin
Indian independence Luther Ki ng
Standing stones in the Altai
Mountains, Siberia
The Altai Mountains are in the centre
of Asia, at the meeting poi nt of
Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
The stones protrude starkly from the
vast, windswept steppe.
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~ of building. It also left behi nd new patterns of city As with almost all cultures across t he world,
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i roads to aq ueducts. usually defined by a boundary- often a wall. The
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(.) stupas (reliquaries) at Borobudur in Indonesia, were some of the earliest Buddhist structures
~ and San ch i in India, mark the emergence of that acted as enclosures or boundaries. They
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~ of Persepolis marks the heart of the mighty mounded earth topped with a hemispheric dome.
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a: Persian Empire . A gateway and a path arou nd the dome would
~ The cultu res in Pre-Columbian America have been part of a meditative c ircuit.
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anywhere else in the wor ld, from the Sun site, there was always emphasis on movement
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c ity of Machu Picchu. Alt hough t he Incas were expression of power, as was the sequence of
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CD contemporary with t he Midd le Ages in Europe, spaces lead ing to the t hrone room at Persepolis,
they are perhaps more analogous to ancient the capital city of ancient Persia .
Western c ivilisation, at least in terms of how t hei r
c ulture manifested itself in space.
It is not just the temples and cities that defined
the landscape of the anc ient world. Agricultu re,
and the infrastructu re required to move food
from t he countryside to the city also had a
profound imp act on the land.
Persepolis
The site of Persepolis, the capital city
of the Persian Empire, was chosen fo r
its st rat egic location. This location
allowed excellent physical access to
much of t he empire, with views out
from a def ensible position.
The city itself was built t o impress.
It had a sequence of spaces designed
to convey the strength of Persia and
its emperor.
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between 1200 and 1400. it is today.
zw The concentration of power and money in the The enclosure of lands for privat e ownership
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and cast les, were also built everywhere, often of the national t ern perament.
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provid ing a new def ini ng characterist ic to a
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_J CLOISTERS AND PHYSIC GARDENS
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~ buildings (cloist ers, in part icular), where herbaria
or physic gardens would be built. These provided
herbs f or cooking, perfu mes and potpourri s, but Th e cloister at Mont Saint -Mi chel,
Normandy, France
more import antly, for med icinal purposes. Wh ile
Both physic gardens and cloisters
plant s and herbs may have been grown f or th eir were enclosed spaces. In the case
beauty, it is more likely t hat th ey were grown of mediaeval cloisters, t hey were
primarily for their usefu lness. These, along with used for meditat ive perambulation,
and would probably have provided a
vegetable gardens, would have been the most very welcome break f rom the close
formal ga rdens constructed. interiors that monks or nuns would
have found themselves confined to
much of the ti me.