Lecture # 29-30

CHAPTER 10a
DNA Replication
EC Exam II
Mastering Ch 10
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides

see Figure 10.1

DNA double helix

www.johnkyrk.com
See DNA animations
The new nucleic acid strands are made in the 5 to 3 direction
Template strand New strand Template strand New strand
HO 3 5
HO 3 5
C C G P
G P
O O
Sugar- O
O
P P
phosphate
backbone T
T A P
A P
O O
O O
P
P
T A T P
A P DNA polymerase
O
O
O
O P
P
C C G
G P
P
O O
O 3 end O
P P

A 3 OH A T
P
O O O Pyrophosphate
P T P P P P
O A 3
A OH

O 5 end OH O
P
P see Figure 10.5 b 5
5
Each strand of the double helix is oriented in the opposite direction (antiparallel)
 Better
Slide
For
DNA
replication

Nucleophilic attack:
Electrons on 3OH
attack first P
Figure 10.3

"It has not escaped our notice that the specific

pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a
possible copying mechanism for the genetic
material" Watson and Crick Nature, April 25, 1953.

Watson, Crick and Maurice Wilkins

won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1963 for
determining the structure of DNA in 1953.
Dimensions Franklin had died of cancer in 1958 or she would
suggested by have also shared the prize
Franklins X-
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/
ray diffraction
 How the DNA Molecule Replicates
The two DNA strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds between
complementary base pairs
A and T
C and G
If the sequence on one strand is ATACGCAT
The others sequence must be TATGCGTA

Sister chromatids contain one

old and one new strand
(semiconservative)
and are identical
TA TA
AT AT
TA TA
GC < Sisters > GC
CG CG
GC GC
TA TA
AT AT
 The central dogma
*
DNA RNA proteins
REPLICATION
DNA Polymerase DNA
gene
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA Polymerase

mRNA

TRANSLATION tRNA
Ribosomes (rRNA)

Protein
 Replication

Book does not have this detail but this is important and still simplified
 DNA replication
- The enzyme helicase first unwinds the double helix
- The enzyme primase puts down a short piece of RNA termed the primer (10-12 nt)

- DNA polymerase reads each single strand & adds the complementary nucleotides
- The leading strand is made continuously from one primer
- The lagging strand is assembled in segments created from many primers

Prokaryotic DNA polymerase 100,000 nt/min

3 types of DNA polymerase

Okazaki fragments on lagging strand

are about 1000-2000 nt

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase 500-5000 nt/min

thousands of origins of replication
at least 15 types of DNA polymerase

Okazaki fragments on lagging strand

are about 100-200 nt

1 error /10,000,000 nt (1 in 10-7 nt)

almost all repaired

- RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA

- Ligase joins the ends of newly-synthesized DNA
 Figure 10.7
do fork and bubble together on board to practice polarity