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Disclaimer
Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation with Invariant Section being “Introduction”, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".
This document may be copied and distributed in any medium, either commercially or
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i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................1
STEP BY STEP FEDORA INSTALLATION GUIDE........................................................................2
1. BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................................3
2. BEFORE YOU BEGIN....................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Networking.....................................................................................................................................3
2.2. Installing Fedora Core as a Server...............................................................................................4
2.3. Installing from a Network Server..................................................................................................4
2.4. Installing Fedora Core on a Managed Network............................................................................4
CHAPTER 1. BEGINNING THE INSTALLATION.......................................................................................................4
1.1. BOOTING FROM A DISC............................................................................................................................5
1.2. USING OTHER REMOVABLE MEDIA...........................................................................................................7
1.2.1. Preparing the Boot Media..........................................................................................................7
1.2.2. Booting from the Media..............................................................................................................8
1.3. BOOTING FROM THE NETWORK USING PXE................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2. OTHER INSTALLATION METHODS....................................................................................................9
2.1. INSTALLATION FROM A NETWORK SERVER................................................................................................10
2.1.1. TCP/IP Configuration..............................................................................................................10
2.1.2. Network Service Setup..............................................................................................................10
2.2. INSTALLATION FROM A HARD DRIVE........................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3. IDENTIFYING YOUR LOCALE.........................................................................................................13
3.1. LANGUAGE SELECTION...........................................................................................................................13
3.2. KEYBOARD CONFIGURATION...................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 4. UPGRADING AN EXISTING SYSTEM................................................................................................14
4.1. UPGRADE EXAMINE...............................................................................................................................14
4.2. UPGRADING BOOT LOADER CONFIGURATION.............................................................................................15
CHAPTER 5. INSTALLATION TYPES..................................................................................................................16
5.1. CHOOSING AN INSTALLATION TYPE..........................................................................................................16
5.2. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS......................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 6. DISK PARTITIONING....................................................................................................................18
6.1. CHOOSING A PARTITIONING METHOD.......................................................................................................18
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CHAPTER 13. ABOUT TO INSTALL...................................................................................................................35
CHAPTER 14. INSTALLING PACKAGES..............................................................................................................36
CHAPTER 15. FIRST BOOT.............................................................................................................................37
15.1. LICENSE AGREEMENT...........................................................................................................................38
15.2. DATE AND TIME.................................................................................................................................38
15.3. DISPLAY............................................................................................................................................39
15.4. SYSTEM USER.....................................................................................................................................41
15.5. SOUND CARD.....................................................................................................................................41
15.6. ADDITIONAL CDS...............................................................................................................................42
CHAPTER 16. YOUR NEXT STEPS...................................................................................................................43
16.1. DOCUMENTATION ON THE WEB.............................................................................................................44
16.2. COMMUNITY SUPPORT..........................................................................................................................44
GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE...........................................................................................................45
ii
Introduction
This open source toolkit has been developed by the Open Source Resource Center (OSRC),
a project of the Ministry of Information Technology (MoIT). This toolkit contains step-by-step
manuals related to open source applications for databases, application servers, desktop
applications, office productivity suites, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer
Relationship Management (CRM) software, and open source desktop applications for the
Microsoft Windows platform. A set of CDs, including some Linux distributions and other
applications, forms an integral part of this open source toolkit.
I would like to thank the OSRC team, including Mr. Abubakar Shoaib, Mr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Mr.
Muhammad Hammmad, Mr. Muazzam Ali, Mr. Sher Shah Farooq, and Mr. Qandeel Aslam,
who have compiled this toolkit; and Miss Seema Javed Amin, who has edited it. The OSRC
would especially wish to thank PSEB’s Director (Projects) Mr. Nasir Khan Afridi, Former
Project Manger(OSRC) Mr. Osman Haq and Ministry of Information Technology's Member
(IT) Mr. M. Tariq Badsha for their generous moral support, without which this toolkit would
never have been completed.
This is the modified version of official fedora installation guide released under the license
same as that of original document. The original version of fedora installation guide can be
downloaded from http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/
Sufyan Kakakhel
Open Source Resource Center,
Pakistan Software Export Board,
2nd Floor, ETC, Agha Khan Road, F-5,
Islamabad, Pakistan.
Ph: +92-51-9208748
Fax: +92-51-9204075
Email: skakakhel@pseb.org.pk
http://www.osrc.org.pk
This manual helps you to install Fedora Core on desktops, laptops and servers. The
installation system is flexible enough to use even if you have no prior knowledge of Linux or
computer networks. If you select its default options, Fedora Core provides you with a
complete desktop operating system, including productivity applications, Internet utilities, and
desktop tools.
This document does not detail all of the features of the installation system.
1. Background
The Fedora Project, which produces and maintains Fedora Core, is a collaboration between
Red Hat, Inc. and the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) community. The Fedora
Project also provides Fedora Extras, additional software packaged for installation on a Fedora
Core system.
For more information about the Fedora Project, please visit http://fedora.redhat.com/. Refer to
http://www.opensource.org/ and http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html for more
information about open source software.
The Release Notes specify the hardware requirements for the version of Fedora Core which
you are about to install. They also provide advice regarding any known problems with
particular hardware and software configurations.
The Release Notes are available on the first disc in HTML and plain text format. The latest
versions of this Installation Guide and the Release Notes can always be found at
http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/.
2.1. Networking
By default, Fedora Core systems attempt to discover the correct connection settings for the
attached network using the Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP). Your network may
include a DHCP provider which delivers settings to other systems on demand. The DHCP
provider may be a router or a wireless access point for the network, or a server.
In some cases, you may need to provide information about your network during the
installation process. Refer to Section 2.3, “Installing from a Network Server” and Section 2.4,
“Installing Fedora Core on a Managed Network” for more information.
Modem Configuration
A network installation requires boot media, unless you are using the Pre-boot eXecution
Environment (PXE) to boot your computer. Boot your computer using either an installation
DVD, the first installation CD, a boot CD, or a prepared USB storage device.
PXE (also referred to as netboot) is a standard that enables PCs to use files on a server as a
boot device. Fedora Core includes utilities that allow it to function as a PXE server for other
computers.
The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) on your computer must support the type of boot
media you select. The BIOS controls access to some hardware devices during boot time. Any
computer that meets the minimum recommended specification for Fedora Core can boot from
a CD or DVD drive with the first disc. USB drives and Flash media are newer technologies,
but many computers can use them as boot media as well. Some network cards and chipsets
include support for network booting with PXE. PXE (pronounced "pixie") allows a computer to
load boot files from a network server instead of from directly-connected hardware.
If you are not sure what capabilities your computer has, or how to configure the BIOS, consult
the documentation provided by the manufacturer. Detailed information regarding hardware
specifications and configuration is beyond the scope of this document.
If you press the Enter key, the installation runs in default mode. In the default mode, the
installation runs from CD or DVD discs, and uses a graphical interface if possible. In order to
change the installation mode, at the boot: prompt, type linux followed by one or more of the
following options:
To install from a hard drive or network server, add the directive askmethod
To use a text interface, add the directive text
To retry installation because the installation aborted at an early stage, add the
directive acpi=off
Refer to the Release Notes for additional options that may help if you encounter problems
with the installation program. A current copy of the Release Notes is always available at
http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/.
When you issue a command at the boot: prompt, the first stage of the installation program
starts. After it loads, the following screen appears:
Select OK to test the disc, or select Skip to proceed with the installation without testing the
disc.
Testing Discs
Test any discs which you have not previously tested. A disc error during the installation
process may force you to restart the entire procedure.
After you test the first disc, another screen appears and shows the result:
Select Test to test the next disc in the set, or Continue to proceed with the installation.
After you test your discs and select Continue, or if you choose to skip testing, the main
graphical installation program loads.
To boot from the disc, but install from another device or a network server, use the linux
askmethod command at the boot: prompt. Fedora Core also includes a boot-only CD for this
purpose, which is stored on the first Fedora Core installation disc as an ISO file,
images/boot.iso.
To convert the ISO file into a physical CD, use the option in your CD-writing program that
burns a CD image file to a CD. If you copy the file itself to a CD instead, the disc will not boot
or work correctly. Refer to your CD writing program documentation for instructions. If you are
using Linux, use the following command to burn a CD image file to a blank recordable CD:
Data Loss
This procedure destroys data on the media. Back up any important information before you
The images/diskboot.img file on the first Fedora Core installation disc is a boot image
designed for USB media.
This file also appears on FTP and websites providing Fedora Core.
Several software utilities are available for Windows and Linux that can write image files to a
device. Linux includes the dd command for this purpose. To write an image file to boot media
with dd on a current version of Fedora Core:
Configure the computer to boot from the network interface. This option is in the BIOS, and
may be labeled Network Boot or Boot Services. Once you properly configure PXE booting,
the computer can boot the Fedora installation system without any other media.
• Ensure that the network cable is attached. The link indicator light on the network
socket should be lit, even if the computer is not switched on.
• Switch on the computer.
• A menu screen appears. Press the number key that corresponds to the most suitable
option.
Figure 1.5. Welcome to Red Hat Network Installer
PXE Troubleshooting
If your PC does not boot from the netboot server, ensure that the BIOS is configured to boot
first from the correct network interface. Some BIOS systems specify the network interface as
a possible boot device, but do not support the PXE standard. Refer to your hardware
documentation for more information.
The installation method screen below appears if one of the following is true:
CD/DVD Activity
If a Fedora disc is in your computer's CD or DVD drive, the installation program loads its next
stage from that disc. The installation program downloads package data from the source you
choose.
These settings apply only during the installation process. The installation program allows you
to configure the final network configuration later.
You cannot use ISO files on partitions controlled by Logical Volume Management (LVM).
Refer to Section 6.2, “General Information on Partitions” for more information about file
systems.
Select the partition containing the ISO files from the list of available partitions. Internal IDE
drive device names begin with /dev/hda. SCSI or USB drive device names begin with /dev/sd.
Each individual drive has its own letter, for example, /dev/hda. Each partition on a drive is
numbered, for example /dev/sda1.
Specify the Directory holding images. Enter the full directory path from the drive that
contains the ISO image files.
Select OK to continue.
If the installation system fails to identify the display hardware on your computer, it displays
text screens rather than the default graphical interface. The text screens provide the same
functions as the standard screens. You can manually specify your display hardware later in
the installation process.
Important
Network installations with HTTP and FTP always use text screens on systems with less than
128Mb of memory.
To perform an upgrade of an existing system, choose the appropriate installation from the
drop-down list and select Next.
If the existing boot loader was installed by a Linux distribution, the installation system can
modify it to load the new Fedora Core system. To update the existing Linux boot loader,
select Update boot loader configuration. This is the default behavior when you upgrade an
existing Fedora Core or Red Hat Linux installation.
GRUB is the standard boot loader for Fedora. If your machine uses another boot loader, such
as BootMagic™, System Commander™, or the loader installed by Microsoft Windows, then
the Fedora installation system cannot update it. In this case, select Skip boot loader updating.
When the installation process is complete, refer to the documentation for your product for
assistance.
Install a new boot loader as part of an upgrade process only if you are certain you want to
replace the existing boot loader. If you install a new boot loader, you may not be able to boot
other operating systems on the same machine until you have configured the new boot loader.
Select Create new boot loader configuration to remove the existing boot loader and install
GRUB.
Some automated processes on your Fedora system use the email service to send reports and
messages to the system administrator. By default, the email and printing services do not
accept connections from other systems. Although Fedora connects to NFS services on other
systems, the NFS sharing component is disabled by default. You may configure your Fedora
system after installation to offer email, NFS, or print services. The SSH service is enabled by
default.
Minimal installations
To install a minimum of software, choose the Custom installation type. On the Package
Group Selection screen, select the Minimal package group. The only services included in a
Minimal installation are email, printing, NFS, and SSH. This type of installation may be useful
Next, select any disks you wish to use for Linux partitions. If your system contains only one
disk, that disk is automatically selected. Any disks you select are used for Linux partitions
according to the option selected above. The option selection is global, and you may not select
a different option for each disk.
Device Names
If you are confused about the device names used in this box, consult the Linux Partition-
HOWTO at http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/partition-2.html.
Many systems have more partitions than the minimum listed above. Choose partitions based
on your particular system needs. If you are uncertain about what to choose, use the
Automatic Partitioning method shown in Section 6.1, “Choosing a Partitioning Method”.
Data partitions have a mount point. The mount point indicates the directory whose contents
reside on that partition. A partition with no mount point is inaccessible to users. Data not
located on any other partition resides in the / (or root) partition.
• All data under the /boot/ directory resides on the /boot partition. For example, the
file /boot/grub/grub.conf resides on the /boot partition.
• Any file outside of the /boot partition, such as /etc/passwd, resides on the /
partition.
Sub-directories may be assigned to partitions as well. Some administrators create both /usr
and /usr/local partitions. In that case, files under /usr/local/, such as /usr/local/bin/foo, will be
on the /usr/local partition. Any other files in /usr/, such as /usr/bin/foo, will be in the /usr
partition.
If you create many partitions instead of one large / partition, upgrades become easier. Refer
to the description of Disk Druid's Edit option for more information.
An administrator may grow or shrink logical volumes without destroying data, unlike standard
disk partitions. If the physical volumes in a volume group are on separate drives then
administrators may also spread a logical volume across multiple disks and RAID arrays.
New
Select this option to add a partition or LVM physical volume to the disk. In the Add partition
dialog, choose a mount point and a partition type. If you have more than one disk on the
system, choose which disks the partition may inhabit. Indicate a size in megabytes for the
partition.
Illegal Partitions
The /bin/, /dev/, /etc/, /lib/, /proc/, /root/, and /sbin/ directories may not be used for separate
partitions in Disk Druid. These directories reside on the / (root) partition.
The /boot partition may not reside on an LVM volume group. Create the /boot partition before
configuring any volume groups.
You may also choose from three options for sizing your partition:
Fixed size
Use a fixed size as close to your entry as possible.
Partition Sizes
The actual partition on the disk may be slightly smaller or larger than your choice. Disk
geometry issues cause this effect, not an error or a bug.
After you have entered the details for your partition, select OK to continue.
Edit
Select this option to edit an existing partition, LVM volume group, or an LVM physical volume
that is not yet part of a volume group. To change the size of an LVM physical volume
partition, first remove it from any volume groups.
• Provide a mount point for non-Linux partitions such as those used on some Windows
operating systems
Windows Partitions
You may not label Windows partitions that use the NTFS file system with a mount point in the
Fedora Core installer. You may label vfat (FAT16 or FAT32) partitions with a mount point.
If you need to make drastic changes to your partition configuration, you may want to delete
the partitions and start again. If your disk contains data that you need to keep, back it up
before you edit any partitions. If you edit the size of a partition, you may lose all data on it.
If your system contains many separate partitions for system and user data, it is easier to
upgrade your system. The installation program allows you to erase or retain data on specific
partitions. If your user data is on a separate /home partition, you may retain that data while
erasing system partitions such as /boot.
Delete
Select this option to erase an existing partition or an LVM physical volume. To delete an LVM
physical volume, first delete any volume groups of which that physical volume is a member.
If you make a mistake, use the Reset option to abandon all the changes you have made.
Reset
Select this option to force Disk Druid to abandon all changes made to disk partitions.
RAID
Select this button to set up the software RAID on your Fedora system.
Choose this option to add a partition for software RAID. This option is the only
choice available if your disk contains no software RAID partitions.
Choose this option to construct a RAID device from two or more existing
software RAID partitions. This option is available if two or more software RAID
partitions have been configured.
Choose this option to set up a RAID mirror of an existing disk. This option is
available if two or more disks are attached to the system.
Select this button to set up LVM on your Fedora system. Create at least one partition or
software RAID device as an LVM physical volume, using the New dialog.
To assign one or more physical volumes to a volume group, first name the volume group.
Then select the physical volumes to be used in the volume group. Finally, configure logical
volumes on any volume groups using the Add, Edit and Delete options.
You may not remove a physical volume from a volume group if doing so would leave
insufficient space for that group's logical volumes. If, for example, a volume group is made up
of two 5 GB LVM physical volume partitions, then it contains an 8 GB logical volume. The
installer will not allow you to remove either of the component physical volumes, since that
would leave only 5 GB in the group for an 8 GB logical volume. If you reduce the total size of
any logical volumes appropriately, you may then remove a physical volume from the volume
group. In the example, reducing the size of the logical volume to 4 GB would allow you to
remove one of the 5 GB physical volumes.
After you finish setting up and reviewing your partition configuration, select Next to continue
the installation process.
Chapter 7. Boot Loader
A boot loader is a small program that reads and launches the operating system. Fedora Core
uses the GRUB boot loader by default. If you have multiple operating systems, the boot
loader determines which one to boot, usually by offering a menu.
You may have a boot loader installed on your system already. An operating system may
install its own preferred boot loader, or you may have installed a third-party boot loader. If
your boot loader does not recognize Linux partitions, you may not be able to boot Fedora
Core. Use GRUB as your boot loader to boot Linux and most other operating systems. Follow
the instructions in this section to install GRUB.
Installing GRUB
If you install GRUB, it may overwrite your existing boot loader.
The following screen displays boot loader configuration options:
Press the Add button to include an additional operating system in GRUB. Fedora Core
displays the dialog shown in Figure 7.3, “Adding Operating Systems to the Boot Menu”.
Select the disk partition which contains the bootable operating system from the drop-down list
and give the entry a label. GRUB displays this label in its boot menu.
Edit
To change an entry in the GRUB boot menu, select the entry and then select Edit.
Delete
To remove an entry from the GRUB boot menu, select the entry and then select Delete.
If, however, there is a chance that someone can get physical access to the keyboard and
monitor of your computer, that person can then reboot the system and access GRUB. This is
where a password is helpful.
To set a boot password, select the Use a boot loader password checkbox. The Change
password button will become active. Select Change password to display the dialog box
given below. Type your chosen password, and then re-confirm it by typing it again in the
spaces provided.
Optional Menu
Fedora Core displays the following advanced boot options menu only if the advanced
configuration checkbox described above has been selected.
Figure 7.5. Advanced Boot Options
Select Next to proceed after you review the security configuration and make any necessary
changes.
9.1. Firewall
The firewall built into Fedora Core checks every incoming and outgoing network connection
on your machine against a set of rules. These rules specify which types of connections are
permitted and which are denied.
By default, the firewall is enabled with a simple set of rules that allow connections to be made
from your system to others, but block incoming connections from other systems. You may
make changes on this screen to allow access to specific network services on your Fedora
system.
To enable access to services listed on this screen, click the check box next to the service
name. After installation is complete, you can enable access to other services as well.
Select this mode to use the targeted SELinux policy on your Fedora system. This is the
default mode for Fedora installations.
Warn
This diagnostic mode is provided because SELinux is relatively new technology. In this
mode, the system is configured with SELinux, but a breach of security policies only causes an
error message to appear. No activities are actually prohibited when SELinux is installed in this
mode. You may change the SELinux mode to Active at any time after booting.
Disabled
If you choose this mode for SELinux, Fedora does not configure the access control system at
all. To make SELinux active later, from the main menu, select Desktop->System Settings-
>Security Level and Firewall.
• To select a time zone using the map, select the yellow dot that represents the city
nearest to your location. When you place the arrow on a dot, Fedora displays the
name of the city below the map. Once you select a dot, it becomes a red X to indicate
your selection.
• To select a time zone using the list, select the name of the city nearest to your
location. The cities are listed in alphabetical order.
• Do not use a word or name. Obscuring the word or name with substitute
characters is ineffective
• Do not use the same password for more than one system
• HL8$391%%rb
• Iwtb,10^th
Enter the root password into the Root Password field. Fedora displays the characters as
asterisks for security reasons. Type the same password into the Confirm field to ensure that
it is set correctly.
To accept the default package selection, select Install the default software packages. Select
Next to continue, and proceed to Chapter 13, About to Install.
To view or change the packages, select Customize software packages to be installed. Select
Next to continue, and proceed to Section 12.2, “Package Group Selection”.
12.2. Package Group Selection
Fedora Core divides included software into package groups that make software selection
easier.
The default groups for the chosen installation type are already selected. Select or remove any
group of packages as desired. None of the packages from a group will be installed unless the
checkbox next to the group is selected.
To change which packages within a selected group will be installed, select the Details link
next to the name of the group. Fedora Core automatically installs the Base Packages of a
group if the group is selected. Change the selection of Optional Packages by using the
checkbox next to the name of the individual package.
Fedora Core lists with each group the number of packages currently selected for installation,
and the total number of packages within that group.
After you have chosen the desired packages, select Next to proceed. Fedora Core checks
your selection, and automatically adds any extra packages required to use the software you
select.
Chapter 13. About to Install
No changes are made to your computer until you click the Next button. If you abort the
installation process after that point, the Fedora Core system will be incomplete and unusable.
To return to previous screens to make different choices, select Back. To abort the installation,
turn off the computer.
Aborting Installation
In certain situations, you may be unable to return to previous screens. Fedora Core notifies
you of this restriction and allows you to abort the installation program. You may reboot with
After installation completes, select Reboot to restart your computer. Fedora Core ejects any
loaded discs before the computer reboots.
To proceed, select Yes, I agree to the License Agreement and then select Next.
By default, Fedora Core is configured to use three separate groups, or pools, of time servers.
Time server pools create redundancy, so that if one time server is unavailable, your system
will synchronize with another server.
To use an additional time server, either select it from the server drop-down box, or type the
DNS name in the box, and select Add. To remove a server or server pool from the list, select
the name and click Delete. The drop-down box already has two listings as examples, which
are servers provided by Red Hat.
If the hardware clock in your computer is highly inaccurate, you may turn off your local time
source entirely. To turn off the local time source, select Show advanced options and then
deselect the Use Local Time Source option. If you turn off your local time source, the NTP
servers take priority over the internal clock.
If you enable the Enable NTP Broadcast advanced option, Fedora Core will attempt to
automatically locate time servers on the network.
15.3. Display
The Setup Agent automatically attempts to identify the graphics card and monitor for your
computer. It uses this information to calculate the correct Resolution and Color Depth
settings.
If you need to change the monitor, select Configure to display a list of manufacturers. Select
the manufacturer of your monitor on the list, and hit the + key or select the triangle next to the
name to view supported models. Choose the correct model from the list and select OK. If
none of the listed models match your monitor, select the closest match from either the
Generic CRT Display list or the Generic LCD Display list.
To change a display setting, select Resolution or Color Depth, and select a new value from
Enter a user name and your full name, and then enter your chosen password. Type your
password once more in the Confirm Password box to ensure that it is correct. Refer to
Chapter 11, Set the Root Password for guidelines on selecting a secure password.
After you have configured the login services, select Next to proceed.
15.5. Sound Card
The Setup Agent automatically attempts to identify the sound card in your computer.
Click Play Test Sound to check the sound card configuration. If the configuration is correct,
Fedora Core plays a sound sequence. If your sound card has been identified, but you do not
hear the sound, check your speakers and try again.
You may manually configure a Fedora Core system to use unsupported sound cards after the
installation process is complete. Manual sound hardware configuration is beyond the scope of
this document.
Changing the Sound Card
Fedora Core will automatically attempt to detect a new sound card if you add one to your
system. If you need to launch the detection process manually, choose Desktop->System
Settings->Soundcard Detection from the main menu.
15.6. Additional CDs
This screen allows you to load prepared discs for installing third-party software. You cannot,
however, use it to install additional packages from the Fedora Core discs.
Adding Software
To add software packages from the Fedora Core discs, use the Package Manager utility
after you log in, select Desktop->System Settings->Add/Remove Applications from the
main menu.
Click Next to proceed to the login screen. Your Fedora Core system is now ready for use.
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful
document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy
and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their
work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must
themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License,
which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free
software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the
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Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both
covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front
cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You
may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers,
as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first
ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you
must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a
complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy
(directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before
redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but
endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer
review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25
words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.
Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text
for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you
are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use
their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under
this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a
single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License
for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under
this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the
Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations
requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of
some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections.
You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document,
and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of
this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or
disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the
requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly
provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute
the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not
have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.