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The purpose of this study is to derive a rational design method and connec- sockets. The validity of this theoretical equation was verified
tion details for socket base column-to-foundation connections for earth- through comparison with results obtained from model tests.
quake-resistant buildings. Cyclic loading tests on one-half-scale model
specimens were conducted to investigate the structural behavior of socket
base connections. From experimental observations, modeling of the result- Theoretical approach
ant force transfer mechanism of socket base connections was also carried Analysis on socket base of perimeter columnPrecast
out. Finally, a practical design method of connection details for socket base concrete columns are erected according to the following pro-
connections was proposed using the aforementioned model. cedure. A socket is first created in the reinforced concrete
foundation. The precast concrete column is then inserted into
Keywords: columns (supports); earthquake-resistant structures; joints
the socket and set in position. Finally, the space between the
(junctions); models; precast concrete.
column and the socket walls is filled with concrete to achieve
a rigid connection between the foundation and the column.
INTRODUCTION
Bases of reinforced concrete columns that provide connec- This method allows the adjustment of the column position
tions in precast structural systems are generally pressed onto even after the hardening of the foundation concrete. It is also
or embedded in foundations or encased with concrete. Of a useful method in which the strength of the column bases
these types of column base connections, embedded columns can be calculated with ease from specifications using a sim-
provide the simplest form, one that has been used in wooden ple equilibrium model.
structures since ancient times. Regarding socket bases, there is no report about the accu-
rate transfer mechanism of the force at the column foot or the
There are no standards in Japan for the design of embed-
combination of the forces in the socket base and the calculat-
ded column base connections constructed with reinforced
ing method of the force magnitude except DIN 1045.
concrete. The method used for practical purposes is the one
given in the Recommendations for the Design and Fabrica- When the column axial force and horizontal force act on
tion of Tubular Structures in Steel1 (hereafter referred to as the column, overturning moment and shear force are gener-
AIJ Recom.), in which a design method to achieve the ulti- ated at the column foot. These forces result in horizontal re-
mate bending strength of embedded columns is given. actions, interface frictions, and bottom reaction. The realistic
equilibrium condition of an embedded column is illustrated
In Germany, on the other hand, calculation methods for
in Fig. 1. However, in the AIJ Recom. only the horizontal re-
the steel sectional area required for reinforcement of embed-
actions C and C22 are counted. That is, the interface frictions
ded column base foundations are specified in DIN 1045.2 In
F1 , F2 , and F3 and bottom reaction R, due to column axial
this method, the equations used for the calculations are se-
force, are not counted.
lected according to the conditions of the interface between
column faces and the internal faces of the sockets. The total model (Fig. 2) on which these forces act can be
divided into Model 1 (Fig. 3) and Model 2 (Fig. 4). Model 1
Test results obtained by the authors indicated that AIJ Re-
is the case in which loads are resisted by horizontal reaction
com. and DIN 1045 are too conservative. The reason is that
force and axial force, and Model 2 is the case in which loads
in these two methods interface frictions and the bottom reac-
are resisted by horizontal reaction forces and friction forces.
tion are not properly evaluated.
This study proposes an equation for the calculation of the ACI Structural Journal, V. 93, No. 3, May-June 1996.
resultant force in the embedded portions, taking into account Received May 27, 1994, and reviewed under Institute publication policies. Copy-
right 1996, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including the making
the column axial forces and the friction forces generated be- of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Pertinent dis-
cussion will be published in the March-April 1997 ACI Structural Journal if received
tween the precast column bases and internal faces of the by Nov. 1, 1996.
C12 = P2 + C3 (5)
Fig. 6Stress distribution in embedded portion
1 N
C = ----------------------------------------- M + ( D e L 3 ) Q + ec [ ( 1 ) D Y 1] ---- (7)
L L + D
0 3 1
h
where M = P h, Q = P, = ---- , ec = D
---- - xR
D 2
Equations given in the AIJ Recom. are shown below for
reference (Fig. 7)
Fig. 7Concept of AIJ Recom.
1 Q pc
Vertical equilibrium: T u = ------------------------------- M u + -------- ( d dc ) (9)
d d t dc 2 2
F1 = F2 (4)
Equations for H 0 (Fig. 8) given in DIN 1045 are shown be-
low, with a rough finish on the column face and socket inner
Horizontal equilibrium: face and with a smooth one, respectively
4 ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1996
Fig. 9Theoretical calculation results: load-strain curves for foundation reinforcement (AIJ = AIJ Recom., F. C. = friction
coefficient; 1.0 tonf = 9807 N)
6 M st + Mst 6 equations in the AIJ Recom. and DIN 1045 when the friction
RH 0 = -- --------------------------- + --- H s t (10) coefficient is zero, they show significant difference from the
5 t 5
latter when the friction coefficient was increased to 0.5 and 1.0.
The theoretical equation expresses the fact that the force
3 M st + M st 5
G H0 = -- --------------------------- + --- H s t (11) generated inside the socket becomes smaller as the column
2 t 4 axial force or the friction coefficient increases.
In this theoretical approach, friction coefficient should
where be given. Therefore, a test was carried out to determine the
Mst = moment caused by horizontal force-acting column appropriate friction coefficients as well as to confirm the va-
Mst = moment caused by eccentric column axial force lidity of the modeling.
Calculation resultsTheoretically predicted load-foun-
dation reinforcement strain relations are indicated in Fig. 9. TESTS
Theoretical calculations were conducted on model speci- Specimens
mens that had a column section width of 40 cm, column sec- The properties of the materials used in the preparation of
tion height of 50 cm, height of loading point 150 cm, and the specimens and the parameters of the specimens are given
eight 22-mm-diameter deformed bars as foundation rein- in Tables 1 and 2; the specimens are illustrated in Fig. 10.
forcement (see Fig. 10). Variables in the calculation were the On Types 18, 19, 22, and 23, shear keys (Fig. 11) were
embedment length, column axial force, and friction coeffi- formed on all four faces on both the columns and the socket
cient. The results obtained with the equations given in the walls. Their embedment depths were 75, 62.5, and 50 cm, re-
AIJ Recom. and DIN 1045 agreed closely with each other. In spectively. Types 10, 15, 16, and 17 are specimens without
comparison, the curves obtained with the theoretical equa- shear keys. In these specimens, the columns were placed in
tion proposed in this study indicate smaller strains at the steel forms and the internal faces of the sockets in wooden
same loads, the strain becoming smaller as the friction coef- forms, with no surface finishing after form removal. Their
ficient increases. embedment depths were 75, 62.5, and 50 cm, respectively.
Although the curves obtained with the theoretical equation Specimens were assembled by inserting the columns into
proposed in this study approach those obtained with the the sockets in the foundations and filling gaps of 4 cm on
ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1996 5
Fig. 10Specimen
Table 2Reinforcement
Diameter, mm v, kgf/cm2 b, kgf/cm 2 E, kgf/cm2 Group
D13 3140 4720 1,940,000 A
D13 3420 5280 1,870,000 B
D22 3820 5730 1,850,000 A
D22 3920 5740 1,940,000 B
D25 3860 5370 1,880,000 A
D25 4010 5780 1,940,000 B
Note: Group A: Type 15, 16, 17, 18; Group B: Type 10, 21, 22, 23.
1.0 kgf/cm 2 = 0.0009807 Pa.
stiffness for Type 23 is decreasing gradually up to the maxi- thors. The highlights of structural performances are shown in
mum load. On the other hand, the curve for Type 17 has a bi- Table 6.
linear shape with a sharp bend at load P = -8 tonf, reaching 1. If the embedment depth is 1.5D or more, the column
the same level as Type 23 at P = -30 tonf. Since, as men- base is regarded as being in a rigid connection even without
tioned previously, the degradation of the rigidity prevented shear keys.
increases in the horizontal load on Type 17 beyond P = -32 2. The resultant force transmission performance of the col-
tonf, comparison cannot be made beyond this point. Up to P umn bases can be improved by the addition of shear keys.
= -30 tonf, the curve for Type 23 approximates that obtained Socket base connections with embedment depths of 1.0D or
with a friction coefficient of 1.0. Beyond this, the strain ex- more when provided with shear keys give results similar to
ceeds that obtained with a friction coefficient of 1.0 to come those with an embedment depth of 1.5D and can reach the ul-
gradually close to that obtained with a friction coefficient of 0.5. timate strength of the columns.
Findings from the observation of strain responses of foun-
3. Socket base connections without shear keys do not have
dation reinforcement are: 1) degradation of rigidity begins
enough rigidity when an embedment depth is less than
earlier in specimens without shear keys; 2) load-strain curves
1.25D, although in the case of an embedment depth of 1.25D
come close to the predicted values near the ultimate load
a column can reach its ultimate flexural strength in large de-
when friction coefficients of 0.5 to 1.0 are used; 3) speci-
flective situations, such as a rotation angle of 1/70.
mens with an embedment depth of 1.5D and those with an
embedment depth of 1.25D provided with shear keys give re- 4. The friction coefficients in Table 7 according to embed-
sults similar to those obtained in calculation with a friction ment depth and shear key are recommended. The value of
coefficient of 1.0; and 4) specimens with an embedment 1.0 is recommended for the friction coefficient for the socket
depth of 1.0D provided with shear keys give results similar when the embedment depth is 1.5D or more without shear
to those obtained in calculation with a friction coefficient of 0.5. keys or when the embedment depth is 1.25D or more with
shear keys, while the value of 0.5 is recommended when the
CONCLUSION embedment depth is 1.0D with shear keys.
The following conclusions were drawn from the results of 5. Commencement of degradation of rigidity can be de-
the theoretical calculations and tests conducted by the au- layed by providing specimens with shear keys.
ACI Structural Journal / May-June 1996 9
Fig. 16Load-strain curves for foundation reinforcement 1
(1.0 tonf = 9807 N)
1.25D Moder-
Without Enough Large Type 16
(62.5 cm) ately good Fig. 17Load-strain curves for foundation reinforcement2
(1.0 tonf = 9807 N)
1.25D Type 21
With Enough Small Good
(62.5 cm) Type 22
reinforced concrete columns than the equations in the AIJ
1.5D Type 10
Without Enough Small Good Recom. and DIN 1045. The load-strain curves for the foun-
(75 cm) Type 15
dation reinforcement come close to the test values near the
1.5D With Enough Small Good Type 18 ultimate load when friction coefficients of 0.5 to 1.0 are used.
(75 cm)
NOTATION
a st = overall thickness of column in concept of DIN 1045
Table 7Recommended friction coefficient be = thickness of socket wall
Friction coefficient Embedded depth Shear key C = compression force of column reinforcement due to column
axial force and overturning moment in column section
1.0 1.5D or more Without
Cc = compression force of concrete due to column axial force and
1.0 1.25D or more With overturning moment in column section
0.5 1.0D With C = resultant reaction force due to lateral load
C3 = resultant reaction force due to lateral load
C 12 = resultant reaction force due to lateral load
6. The theoretical equation proposed previously gives re-
C 22 = resultant reaction force due to lateral load
sults that are closer to the test values for embedded precast d = depth of socket in concept of AIJ Recom.