Mechanismsofplastic

deformationinmetals

Twoprominentmechanismsofplastic
deformation,namelyslipandtwinning.
Slip istheprominentmechanismofplastic
deformationinmetals.Itinvolvesslidingof
blocksofcrystaloveroneotheralongdefinite
crystallographicplanes,calledslipplanes.
itisanalogoustoadeckofcardswhenitis
pushedfromoneend.Slipoccurswhenshear
stressappliedexceedsacriticalvalue.
 Duringslipeachatomusuallymovessame
integralnumberofatomicdistancesalongtheslip
planeproducingastep,buttheorientationofthe
crystalremainsthesame.
Generallyslipplaneistheplaneofgreatest
atomicdensity,andtheslipdirectionistheclose
packeddirectionwithintheslipplane.
Twining:
Portionofcrystaltakesupanorientationthatis
relatedtotheorientationoftherestofthe
untwinedlatticeinadefinite,symmetricalway.
 Thetwinnedportionofthecrystalisamirror
imageoftheparentcrystal.
Theplaneofsymmetryiscalledtwinning
plane.
Theimportantroleoftwinninginplastic
deformationisthatitcauseschangesinplane
orientationsothatfurtherslipcanoccur.
 StrengtheningmechanismsinMetals

Forsinglephasemetals:
grainsizereduction
solidsolutionalloying
strainhardening
Multiphasemetallicmaterials:
Precipitationhardening
Dispersionhardening
Fiber strengthening
Martensite strengthening
 Strainhardeningorworkhardening:
Thephenomenonwhereductilemetalsbecomestrongerand
harderwhentheyaredeformedplasticallyiscalledstrain
hardeningorworkhardening.
Intensityofstrainhardeningcanbegaged fromtheslopeof
theflowcurve,definedbytheparameterstrainhardening
exponent,n.Itismeasureoftheabilityofametaltostrain
harden.
Foragivenamountofplasticstrain,higherthevalueofn,
greateristhestrainhardening.
Increasingtemperaturelowerstherateofstrainhardening,
andthusthetreatmentisgiven,usually,attemperatureswell
belowthemeltingpointofthematerial.Thusthetreatmentis
alsoknownascoldworking.
 Theconsequenceofstrainhardeningamaterialisimproved
strengthandhardnessbutmaterialsductilitywillbereduced.
Strainhardeningisusedcommerciallytoenhancethe
mechanicalpropertiesofmetalsduringfabrication
procedures.
Inadditiontomechanicalproperties,physicalpropertiesofa
materialalsochangesduringcoldworking.Thereisusuallya
smalldecreaseindensity,anappreciabledecreasein
electricalconductivity,smallincreaseinthermalcoefficientof
expansionandincreasedchemicalreactivity(decreasein
corrosionresistance).
 SolidSolutionStrengthening:

Impureforeignatomsinasinglephasematerialproduces
latticestrainswhichcananchorthedislocations.
Effectivenessofthisstrengtheningdependsontwofactors
Sizedifferenceandvolumefractionofsolute.
Soluteatomsinteractwithdislocationsinmanyways:
elasticinteraction
modulusinteraction
stackingfaultinteraction
electricalinteraction
shortrangeorderinteraction
longrangeorderinteraction
 Elastic,modulus,andlongrangeorderinteractionsareof
longrangei.e.theyarerelativelyinsensitivetotemperature
andcontinuetoactabout0.6Tm.
 DispersionHardening:
Indispersionstrengthening,hardparticlesaremixedwith
matrixpowderandconsolidatedandprocessedbypowder
metallurgytechniques.
Secondphaseshallhaveverylittlesolubilityinthematrix,
evenatelevatedtemperatures.
Dislocationmovingthroughmatrixembeddedwithforeign
particlescaneithercutthroughtheparticlesorbendaround
andbypassthem.
CuttingofparticlesIseasierforsmallparticleswhichcanbe
consideredassegregatedsoluteatoms.Effective
strengtheningisachievedinthebendingprocess,when the
particlesaresubmicroscopic insize.
 Fiber strengthening:
Secondphasematerialcanalsobeintroducedintomatrixin
formoffibers tostrengthenit.
Prerequisitesarematerialstobeusedasfibers includehigh
strengthand/orhighstrengthtoweightratio.
Fibers usually,thus,havehighstrengthandhighmodulus
whilethematrixmustbeductileandnonreactivewiththe
fibers.
Fibers maybelongandcontinuousortheymaybe
discontinuous.
Examplesforfiber material:Al2O3,boron,graphite,metal,
glass,etc.Examplesformatrixmaterial:metals,polymers.
Fiber reinforcedmaterialsareanimportantgroupofmaterials
knownascompositematerials
 Superplasticity :
Superplasticity isthecapabilitytodeformcrystallinesolidsin
tensiontounusuallylargeplasticstrains,oftenwellinexcess
of1000%.
Thisphenomenonresultsfromtheabilityofthematerialto
resistlocalizeddeformationmuchthesameashotglassdoes.
Ashighelongationsarepossible,complexcontouredpartscan
beformedinasinglepresscycleofteneliminatingtheneed
formultipartfabrications.
Thusmaterialswithsuperplastic propertiescanbeusedto
formcomplexcomponentsinshapesthatareverynearthe
finaldimension