Magnoliids

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Magnoliids

Flower of Asimina triloba

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Magnoliids

Orders

Canellales
Laurales
Magnoliales
Piperales

Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae or Magnolianae) are a group of flowering plants. Until recently, the
group included about 9,000[1] species, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay
laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree and many others. That group is characterized
by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.
 Contents
[hide]

1Classification
o 1.1APG system
o 1.2Cronquist system
o 1.3Dahlgren and Thorne systems
o 1.4Comparison table
2Economic uses
3See also
4References
5External links

Classification[edit]
"Magnoliidae" is the botanical name of a subclass, and "magnoliids" is an informal name that does
not conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.
The circumscription of a subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used. The only
requirement is that it must include the family Magnoliaceae.[2] The informal name "magnoliids" is
used by some researchers to avoid the confusion that recently surrounds the name "Magnoliidae".
More recently,[clarification needed] the group[clarification needed] has been redefined under the PhyloCode as a node-
based clade comprising the Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, and Piperales.[citation needed] Chase &
Reveal have proposed, "Magnoliidae" as the name used for the entire group of flowering plants, and
the formal name "Magnolianae" for the group of four orders are discussed here.[3]
APG system[edit]
The APG III (2009) and its predecessor systems did not originally use formal botanical names above
the rank of order. Under those systems, larger clades were usually referred to by informal names,
such as "magnoliids" (plural, not capitalized) or "magnoliid complex". The formal name in Linnean
nomenclature was specified in a separate APG publication as the existing name
"Magnolianae" Takht. (1967).[3] The APG III recognizes a clade within the angiosperms for the
magnoliids. The circumscription is:

Chloranthales The clade includes most of

magnoliids
the basal groups of the
Canellales angiosperms. This clade
was formally named
Piperales
clade magnoliids Magnoliidae in 2007 under
provisions of
order Canellales Laurales
the PhyloCode.[6]
order Laurales
Magnoliales
order Magnoliales Cronquist
order Piperales monocots system[edit]
Ceratophyllales

eudicots

The current phylogeny and composition of the magnoliids.[4][5]

Flower of Magnolia obovata, showing multiple petals, stamens, and pistils.

The Cronquist system (1981) used the name Magnoliidae for one of six subclasses (within
class Magnoliopsida = dicotyledons). In the original version of this system the circumscription was:[7]
Subclass Magnoliidae :
Order Aristolochiales
Order Illiciales
Order Laurales
Order Magnoliales
Order Nymphaeales
Order Papaverales
Order Piperales
Order Ranunculales
Dahlgren and Thorne systems[edit]
Both Dahlgren and Thorne classified the magnoliids (sensu APG) in superorder Magnolianae,
rather than as a subclass.[8] In their systems, the name Magnoliidae is used for a much larger group
including all dicotyledons. This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist
system.
Dahlgren divided his Magnolianae into ten orders, more than other systems of the time, and unlike
Cronquist and Thorne, he did not include the Piperales.[9] Thorne grouped most of his Magnolianae
into two large orders, Magnoliales and Berberidales, although his Magnoliales was divided into
suborders along lines similar to the ordinal groupings used by both Cronquist and Dahlgren. Thorne
revised his system in 2000, restricting the name Magnoliidae to include only the Magnolianae,
Nymphaeanae, and Rafflesianae, and removing the Berberidales and other previously included
groups to his subclass Ranunculidae.[10] This revised system diverges from the Cronquist system, but
agrees more closely with the circumscription later published under APG II.
Comparison table[edit]
Comparison of classification systems is often difficult. Two authors may apply the same name to
groups with different composition of members; for example, Dahlgren's Magnoliidae includes
all dicots, whereas Cronquists' Magnoliidae is only one of five dicot groups. Two authors may also
describe the same group with nearly identical composition, but each may then apply a different
name to that group or place the group at a different taxonomic rank. For example, the composition of
Cronquist's subclass Magnoliidae is nearly the same as Thorne's (1992) superorderMagnolianae,
despite the difference in taxonomic rank.
Because of these difficulties and others, the synoptic table below imprecisely compares the definition
of "magnoliid" groups in the systems of four authors. For each system, only orders are named in the
table. All orders included by a particular author are listed and linked in that column. When a taxon is
not included by that author, but was included by an author in another column, that item appears in
unlinked italics and indicates remote placement. The sequence of each system has been altered
from its publication in order to pair corresponding taxa between columns.
Comparison of the magnoliids across five systems
Cronquist Thorne system Thorne system
APG II system[11] Dahlgren system[9]
system[7] (1992)[8] (2000)[10]
magnoliids Magnolianae
Magnoliidae Magnolianae Magnolianae
Laurales Laurales Laurales
Magnoliales
Magnoliales
Annonales
Magnoliales
Canellales Winterales
Lactoridales
Magnoliales Magnoliales
Aristolochiales Aristolochiales
Piperales
Piperales in
Piperales Nymphaeanae
Chloranthales
Illiciales Illiciales
unplaced or in basal
in Rosidae Rafflesiales in Rafflesianae in Rafflesianae
clades
in Nymphaeanae in Nymphaeanae
in Nymphaeanae
Nymphaeales Ceratophyllales
Nelumbonales Nelumbonales
placed in eudicot Ranunculales in Ranunculidae
in Ranunculanae Berberidales
clade Papaverales
in Dilleniidae in Theanae Paeoniales

Economic uses[edit]
The magnoliids is a large group of plants, with many species that are economically important as
food, drugs, perfumes, timber, and as ornamentals, among many other uses.

The avocado has been cultivated in the Americas for thousands of years.
One widely cultivated magnoliid fruit is the avocado (Persea americana), which is believed to have
been cultivated in Mexico and Central America for nearly 10,000 years.[12] Now grown throughout the
American tropics, it probably originates from the Chiapas region of Mexico or Guatemala, where
"wild" avocados may still be found.[13] The soft pulp of the fruit is eaten fresh or mashed
into guacamole. The ancient peoples of Central America were also the first to cultivate several fruit-
bearing species of Annona.[7] These include the custard-apple (A. reticulata), soursop (A. muricata),
sweetsop or sugar-apple (A. squamosa), and the cherimoya (A. cherimola). Both soursop and
sweetsop now are widely grown for their fruits in the Old World as well.[14]
Some members of the magnoliids have served as important food additives. Oil of sassafras was
formerly used as a key flavoring in both root beer and in sarsaparilla.[15] The primary ingredient
responsible for the oil's flavor is safrole, but it is no longer used in either the United
States or Canada. Both nations banned the use of safrole as a food additive in 1960 as a result of
studies that demonstrated safrole promoted liver damage and tumors in mice.[16] Consumption of
more than a minute quantity of the oil causes nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and shallow rapid
breathing. It is very toxic, and can severely damage the kidneys.[17] In addition to its former use as a
food additive, safrole from either Sassafras or Ocotea cymbarum is also the primary precursor for
synthesis of MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), commonly known as the drug ecstasy.[18]

Nutmeg fruits are a source of the hallucinogen myristicin.

Other magnoliids also are known for their narcotic, hallucinogenic, or paralytic properties.
The Polynesianbeverage kava is prepared from the pulverized roots of Piper methysticum, and has
both sedative and narcotic properties.[14] It is used throughout the Pacific in social gatherings or after
work to relax. Likewise, some native peoples of the Amazon take a hallucinogenic snuff made from
the dried and powdered fluid exuded from the bark of Virola trees.[7] Another hallucinogenic
compound, myristicin, comes from the spice nutmeg.[19] As with safrole, ingestion of nutmeg in
quantities can lead to hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting, with symptoms lasting several days.[20] A
more severe reaction comes from poisoning by rodiasine and demethylrodiasine, the active
ingredients in fruit extract from Chlorocardium venenosum. These chemicals paralyze muscles and
nerves, resulting in tetanus-like reactions in animals. The Cofn peoples of westernmost Amazon
in Colombia and Ecuador use the compound as a poison to tip their arrows in hunting.[21]
Not all the effects of chemical compounds in the magnoliids are detrimental. In previous centuries,
sailors would use Winter's Bark from the South American tree Drimys winteri to ward off the vitamin-
deficieny of scurvy.[14] Today, benzoyl is extracted from Lindera benzoin (common spicebush) for use
as a food additive and skin medicine, due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.[22] Drugs
extracted from the bark of Magnolia have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific
investigation of magnolol and honokiol have shown promise for their use in dental health. Both
compounds demonstrate effective anti-bacterial activity against the bacteria responsible for bad
breath and dental caries.[23][24] Several members of the family Annonaceae are also under
investigation for uses of a group of chemicals called acetogenins. The first acetogenin discovered
was uvaricin, which has anti-leukemic properties when used in living organisms. Other acetogenins
have been discovered with anti-malarial and anti-tumor properties, and some even
inhibit HIV replication in laboratory studies.[25]
Many magnoliid species produce essential oils in their leaves, bark, or wood. The tree Virola
surinamensis (Brazilian "nutmeg") contains trimyristin, which is extracted in the form of a fat and
used in soaps and candles, as well as in shortenings.[26] Other fragrant volatile oils are extracted
from Aniba rosaeodora (bois-de-rose oil), Cinnamomum porrectum, Cinnamomum cassia,
and Litsea odorifera for scenting soaps.[27] Perfumes also are made from some of these oils; ylang-
ylang comes from the flowers of Cananga odorata, and is used by Arab and Swahili women.[14] A
compound called nutmeg butter is produced from the same tree as the spice of that name, but the
sweet-smelling "butter" is used in perfumery or as a lubricant rather than as a food.
Magnoliids are also important sources of spices and herbs used to flavor food, including the
spices black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and the herb bay laurel.

See also[edit]
Eudicots
Monocotyledon

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Chase, Mark
W.(2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 14371445
(Fig.2). PMID 21652302. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437.
2. Jump up^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and
plants, Art. 16
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. (2009), "A phylogenetic
classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical
Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 122127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-
8339.2009.01002.x
4. Jump up^ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of
the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society. 161: 105121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
5. Jump up^ Soltis, P. S.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2004). "The origin and
diversification of Angiosperms". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10):
16141626. PMID 21652312. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1614.
6. Jump up^ Cantino, Philip D.; James A. Doyle; Sean W.
Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead; Douglas E.
Soltis; Pamela S. Soltis; Michael J. Donoghue (2007). "Towards a
phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon. 56 (3): E1
E44. doi:10.2307/25065865.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Cronquist, Arthur (1981). An Integrated System of
Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia University
Press. ISBN 0-231-03880-1.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b Thorne, R. F. (1992). "Classification and geography of
the flowering plants". Botanical Review. 58: 225
348. doi:10.1007/BF02858611.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b Dahlgren, R.M.T. (1980). "A revised system of
classification of angiosperms". Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society. 80 (2): 91124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b Thorne, R. F. (2000). "The classification and
geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class
Angiospermae". Botanical Review. 66 (4): 441
647. doi:10.1007/BF02869011.
11. Jump up^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families
of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society. 141: 399436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
12. Jump up^ "Angiosperms". The New Encyclopdia Britannica. 13.
1994. pp. 634645.
13. Jump up^ Kopp, Lucille E. (1966). "A taxonomic revision of the
genus Persea in the Western Hemisphere. (Persea-
Lauraceae)". Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 14 (1): 1
117.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Heywood, V. H. (ed.) (1993). Flowering Plants of
the World (updated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27
42. ISBN 0-19-521037-9.
15. Jump up^ Hester, R. E.; Roy M. Harrison (2001). Food safety and
food quality. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 118. ISBN 0-85404-270-9.
16. Jump up^ Hayes, Andrew Wallace (2001). Principles and Methods of
Toxicology (4th ed.). CRC Press. p. 518. ISBN 1-56032-814-2.
17. Jump up^ "Sassafras oil overdose". New York Times.
Retrieved 2008-07-12.
18. Jump up^ "MDMA and MDA producers using Ocotea cymbarum as a
precursor". Microgram Bulletin. XXXVIII (11). 2005.
19. Jump up^ Shulgin, Alexander T. (1966-04-23). "Possible implication
of myristicin as a psychotropic substance". Nature. 210 (5034): 380
384. PMID 5336379. doi:10.1038/210380a0.
20. Jump up^ Panayotopoulos, D. J.; D. D. Chisholm
(1970). "Hallucinogenic effect of nutmeg". British Medical
Journal. 1(5698): 754. PMC 1699804
. PMID 5440555. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5698.754-b.
21. Jump up^ Kostermans, A. J.; Homer V. Pinkley; William L Stern
(1969). "A new Amazonian arrow poison: Ocotea venenosa". Botanical
Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. 22 (7): 241252.
22. Jump up^ Zomlefer, Wendy B. (1994). Guide to Flowering Plant
Families. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 29
39. ISBN 0-8078-2160-8.
23. Jump up^ Greenberg, M; P. Urnezis; M. Tian (2007). "Compressed
mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract are effective
against bacteria responsible for oral malodor". Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry. 55 (23): 9465
9469. PMID 17949053. doi:10.1021/jf072122h.
24. Jump up^ Chang, B; Lee Y; Ku Y; Bae K; Chung C. (1998).
"Antimicrobial activity of magnolol and honokiol against
periodontopathic microorganisms". Planta Medica. 64 (4): 367
369. PMID 9619121. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957453.
25. Jump up^ Pilar Rauter, Amlia; A. F. Dos Santos; A. E. G. Santana
(2002). "Toxicity of Some species of Annona Toward Artemia
Salina Leach and Biomphalaria Glabrata Say". Natural Products in the
New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application. Springer
Science+Business Media. pp. 540 pages. ISBN 1-4020-1047-8.
Retrieved 2008-07-12.
26. Jump up^ Pereira Pinto, Gerson (1951). "Contribuio ao estudo
qumico do Sbo de Ucuba". Boletim Tcnico do Instituto
Agronmico do Norte. 23: 163.
 27. Jump up^ Kostermans, A. J. G. H. (1957).
"Lauraceae". Communication of the Forest Research Institute,
Indonesia. 57: 164.

External links[edit]
Wikispecies has
information related
to: Magnoliids

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media related
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Tree of Life Magnoliids

Categories:
Magnoliids
Angiosperms
Eukaryote unranked clades
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