Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Petrophysical Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary
Objectives
1. Reservoir Description
2. Data Preparation
3. Log Analysis
3.1 Shale volume estimation
3.2 Archie parameters
3.3 Formation water resistivity
3.4 Matrix density
3.5 Porosity estimation
3.6 Saturation estimation
4. Summary of results
Summary
Well Wiley7 was drilled during NovemberDecember 2014 to appraise the
Blackwell Group in a new fault block to the SW of the main field. The well
reached a total depth of 2160m in the Blackwell shale, having penetrated
177m of hydrocarbonbearing Wiley Formation. The reservoir comprises sands,
shales and coal deposits typical of the regional coastaldeltaic depositional
model (TableA1.1).
Well Wiley7
Field Blackwell
Operator Coyote
Block 20/15
Country UKLAND
Elevation 33.2m
TD Driller (MD) 2160m
Top Interpretation Interval 2044m
Base Interpretation Interval 2161m
Bit Size 12.25ins
Mud Weight 8.0lb/g
RM and Temperature 3.00ohmm 80.0C
RMF and Temperature 3.00ohmm 80.0C
RMC and Temperature 3.00ohmm 80.0F
Delta T Shale 100.00s/ft
RhoB Shale 2.55g/cm3
PhiN Shale 35p.u.
GR Min/Max 10GAPI 90GAPI
BHT 120.00F
Rw and Temperature 0.062ohmm 80.0C
m and n 1.8 1.8
The nettogross ratio in the well is ~40% with an average net sand porosity
of 13.8% and a net water saturation of ~22%. Permeability has not been esti-
mated for this well. No core was acquired in the well; however, the general
field parameters established in Wiley2 are applied to this interpretation.
Objectives
Well Wiley7 was drilled to appraise the nature and hydrocarbon potential of
the Wiley Formation in a separate compartment of the Blackwell Field.
Sufficient fieldwide data already exist, making minimum data acquisition a
key objective: no cores were cut and the logging suite was simplified from
previous wells.
Appendix 1 171
1. Reservoir Description
The Wiley Formation is part of the Blackwell Group; the regional
depositional model is of a sequence of coastaldeltaic sediments
comprising interbedded sands, shales and coals. The penetrated sequence
is 117m thick and made up of the following units:
a. 20442060m Wiley A Sand Member
The A Sand forms the uppermost and most productive sand in the
main field. It consists of an upward coarsening sequence of deposits
typical of deposition in beach and barrier bar environments. The unit
can be up to 30m thick and have a net to gross of 40100%. In the
main field, average porosity is 16% and permeability ranges between
50 and 500mD. The uppermost part of the unit may be heavily
cemented, indicative of the change to deeper marine sedimentation
b. 20602071m Wiley Shale Member
The Wiley Shale is a fieldwide horizon that separates the Wiley A
Sand from the underlying Wiley B Sand. The unit comprises 815m of
fossiliferous shale and represents a major drowning event.
c. 20712086m Wiley B Sand Member
The Wiley B Sand is typically 1520m thick with a net to gross ratio of
40100%. It generally consists of up to three distinct upward coars-
ening subunits starting with a finegrained transgressive siltstone
sandstone rich in siderite and shelly debris. Above it are finegrained
sandstones that pass upwards into clean, mediumgrained cross
bedded sands typical of a beach or barrier deposit. The sands are
generally of good quality although away from the main structure their
presence is less predictable.
d. 20862161m Wiley Coal Member
The lowermost member of the Wiley Formation comprises an
intercalated sequence of sandstones, siltstones, shales and coals. The
unit varies in thickness across the field and this well has the thinnest
penetrated sequence to date. The typical net to gross ratio is 620%,
with commonly three or four discrete sandstones recorded that are
interpreted as poorly connected shoestring bodies. The sandstones
have sharp erosive bases that fine upwards into mottled silty
deposits. These interbedded deposits were laid down in a freshwater
swamp cut by alluvial channels. At the top of the sequence is a
welldeveloped coal, the Wiley Coal, that represents and extensive,
lowlying swamp.
2. Data Preparation
The log data used for the interpretation of the reservoir interval in Wiley7
are fit for purpose but limited: the log data were acquired as Run 2 of the well.
The following logs with value ranges and average value are presented in
TableA1.2.
172 Appendix 1
2100
Figure A1.1 Composite log over the Wiley Formation interval in Wiley7.
Appendix 1 173
11
97 100
Cumulative count
84
Sample count
57 55
43 45 44
40
33 33 31
20 19
17
12 13
7
2 3 2
00
0 30 60 90 120 150
GR[Unknown];1 (GAPI) - Gamma Ray
Figure A1.2 Gamma ray histogram plot for Wiley Formation interval in Wiley7.
The regression should be carried out for both oilleg and waterleg
separately, but in this case there is no waterbearing sand penetrated.
The apparent oil density is 0.81g/cm3 and the default water density
for the field is 1.03g/cm3. The hydrocarbon corrections were carried
out automatically in the porosity calculation.
3.5 Porosity estimation
Initially two porosity estimations were made using the density log
alone and the neutrondensity combination; this was because of
observed washouts in the well. A third, sonic porosity, was calculated
Appendix 1 175
E = ( 1 Swc )T
E = T shVsh
R t 2 Rsh 2 m
Rsh
M. DEPTH (m)
Major Petra
BVW-OK
1 (frac) 0
Micro Spherically
Caliper (CALI) Focussed Log (MSFL) Bulk Density (RHOB) PHIE-OK
6 (in) 16 0.2 (ohmm) 2000 1.95 (g/cc) 2.95 1 (frac) 0
Gamma ray (GR) Deep Induction (ILD) Neutron Porosity (NPHI) SW-OK Sandstone (SS)
0 (GAPI) 150 0.2 (ohmm) 2000 45 (%) 15 1 (frac) 0 1 (frac) 0
TOP WILEY A
2050
TOP WILEY B
2100
2150
Table A1.3 Final petrophysical interpretation of the Wiley Formation interval in Wiley7.
Net
Unit Interval (m) reservoir(m) Net:gross Net pay total Vsh Sw
Values for the Archie parameters and formation resistivity have been
described earlier and can be used directly in the software algorithms.
A comparison of the Archie and Simandoux results shows a strong
correspondence in the clean sand intervals, as expected. The Archie
equation overestimates water saturation in the shaly intervals; therefore,
the Simandoux equation was used throughout.
A bulk water volume (BVW) was calculated from the interpreted water
saturation and porosity primarily for display purposes.
4. Summary of results
The final results are presented as a computerprocessed interpretation
(CPI) (FigureA1.3). The following cutoffs were applied to establish the
net reservoir rock in the interval:
The net reservoir in the total interval (117m) is 36m, giving a net to
gross ratio of 31%: net pay, based on the cutoffs, is 14.2m. Within the net
reservoir, mean porosity is 13.8%, mean Vsh is 1% and mean Sw is 26%.
TableA1.3 shows the same information for each interval.