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!l4-XIo W J
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL-601206
QUESTION BANK
PREPARED BY
R.ASHOK KUMAR M.E (CAD)
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 2
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 3
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.50) Define the term pressure. What are its units? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.51) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities
[AU, April / May - 2003]
a) Pressure b) surface tension
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 4
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 5
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 6
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 7
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.144) If a liquid has a viscosity of 0.051 poise and kinematic viscosity of 0.14 stokes,
calculate its specific gravity. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.145) Calculate the mass density and specific volume of one litre of a liquid which
weighs 7 N. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.146) A soap bubble is formed when the inside pressure is 5 N/m2above the
atmospheric pressure. If surface tension in the soap bubble is 0.0125 N/m, find the
diameter of the bubble formed. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.147) Determine the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter 0.25 cm and 6
cm at 22C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.148) The converging pipe with inlet and outlet diameters of 200 mm and 150 mm
carries the oil whose specific gravity is 0.8. The velocity of oil at the entry is 2.5
m/s, find the velocity at the exit of the pipe and oil flow rate in kg/sec.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
1.149) Find the height through which the water rises by the capillary action in a 2mm
bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is0.075 g/cm.
[AU, April / May - 2003]
1.150) Find the height of a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 730mm of Hg
at normal conditions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.151) Suppose the small air bubbles in a glass of tap water may be on the order of50
m in diameter. What is the pressure inside these bubbles? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.152) An open tank contains water up to depth of 2.85m and above it an oil of specific
gravity 0.92 for the depth of 2.1m. Calculate the pressures at the interface of two
liquids and at the bottom of the tank. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.153) Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them is being
filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil if the upper
plate is moved with the velocity of 2.5m/s. Define specific weight.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.154) Calculate the height of capillary rise for water in a glass tube of diameter 1mm.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
PART - B
1.155) What are the various classification of fluids? Discuss [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.156) State and prove Pascal's law. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 8
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 9
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
Capillarity
Surface tension
Compressibility
Kinematic viscosity [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.172) Derive the energy equation and state the assumptions made while deriving the
equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.173) Derive Euler's equation of motion. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.174) Derive from the first principles, the Eulers equation of motion for a steady flow
along a stream line. Hence derive Bernoulli equation. State the various assumptions
involved in the above derivation. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.175) Derive from basic principle the Eulers equation of motion in 2D flow in X-Y
coordinate system and reduce the equation to get Bernoullis equation for
unidirectional stream lined flow. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.176) State Eulers equation of motion, in the differential form. Derive Bernoullis
equation from the above for the cases of an ideal fluid flow.
[AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.177) State the law of conservation of man and derive the equation of continuity in
Cartesian coordinates for an incompressible fluid. Would it alter if the flow were
unsteady, highly viscous and compressible? [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.178) Derive the equation of continuity for one dimensional flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.179) Derive the continuity equation for 3 dimensional flow in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, May / June - 2006]
1.180) Derive the general form of continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.181) Derive the continuity equation of differential form. Discuss weathers equation is
valid for a steady flow or unsteady flow, viscous or in viscid flow, compressible or
incompressible flow. [AU, April / May - 2003]
1.182) Derive continuity equation from basic principles. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.183) Derive Bernoullis equation along with assumptions made.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 10
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 11
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
PROBLEMS
1.198) A soap bubble is 60mm in diameter. If the surface tension of the soap film is
0.012 N/m. Find the excess pressure inside the bubble and also derive the expression
used in this problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.199) A spherical water droplet of 5 mm in diameter splits up in the air into 16 smaller
droplets of equal size. Find the work involved in splitting up the droplet. The surface
tension of water may be assumed as 0.072 N/m [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.200) A liquid weighs 7.25N per litre. Calculate the specific weight, density and
specific gravity of the liquid.
1.201) One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6N. Calculate its specific weight, density and
specific gravity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.202) Determine the viscosity of a liquid having a kinematic viscosity 6 stokes and
specific gravity 1.9. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.203) Determine the mass density; specific volume and specific weight of liquid whose
specific gravity 0.85. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.204) If the volume of a balloon is to reach a sphere of 8m diameter at an altitude where
the pressure is 0.2 bar and temperature -40C. Determine the mass hydrogen to be
charged into the balloon and volume and diameter at ground level. Where the
pressure is 1bar and temperature is 25C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.205) A pipe of 30 cm diameter carrying 0.25 m3/s water. The pipe is bent by 135
from the horizontal anti-clockwise. The pressure of water flowing through the pipe
is 400 kN. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.206) A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.72. Find its density and specific weight. Find
also the weight per litre of the liquid.
1.207) A 1.9mm diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is
960kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid raise 5mm in the tube, making a contact
angle of 15. Determine the surface tension of the liquid. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.208) A hollow cylinder of 150 mm OD with its weight equal to the buoyant forces is
to be kept floating vertically in a liquid with a surface tension of 0.45 N/m2. The
contact angle is 60. Determine the additional force required due to surface tension.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 12
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.209) A 0.3m diameter pipe carrying oil at 1.5m/s velocity suddenly expands to 0.6m
diameter pipe. Determine the discharge and velocity in 0.6m diameter pipe.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.210) Explain surface tension. Water at 20C ( = 0.0.73N/m, = 9.8kN/m3 and angle
of contact = 0) rises through a tube due to capillary action. Find the tube diameter
requires, if the capillary rise is less than 1mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.211) A Newtonian fluid is filled in the clearance between a shaft and a concentric
sleeve. The sleeve attains a speed of 50cm/s, when a force of 40N is applied to the
sleeve parallel to the shaft. Determine the speed of the shaft, if a force of 200N is
applied. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.212) An oil film thickness 10mm is used for lubrication between the square parallel
plate of size 0.9 m * 0.9 m, in which the upper plate moves at 2m/s requires a force
of 100 N to maintain this speed. Determine the
Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec 2003]
1.213) The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of
the plate is 60cm. The thickness of the oil film is 12.5mm. The upper plate, which
moves at 2.5 meter per sec, requires a force of 98.1N to maintain the speed.
Determine the
Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.214) What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid which is compressed in a
cylinder from a volume of 0.0125m3 at 80N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 0.0124m3
at pressure 150N/cm2 [AU, Nov / Dec - 2004]
1.215) Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of elasticity of a liquid, if the pressure
of the liquid is increased from 7MN/m2 to 13MN/m2, the volume of liquid decreases
by 0.15%. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.216) The measuring instruments fitted inside an airplane indicate the pressure 1.032
*105Pa, temperature T0 = 288 K and density 0 = 1.285 kg/m3 at takeoff. If a standard
temperature lapse rate of 0.0065 K/m is assumed, at what elevation is the plane
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 13
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 14
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
velocity between the plates and the walls, determine the force exerted by the liquid
on the plate. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.223) A jet issuing at a velocity of 25 m/s is directed at 35 to the horizontal. Calculate
the height cleared by the jet at 28 m from the discharge location? Also determine the
maximum height the jet will clear and the corresponding horizontal location.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.224) Determine the velocity of a jet directed at 35 to the horizontal to clear 8 m height
at a distance of 22 m. Also determine the maximum height this jet will clear and the
total horizontal travel. What will be the horizontal distance at which the jet will be
again at 8 m height? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.225) A flat plate of area 0.125m2 is pulled at 0.25 m/sec with respect to another
parallel plate 1mm distant from it, the space between the plates containing water of
viscosity 0.001Ns/ m2. Find the force necessary to maintain this velocity. Find also
the power required.
1.226) The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u = 2y y2 where u is
the velocity in m/sec at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity
gradient and shear stress at the boundary and 0.15m from it. Dynamic viscosity of
the fluid is 0.9Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.227) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = (3/4) * y y2 where u is
velocity in m/s and at depth y in m above the plate. Determine the shear stress at a
distance of 0.3m from the top of plate. Assume dynamic viscosity of the fluid is taken
as 0.95 Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.228) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by a relation,
2
= ( )
3
1.229) Where y is the vertical distance above the plate in meters. Assuming a
viscosity of 0.9Pa.s, find the shear stress at y = 0 and y = 0.15m.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.230) If the velocity distribution of a fluid over a plate is given by = 2 + +
with the vertex 0.2m from the plate, where the velocity is 1.2 m/s. calculate the
velocity gradients and shear stresses at a distance of 0m, 0.1m and 0.2m from the
plate, if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.85Ns/m2. [AU, April / May - 2015]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 15
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 16
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 17
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.247) A cylinder of radius 0.65 m filled partially with a fluid and axially rotated at 18
rad/s is empty up to 0.3 m radius. The pressure at the extreme edge at the bottom was
0.3 bar gauge. Determine the density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.248) A liquid is compressed in a cylinder having a volume of 0.012 m3 at a pressure
of 690 N/cm2. What should be the new pressure in order to make its volume 0.0119
m3? Assume bulk modulus of elasticity (K) for the liquid = 6.9 x 104 N/cm2.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
1.249) Calculate the capillary rise in glass tube of 3 mm diameter when immersed in
mercury; take the surface tension and the angle of contact of mercury as 0.52 N/m
and 130 respectively. Also determine the minimum size of the glass tube, if it is
immersed in water, given that the surface tension of water is 0.0725 N/m and
capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 0.5mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.250) The capillary rise in a glass tube is not to exceed 0.2mm of water. Determine its
minimum size, given that the surface tension for water in contact with air =
0.0725N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]
1.251) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter
when immersed in(i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and
for mercury u = 130. Take specific weight of water at 20C as equal to 9780 N/m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.252) Derive an expression for the capillary rise at a liquid in a capillary tube of radius
r having surface tension and contact angle . If the plates are of glass, what will
be the capillary rise of water having = 0.073 N/m, = 0? Take r = 1mm.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.253) A pipe containing water at 180kN/m2 pressure is connected to differential gauge
to another pipe 1.6m lower than the first pipe and containing water at high pressure.
If the difference in height of 2 mercury columns of the gauge is equal to 90mm, what
is the pressure in the lower pipe? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 18
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.254) Determine the minimum size of glass tubing that can be used to measure water
level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface tension
of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2012]
1.255) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter,
when immersed in (i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and
for mercury u = 130. Take specific weight of water at 20C as equal to 9790N/ m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2007]
1.256) A Capillary tube having inside diameter 6 mm is dipped in CCl4at 20o C. Find
the rise of CCl4 in the tube if surface tension is 2.67 N/m and Specific gravity is
1.594 and contact angle u is 60 and specific weight of water at 20 C is 9981 N/m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.257) Two pipes A & B are connected to a U tube manometer containing mercury of
density 13,600kg/m3. Pipe A carries a liquid of density 1250kg/m3 and a liquid of
density 800kg/m3 flows through a pipe B, The center of pipe A is 80mm above the
pipe B. The difference of mercury level manometer is 200mm and the mercury
surface on pipe A side is 100mm below the center. Find the difference of pressure
between the two connected points of the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.258) A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a
horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the
difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if 785 N of the oils collected in a
tank in 25 seconds. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.259) A simple U tube manometer containing mercury is connected to a pipe in which
a fluid of specific gravity 0.8 and having vacuum pressure is flowing. The other end
of the manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the vacuum pressure in the pipe, if the
difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 40cm and the height of the fluid in
the left from the center pipe is 15cm below. Draw the sketch for the above problem.
[AU, April / May - 2011, May / June - 2012]
1.260) A U-tube is made of two capillaries of diameter 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm respectively.
The tube is kept vertically and partially filled with water of surface tension 0.0736
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 19
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N/m and zero contact angles. Calculate the difference in the levels of the mercury
caused by the capillary. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.261) Define the terms gauge pressure and absolute pressure. A U tube containing
mercury has its right limb open to atmosphere. The left limb is full of water and is
connected to a pipe containing water under pressure, the centre of which is in the
level with the free surface of mercury. If the difference in the levels of mercury in
the limbs id 5.1cm, calculate the water pressure in the pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.262) The barometric pressure at sea level is 760 mm of mercury while that on a
mountain top is 735 mm. If the density of air is assumed constant at 1.2 kg/m3,
what is the elevation of the mountain top? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.263) The barometric pressure at the top and bottom of a mountain are 734mm and
760mm of mercury respectively. Assuming that the average density of air =
1.15kg/m3, calculate the height of the mountain. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.264) The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about 120
mmHg. If a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm
of the person, determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density
of the blood to be 1050 kg/ m3. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.265) When a pressure of 20.7 MN/m2 is applied to 100 litres of a liquid, its volume
decreases by one litre. Find the bulk modulus of the liquid and identify this liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.266) The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The
tank is at sea level, and the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leading
from the tank to the nozzle is a pump, which increases the pressure of water. If the
water jet rises to a height of 27 m from the ground, determine the minimum pressure
rise supplied by the pump to the water line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.267) Determine the minimum size of the glass tubing that can be used to measure
water level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface
tension of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.268) A cylinder of 0.6m3 in volume contains air at 50oC and 0.3N/mm2 absolute
pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3m3. Find the (i) pressure inside the cylinder
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 20
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assuming isothermal process and (ii) pressure and temperature assuming adiabatic
process. Take k = 1.4.
1.269) A 30cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters
20cm and 15cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm diameter pipe is
2.5m/sec, find the discharge in this pipe. Also determine the velocity in the 15cm
diameter pipe if the average velocity in the 20cm diameter pipe is 2m/sec.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.270) Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2m diameter at 3m/second then passes through
a pipe BC 1.5m diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branch CD is 0.8m in diameter
and carries one - third of the flow in AB. The flow velocity in branch CE is 2.5m/sec.
Find the volume rate of flow in AB, the velocity in BC, the velocity in CD and the
diameter of CE.
1.271) Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at sections 1
and 2 respectively. The rate of flow, through the pipe is 35litre/sec. The section 1 is
6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is
39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of pressure at section 2. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.272) A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1 in 100 and tapers from 600mm diameter at
the higher end to 300mm diameter at the lower end and carries 100 litres/sec of oil
having specific gravity 0.8. If the pressure gauge at the higher end reads 60kN/m2,
determine the velocities at the two ends and also the pressure at the lower end.
Neglect all losses [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.273) Water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100m having diameters 600mm
at the upper end and 300mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/ sec. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2.
1.274) Water flows at the rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered
vertical pipe. The diameter at the bottom is 240 mm and at the top 200 mm and the
length is 5 m. The pressure at the bottom is 8 bar, and the pressure at the topside is
7.3 bar. Determine the head loss through the pipe. Express it as a function of exit
velocity head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.275) A pipe of diameter 400mm carries water at a velocity of 25m/sec. The pressures
at the points A and B are given as 29.43N/cm2 and 22.563 N/cm2 respectively, while
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 21
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the datum head at A and B are 28m and 30m. Find the loss of head between A and
B.
1.276) A drainage pipe is tapered in a section running with full of water. The pipe
diameters at the inlet and exit are 1000 mm and 50 mm respectively. The water
surface is 2 m above the center of the inlet and exit is 3 m above the free surface of
the water. The pressure at the exit is250 mm of Hg vacuum. The friction loss
between the inlet and exit of the pipe is 1/10 of the velocity head at the exit.
Determine the discharge through the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.277) A pipeline 60 cm in diameter bifurcates at a Y-junction into two branches 40 cm
and 30 cm in diameter. If the rate of flow in the main pipe is 1.5 m3/s, and the mean
velocity of flow in the 30 cm pipe is 7.5 m/s, determine the rate of flow in the 40 cm
pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.278) A pipeline of 175 mm diameter branches into two pipes which delivers the water
at atmospheric pressure. The diameter of the branch 1 which is at 35 counter-
clockwise to the pipe axis is 75mm. and the velocity at outlet is 15 m/s. The branch
2 is at 15 with the pipe center line in the clockwise direction has a diameter of 100
mm. The outlet velocity is 15 m/s. The pipes lie in a horizontal plane. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the forces on the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.279) A pipeline conveys 10 lit/s of water from an overhead tank to a building. The
pipe is 2km long and 15cm diameter, the friction factor is 0.03. It is planned to
increase the discharge by 30% by installing another pipeline in parallel with this over
half the length. Find the suitable diameter of pipe to be installed. Is there any upper
limit on discharge augmentation by this arrangement? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.280) The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having diameters 600
mm at the upper end and 300 mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/s. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.281) A 45 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and
outlet of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by
water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at the inlet to the bend is 8.829N/cm2
and rate of flow of water is600 litre / sec.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 22
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1.282) Gasoline (specific gravity = 0.8) is flowing upwards through a vertical pipe line
which tapers from300mm to 150mm diameter. A gasoline mercury differential
manometer is connected between 300 mm and 150 mm pipe sections to measure the
rate of flow. The distance between the manometer tappings is 1meter and the gauge
heading is 500 mm of mercury. Find the(i) differential gauge reading in terms of
gasoline head (ii) rate of flow. Assume frictional and other losses are negligible.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.283) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/s and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge) and
the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively,
calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.284) A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from 10 cm to 16 cm. The water
velocity in the smaller section is 12 m/s, and the flow is turbulent. The pressure in
the smaller section is 300 kPa. Determine the downstream pressure, and estimate the
error that would have occurred if Bernoullis equation had been used.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.285) Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 20 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of
diameters20 cm and 10 cm with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The
pressure difference between the two pipe sections is measured by a water
manometer. Neglecting frictional effects, determine the differential height of water
between the two pipe sections. Take the air density to be 1.20 kg/m3.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
air
200 L/s 20 cm
1.286) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100
mm is employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 23
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pressure gauges the entrance and the throat of the venturimeter are connected to the
limbs of a U tube mercury manometer. [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.293) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 300mm and 100mm
respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure intensity at inlet is
130 kN/m2 while the vacuum pressure head at throat is 350 mm of mercury.
Assuming 3% head lost between the inlet and throat. Find the value of coefficient of
discharge for venturimeter and also determine the rate of flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010]
1.294) A vertical venturimeter carries a liquid of relative density 0.8 and has inlet throat
diameters of 150mm and 75mm. The pressure connection at the throat is 150mm
above the inlet. If the actual rate of flow is 40litres/sec and C d = 0.96, find the
pressure difference between inlet and throat in N/m2. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.295) A 300 mm x 150 mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil
of relative density 0.9, the flow being upwards. The differential U tube mercury
manometer shows a gauge deflection of 250 mm. Calculate the discharge of oil, if
the co-efficient of meter is 0.98. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.296) In a vertical pipe conveying oil of specific gravity 0.8, two pressure gauges have
been installed at A and B, where the diameters are 160mm a 80mm respectively. A
is 2m above B. The pressure gauge readings have shown that the pressure at B is
greater than at A by 0.981 N/cm2. Neglecting all losses, calculate the flow rate. If the
gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with the same liquid and connected to
a U tube containing mercury, calculate the difference in the level of mercury in the
two limbs of the U tube. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.297) Determine the flow rate of oil of S = 0.9 through an orifice meter of size 15 cm
diameter fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The mercury deflection of U tube
differential manometer connected on the two sides of the orifice is 50 cm. Assume
Cd of orifice meter as 0.64.
1.298) A submarine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 15 m below the surface
of water. A pitot static tube properly placed just in front of the submarine along its
axis and is connected to the two limbs of a U - tube containing mercury. The
difference of mercury level is found to be170 mm. Find the speed of submarine
knowing that the sp. gr of sea water is 1.026.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 25
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1.299) A submarine fitted with a Pitot tube move horizontally in sea. Its axis is 20m
below surface of water. The Pitot tube placed in front of the submarine along its axis
is connected to a differential mercury manometer showing the deflection of 20cm.
Determine the speed of the submarine. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.300) A pitot-static probe is used to measure the velocity of an aircraft flying at 3000
m. If the differential pressure reading is 3 kPa, determine the velocity of the aircraft.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
1.301) A 15 cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10 cm diameter vertical pipe
with a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 1001/s. At point 1 in 15 cm pipe
gauge pressure is 250 kPa. At point 2 in the 10 cm pipe located 1.0 m below point 1
the gauge pressure is 175 kPa.
Find whether the flow is upwards / downwards.
Head loss between the two points.
1.302) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/sec and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge)
and the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 300 mm and 200 mm
respectively. Calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 26
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
PART - A
2.1) How are fluid flows classified? [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.2) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
2.3) Write down Hagen Poiseuilles equation for viscous flow through a pipe.
2.4) Write down Hagen Poiseuilles equation for laminar flow.
[AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.5) Write the Hagen Poiseuilles Equation and enumerate its importance.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.6) State Hagen Poiseuilles formula for flow through circular tubes.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.7) Write down the Darcy - Weisbachs equation for friction loss through a pipe
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2011]
2.8) What is the relationship between Darcy Friction factor, Fanning Friction Factor
and Friction coefficient? [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.9) Mention the types of minor losses. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.10) List the minor losses in flow through pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2005, May / June - 2007]
2.11) What are minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.12) Distinguish between the major loss and minor losses with reference to flow
through pipes. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.13) List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.14) What are the losses experienced by a fluid when it is passing through a pipe?
2.15) What is a minor loss in pipe flows? Under what conditions does a minor loss
become a major loss?
2.16) What do you understand by minor energy losses in pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.17) List out the various minor losses in a pipeline
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 27
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2.18) What are major and minor losses of flow through pipes?
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2007, 2012, April / May - 2010]
2.19) List the minor and major losses during the flow of liquid through a pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
2.20) Enlist the various minor losses involved in a pipe flow system.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.21) Write the expression for calculating the loss due to sudden expansion of the pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.22) What factors account in energy loss in laminar flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.23) Differentiate between pipes in series and pipes in parallel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
2.24) What is Darcy's equation? Identify various terms in the equation.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.25) What is the relation between Dracy friction factor, Fanning friction factor and
friction coefficient? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.26) When is the pipe termed to be hydraulically rough? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.27) What is the physical significance of Reynold's number?
[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.28) Define Reynolds Number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.29) Write the Navier's Stoke equations for unsteady 3 - dimensional, viscous,
incompressible and irrotational flow. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.30) Define Moodys diagram
2.31) What are the uses of Moodys diagram? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, 2012]
2.32) Mention the use of Moody diagram. [AU, April / May - 2015]
2.33) State the importance of Moody's chart. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.34) Write down the formulae for loss of head due to
(i) sudden enlargement in pipe diameter
(ii) sudden contraction in pipe diameter and
(iii) Pipe fittings.
2.35) Define (i) relative roughness and (ii) absolute roughness of a pipe inner surface.
2.36) How does surface roughness affect the pressure drop in a pipe if the flow is
turbulent? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 28
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2.37) A piping system involves two pipes of different diameters (but of identical length,
material, and roughness) connected in parallel. How would you compare the flow
rates and pressure drops in these two pipes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.38) What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes? [AU, May / June - 2013]
2.39) What is equivalent pipe?
2.40) What is the use of Dupuits equations?
2.41) What is the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line?
2.42) Give the expression for power transmission through pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.43) Write down the formula for friction factor of pipe having viscous flow.
2.44) Define boundary layer and boundary layer thickness.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2012]
2.45) Define boundary layer thickness. [AU, May / June - 2006, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.46) What is boundary layer? Give its sketch of a boundary layer region over a flat
plate. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.47) What is boundary layer? Why is it significant? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.48) Define boundary layer and give its significance. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.49) What is boundary layer and write its types of thickness?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2006]
2.50) What do you understand by the term boundary layer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.51) Define the following (i) laminar boundary layer (ii) turbulent boundary layer
(iii) laminar sub layer.
2.52) What is a laminar sub layer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.53) Define momentum thickness and energy thickness.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
2.54) Define the term boundary layer. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.55) Define the terms boundary layer, boundary thickness. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.56) What is boundary layer separation? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.57) Give the classification of boundary layer flow based on the Reynolds number.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.58) Define the following:
(i) Displacement thickness (ii) Momentum thickness
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 29
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(iii)Energy thickness.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 30
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2.81) A circular and a square pipe are of equal sectional area. For the same flow rate,
determine which section will lead to a higher value of Reynolds number.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.82) A 20cm diameter pipe 30km long transport oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take the viscosity = 0.1
Nm/s2 and density = 900 kg/m3 for oil. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.83) Find the loss of head when a pipe of diameter 200 mm is suddenly enlarged to a
diameter 0f 400 mm. Rate of flow of water through the pipe is 250 litres/s.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
PART - B
2.84) What are the various types of fluid flows? Discuss [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.85) Define minor losses. How they are different from major losses?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.86) Discuss on various minor losses in pipe flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.87) Discuss on minor losses in pipe flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.88) Which has a greater minor loss co-efficient during pipe flow: gradual expansion
or gradual contraction? Why? [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.89) Derive Chezys formula for loss of head due to friction in pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.90) What is the hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line?
Under what conditions do both lines coincide with the free surface of a liquid?
[AU, April / May - 2008]
2.91) Write notes on the following:
Concept of boundary layer.
Hydraulic gradient
Moody diagram.
2.92) Briefly explain Moodys diagram regarding pipe friction
[AU, May / June - 2014]
2.93) Describe the Moody's chart. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.94) For a flow of viscous fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar flow
conditions, show that the velocity distribution is a parabola. And also show that the
average velocity is half of the maximum velocity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
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2.95) For flow of viscous fluids through an annulus derive the following expressions:
Discharge through the annulus.
Shear stress distribution. [AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
2.96) For a laminar flow through a pipe line, show that the average velocity is half of
the maximum velocity.
2.97) Prove that the Hagen-Poiseuilles equation for the pressure difference between
two sections 1 and 2 in a pipe is given by with usual notations.
2.98) Derive Hagen Poiseuilles equation and state its assumptions made.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.99) Derive Hagen Poiseuilles equation [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.100) Obtain the expression for Hagen Poiseuilles flow. Deduce the condition of
maximum velocity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.101) Give a proof a Hagen Poiseuilles equation for a fully developed laminar
flow in a pipe and hence show that Darcy friction coefficient is equal to 16/R e, where
Re is Reynolds number. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.102) Derive an expression for head loss through pipes due to friction.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
2.103) Explain Reynolds experiment to demonstrate the difference between laminar
flow and turbulent flow through a pipe line.
2.104) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for calculating loss of head due to friction in
a pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.105) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for head loss due to friction in flow through
pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.106) Obtain expression for Darcy Weisbach friction factor f for flow in pipe.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.107) Explain the losses of energy in flow through pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.108) Derive an expression for Darcy Weisbach formula to determine the head loss
due to friction. Give an expression for relation between friction factor f and
Reynoldss number Re for laminar and turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.109) Prove that the head lost due to friction is equal to one third of the total head at
inlet for maximum power transmission through pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
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2.110) Show that for laminar flow, the frictional loss of head is given by
hf= 8 fLQ2/g2D5 [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.111) Derive Eulers equation of motion for flow along a stream line. What are the
assumptions involved. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.112) A uniform circular tube of bore radius R1 has a fixed co axial cylindrical solid
core of radius R2. An incompressible viscous fluid flows through the annular passage
under a pressure gradient (-p/x). Determine the radius at which shear stress in the
stream is zero, given that the flow is laminar and under steady state condition.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.113) If the diameter of the pipe is doubled, what effect does this have on the flow rate
for a given head loss for laminar flow and turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.114) Derive an expression for the variation of jet radius r with distance y downwards
for a jet directed downwards. The initial radius is R and the head of fluid is H.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.115) Distinguish between pipes connected in series and parallel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.116) Discuss on hydraulic and energy gradient. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.117) Determine the equivalent pipe corresponding to 3 pipes in series with lengths
and diameters l1, l2, l3, d1, d2, d3 respectively. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.118) For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, work out the optimum ratio between the
diameter of before expansion and the diameter of the pipe after expansion so that the
pressure rise is maximum. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.119) Obtain the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line.
2.120) Explain stream lines, path lines and flow net. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.121) What are the uses and limitations of flow net? [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.122) Briefly explain about boundary layer separation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.123) Explain on boundary layer separation and its control.
2.124) Considering a flow over a flat plate, explain briefly the development of
hydrodynamic boundary layer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.125) Discuss in detail about boundary layer thickness and separation of boundary
layer. [AU, April / May - 2011]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 33
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2.128) In a water reservoir flow is through a circular hole of diameter D at the side wall
at a vertical distance H from the free surface. The flow rate through an actual hole
with a sharp-edged entrance (kL = 0.5) will be considerably less than the flow rate
calculated assuming frictionless flow. Obtain a relation for the equivalent diameter
of the sharp-edged hole for use in frictionless flow relations.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.129) Define : Boundary layer thickness(); Displacement thickness( *); Momentum
thickness() and energy thickness(**). [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.130) Briefly explain the following terms
Displacement thickness
Momentum thickness
Energy thickness [AU, May / June - 2014]
2.131) Find the displacement thickness momentum thickness and energy thickness for
the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by (u/v) = (y/), where uis the
velocity at a distance y from the plate and u=U at y=, where = boundary layer
thickness. Also calculate (*/). [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2010]
2.132) Explain the concept of boundary layer in pipes for both laminar and turbulent
flows with neat sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.133) What is hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line?
Under what conditions do both lines coincide with surface of the liquid?
[AU, April / May - 2008]
2.134) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a
circular pipe. [AU, May / June - 2007]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 34
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2.135) Write a brief note on velocity potential function and stream function.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.136) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a
circular pipe. Also sketch the distribution of velocity cross a section of the pipe.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
PROBLEMS
2.137) A 20 cm diameter pipe 30 km long transports oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take viscosity and
density for oil.
2.138) A pipe line 20cm in diameter, 70m long, conveys oil of specific gravity 0.95 and
viscosity 0.23 N.s/m2. If the velocity of oil is 1.38m/s, find the difference in pressure
between the two ends of the pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.139) Oil of absolute viscosity 1.5 poise and density 848.3kg/m3 flows through a
300mm pipe. If the head loss in 3000 m, the length of pipe is 200m, assuming
laminar flow, find
(i) the average velocity,
(ii) Reynoldss number and
(iii) Friction factor. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.140) An oil of specific gravity 0.7 is flowing through the pipe diameter 30cm at the
rate of 500litres/sec. Find the head lost due to friction and power required to maintain
the flow for a length of 1000m. Take = 0.29 stokes.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009]
2.141) A pipe line 10km, long delivers a power of 50kW at its outlet ends. The pressure
at inlet is 5000kN/m2 and pressure drop per km of pipeline is 50kN/m2. Find the size
of the pipe and efficiency of transmission. Take 4f = 0.02.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.142) A lubricating oil flows in a 10 cm diameter pipe at 1 m/s. Determine whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent.
2.143) An oil of specific gravity 0.80 and kinematic viscosity 15 x 10 6m2/s flows in a
smooth pipe of 12 cm diameter at a rate of 150 lit/min. Determine whether the flow
is laminar or turbulent. Also, calculate the velocity at the centre line and the velocity
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 35
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
at a radius of 4 cm. What is head loss for a length of 10 m? What will be the entry
length? Also determine the wall shear. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.144) For the lubricating oil 2 = 0.1Ns /m and = 930 kg/m3. Calculate also transition
and turbulent velocities. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.145) Oil of ,mass density 800kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.02 poise flows through
50mm diameter pipe of length 500m at the rate of 0.19 liters/ sec. Determine
Reynolds number of flow
Center line of velocity
Pressure gradient
Loss of pressure in 500m length
Wall shear stress
Power required to maintain the flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.146) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway
between the wall surface and the center line) is measured to be 6m/s. Determine the
velocity at the center of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.147) A pipe 85m long conveys a discharge of 25litres per second. If the loss of head
is 10.5m. Find the diameter of the pipe take friction factor as 0.0075.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.148) A smooth pipe carries 0.30m3/s of water discharge with a head loss of 3m per
100m length of pipe. If the water temperature is 20C, determine diameter of the
pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.149) Water is flowing through a pipe of 250 mm diameter and 60 m long at a rate of
0.3 m3/sec. Find the head loss due to friction. Assume kinematic viscosity of water
0.012 stokes.
2.150) Consider turbulent flow (f = 0.184 Re-0.2) of a fluid through a square channel
with smooth surfaces. Now the mean velocity of the fluid is doubled. Determine the
change in the head loss of the fluid. Assume the flow regime remains unchanged.
What will be the head loss for fully turbulent flow in a rough pipe?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.151) A pipe of 12cm diameter is carrying an oil ( = 2.2 Pa.s and = 1250 kg/m3)
with a velocity of 4.5 m/s. Determine the shear stress at the wall surface of the pipe,
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 36
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
head loss if the length of the pipe is 25 m and the power lost.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.152) Find the head loss due to friction in a pipe of diameter 30cm and length 50cm,
through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3m/s using Darcys formula.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.153) For a turbulent flow in a pipe of diameter 300 mm, find the discharge when the
center-line velocity is 2.0 m/s and the velocity at a point 100 mm from the center as
measured by pitot-tube is 1.6 m/s. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.154) A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter 20cm. The maximum
velocity is 1.5m/s. Find the mean velocity and radius at which this occurs. Also
calculate the velocity at 4cm from the wall pipe. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.155) Water is flowing through a rough pipe of diameter 60 cm at the rate of
600litres/second. The wall roughness is 3 mm. Find the power loss for 1 km length
of pipe.
2.156) Water flows in a 150 mm diameter pipe and at a sudden enlargement, the loss of
head is found to be one-half of the velocity head in 150 mm diameter pipe. Determine
the diameter of the enlarged portion.
2.157) A 150mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100mm diameter. If the
pipe carries water at 30 liters per second, calculate the pressure loss across the
contraction. The coefficient of contraction as 0.6. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.158) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.85, changes in diameter from
350mm at position 1 to 550mm diameter to a position 2, which is at 6m at a higher
level. If the pressure at position 1 and 2 are taken as 20N/cm2 and 15N/cm2
respectively and discharge through the pipe is 0.2m3/s. Determine the loss of head.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.159) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87, changes in diameter from
200mm at position A to 500mm diameter to a position B, which is at 4m at a higher
level. If the pressure at position A and B are taken as 9.81N/cm2 and 5.886N/cm2
respectively and discharge through the pipe is 200 litres/s. Determine the loss of head
and direction of flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.160) A 30cm diameter pipe of length 30cm is connected in series to a 20 cm diameter
pipe of length 20cm to convey discharge. Determine the equivalent length of pipe
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 37
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
diameter 25cm, assuming that the friction factor remains the same and the minor
losses are negligible. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.161) A pipe of 0.6m diameter is 1.5 km long. In order of augment the discharge,
another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half
of the length. Neglecting minor losses. Find the increase in discharge, if friction
factor f= 0.04. The head at inlet is 40m. [AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2005, 2012]
2.162) A pipe of 10 cm in diameter and 1000 m long is used to pump oil of viscosity
8.5 poise and specific gravity 0.92 at the rate of1200 lit./min. The first 30 m of the
pipe is laid along the ground sloping upwards at 10 to the horizontal and remaining
pipe is laid on the ground sloping upwards 15 to the horizontal. State whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent? Determine the pressure required to be developed by the
pump and the power required for the driving motor if the pump efficiency is 60%.
Assume suitable data for friction factor, if required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.163) Oil with a density of 900 kg/m3and kinematic viscosity of 6.2 10-4m2/s is being
discharged by a 6 mm diameter, 40 m long horizontal pipe from a storage tank open
to the atmosphere. The height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe is 3 m.
Neglecting the minor losses, determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.164) Oil at 27C ( = 900 kg/m3 and = 40 centi poise) is flowing steadily in a
1.25cm diameter 40m long During the flow, the pressure at the pipe inlet and exit is
measured to be 8.25 bar and 0.95 bar, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil
through the pipe assuming the pipe is [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Horizontal,
Inclined 20 upward, and
Inclined 20 downward.
2.165) The velocity of water in a pipe 200mm diameter is 5m/s. The length of the pipe
is 500m. Find the loss of head due to friction, if f = 0.008. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.166) A 200mm diameter (f = 0.032) 175m long discharges a 65mm diameter water jet
into the atmosphere at a point which is 75m below the water surface at intake. The
entrance to the pipe is reentrant with ke = 0.92 and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.06.
Find the flow rate and the pressure head at the base of the nozzle.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 38
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2.167) A pipe line 2000m long is used for power transmission 110kW is to be
transmitted through a pipe in which water is having a pressure of 5000kN/m2 at inlet
is flowing. If the pressure drop over a length of a pipe is 1000kN/m2 and coefficient
of friction is 0.0065, find the diameter of the pipe and efficiency of transmission.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.168) A horizontal pipe of 400 mm diameter is suddenly contracted to a diameter of
200 mm. The pressure intensities in the large and small pipe are given as 15 N/cm2
and 10 N/cm2 respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction, if C c = 0.62,
determine also the rate of flow of water.
2.169) A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and
discharges freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length
from the tank, the pipe is 150 mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to
300 mm. The height of water level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe.
Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01
for both sections of the pipe. [AU, May / June - 2013]
2.170) A 15cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10cm diameter vertical pipe with
a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 100 l/s. At a point 1 in 15cm pipe gauge
pressure is 250kPa. At point 2 in the 10cm pipe located 1m below point 1 the gauge
pressure is 175kPa.
Find weather the flow is upwards /downwards
Head loss between the two points [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.171) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m3/sec. The diameter
of the pipe, which is 20 cm, is suddenly enlarged to 40 cm. The pressure intensity
in the smaller pipe is 11.7 N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden
enlargement and pressure intensity in the larger pipe, power loss due to enlargement.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.172) In a city water supply systems, water is flowing through a pipe line 30cm in
diameter. The pipe diameter is suddenly reduced to 20cm. estimate the discharge
through the pipe if the difference across the sudden contraction is 5kPa.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.173) A 45 reducing bend is connected to a pipe line. The inlet and outlet diameters
of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 39
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
on the bend, if the intensity of pressure at inlet to bend is 8.829N/cm2 and the rate of
flow of water is 600 liters/s. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.174) Horizontal pipe carrying water is gradually tapering. At one section the diameter
is 150mm and the flow velocity is 1.5m/s. If the drop pressure is 1.104bar is reduced
section, determine the diameter of that section. If the drop is 5kN/m2, what will be
the diameter Neglect the losses? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.175) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3m3/sec. The diameter
of the pipe, which is 25cm, is suddenly enlarged to 50 cm. The pressure intensity in
the smaller pipe is 14N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement,
pressure intensity in the larger pipe power lost due to enlargement.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
2.176) Water at 15C ( =999.1 kg/m3and = 1.138 x 10-3kg/m. s) is flowing steadily
in a30-m-long and 4 cm diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless steel at a rate of
8 L/s. Determine (i) the pressure drop, (ii) the head loss, and (iii) the pumping power
requirement to overcome this pressure drop. Assume friction factor for the pipe as
0.015. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.177) The discharge of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25m3/s. The diameter of
above pipe which is 200mm suddenly enlarges to 400mm at a point. If the pressure
of water in the smaller diameter of pipe is 120kN/m2, determine loss of head due to
sudden enlargement; pressure of water in the larger pipe and the power lost due to
sudden enlargement. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.178) A pipe of varying sections has a sectional area of 3000, 6000 and 1250 mm2 at
point A, B and C situated 16 m, 10 m and 2 m above the datum. If the beginning of
the pipe is connected to a tank which is filled with water to a height of 26 m above
the datum, find the discharge, velocity and pressure head at A, B and C. Neglect all
losses. Take atmospheric pressure as 10 m of water.
2.179) An existing 300mm diameter pipeline of 3200m length connects two reservoirs
having 13m difference in their water levels. Calculate the discharge Q1. If a parallel
pipe 300mm in diameter is attached to the last 1600m length of the above existing
pipe line, find the new discharge Q2. What is the change in discharge? Express it as
a % of Q1. Assume friction factor f = 0.14 in Darcy Weisbach formula.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 40
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minor losses are negligible. Also find the discharge if minor losses are included.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.186) A compound piping system consists of 1800 m of 0.5 m, 1200 m of 0.4 m and
600 m of 0.3 m new cast-iron pipes connected in series. Convert the system to (i) an
equivalent length of0.4 m diameter pipe and (ii) an equivalent size of pipe of 3600
m length. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.187) A 100m long pipe line of 300mm in diameter contains two 90 elbows and two
gate valves (wide open). Calculate the equivalent pipe length and total loss of head
when the flow rate is 0.5m3/s, f = 0.005, and the pipe has a sharp entry and exit.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.188) A pipe line of 600 mm diameter is 1.5 km long. To increase the discharge,
another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half
of the length. If f = 0.01 and head at inlet is 30 m, calculate the increase in discharge.
2.189) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another
line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length.
Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if 4f = 0.04. The head at
inlet is 30cm. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.190) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another
line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length.
Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if Darcys friction factor
0.04. The head at inlet is 300mm. [AU, April / May - 2015]
2.191) Two pipes of 15cm and 30cm diameters are laid in parallel to pass a total
discharge of 100 litres per second. Each pipe is 250m long. Determine discharge
through each pipe. Now these pipes are connected in series to connect two tanks
500m apart, to carry same total discharge. Determine water level difference between
the tanks. Neglect the minor losses in both cases, f=0.02 fn both pipes.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.192) Two pipes of diameter 40 cm and 20 cm are each 300 m long. When the pipes
are connected in series and discharge through the pipe line is0.10 m3/sec, find the
loss of head incurred. What would be the loss of head in the system to pass the same
total discharge when the pipes are connected in parallel? Take f = 0.0075 for each
pipe. [AU, May / June 2007, 2012, Nov / Dec - 2010]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 42
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2.193) A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes, which again forms one pipe. The
length and diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m and 1m respectively, while
the length and diameter of second parallel pipe are 200m and 0.8m respectively. Find
the rate of flow in each parallel pipe, if total flow in the main is 3m3/s. The coefficient
of friction for each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.194) The main pipe is divided into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe, the
first parallel pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.8 m. The second parallel
pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.6 m. The coefficient friction for each
parallel pipe is 0.005. If the total rate of flow in the main pipe is 2 m3 /sec, find the
rate of flow in each parallel pipe. [AU, May / June - 2014]
2.195) For a town water supply, a main pipe line of diameter 0.4 m is required. As pipes
more than 0.35m diameter are not readily available, two parallel pipes of same
diameter are used for water supply. If the total discharge in the parallel pipes is same
as in the single main pipe, find the diameter of parallel pipe. Assume co-efficient of
discharge to be the same for all the pipes. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.196) Two pipes of identical length and material are connected in parallel. The
diameter of pipe A is twice the diameter of pipe B. Assuming the friction factor to
be the same in both cases and disregarding minor losses, determine the ratio of the
flow rates in the two pipes. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.197) A pipe line 30cm in diameter and 3.2m long is used to pump up 50Kg per second
of oil whose density is 950 Kg/m3 and whose kinematic viscosity is 2.1 strokes, the
center of the pipe line at the upper end is 40m above than the lower end. The
discharge at the upper end is atmospheric. Find the pressure at the lower end and
draw the hydraulic gradient and total energy line. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.198) Two water reservoirs A and B are connected to each other through a 50 m long,
2.5 cm diameter cast iron pipe with a sharp-edged entrance. The pipe also involves
a swing check valve and a fully open gate valve. The water level in both reservoirs
is the same, but reservoir A is pressurized by compressed air while reservoir B is
open to the atmosphere. If the initial flow rate through the pipe is 1.5 l/s, determine
the absolute air pressure on top of reservoir A. Take the water temperature to be
25C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 43
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2.199) When water is being pumped is a pumping plant through a 600mm diameter
main, the friction head was observed as 27m. In order to reduce the power
consumption, it is proposed to lay another main of appropriate diameter along the
side of existing one, so that the two pipes will work in parallel for the entire length
and reduce the friction head to 9.6m only. Find the diameter of the new main if with
the exception of diameter; it is similar to the existing one in all aspects.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.200) Kerosene (SG = 0.810) at a temperature of 22C flows in a 75-mm diameter
smooth brass pipeline at a rate of 0.90 lit/s. Find the friction head loss per meter, For
the same head loss, what would be the flow rate if the temperature of the kerosene
were raised to 40C? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.201) Determine the
Pressure gradient
The shear stress at the two horizontal parallel plates and
Discharge per meter width for the laminar flow of oil with maximum
velocity 2m/s between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are
10cm apart. Given = 2.4525 Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.202) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway
between the wall surface and the centerline) is measured to be 6 m/s. Determine the
velocity at the center of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.203) A smooth two dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/h.
If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of Rexequal to 3 x 105, find the
maximum distance up to which laminar boundary layer exists and find its maximum
thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49 x 10-5m2/sec.
[AU, April / May - 2003]
2.204) Air is flowing over a flat plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. The length of the plate
is 2.5 m and width 1 m. The kinematic viscosity of air is given as 0.15 x 10 -4m2/s.
Find the
(i) boundary layer thickness at the end of plate
(ii) shear stress at 20 cm from the leading edge
(iii) shear stress at 175 cm from the leading edge
(iv) Drag force on one side of the plate.
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3 1 3
(v) Take the velocity profile = ( ) ( ) over a plate as and the
2 2
density of air1.24 kg/m3.
2.205) A plate of 600mm length and 400mm wide is immersed in a fluid of specific
gravity 0.9 and kinematic viscosity of = 10-4 m2/s. The fluid is moving with velocity
of 6m/s. Determine
Boundary layer thickness
Shear stress at the end of the plate
Drag force on one side of the plate. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.206) Water at 20 C enters a pipe with a uniform velocity (U) of 3m/s. What is the
distance at which the transition (x) occurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary
layer? If the thickness of this initial laminar boundary layer is given by 4.91(vx/U)
what is its thickness at the point of transition?(v kinematic viscosity).
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.207) A flat plate 1.5 m x 1.5 m moves at 50 km/h in stationary air of density 1.15
kg/m3. If the co-efficient of drag and lift are 0.15 and 0.75 respectively, determine
the
(i) Lift force
(iv) The power required to set the plate in motion. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.208) A jet plane which weighs 29430 N and has the wing area of 20m2 flies at the
velocity of 250km/hr. When the engine delivers 7357.5kW. 65% of power is used to
overcome the drag resistance of the wing. Calculate the coefficient of lift and
coefficient of drag for the wing. Take density of air = 1.21 kg/m3
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.209) For the velocity profile in laminar boundary layer as u/U = 3/2 (y/)-1/2(y/)3.
Find the thickness of the boundary layer and shear stress, 1.8m from the leading edge
of a plate. The plate is 2.5 m long and 1.5 m wide is placed in water, which is moving
with a velocity of 15 cm/sec. Find the drag on one side of the plate if the viscosity
of water is 0.01 poise. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 45
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
2.210) Consider flow of oil through a pipe of 0.3m diameter. The velocity distribution
is parabolic with maximum velocity of 3 m/s at the pipe centre. Estimate the shear
stress at the pipe wall and within the fluid 50mm from the pipe wall. The viscosity
of the oil is 1.7Pa.s. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.211) The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by u/U = y/, where u is
the velocity at the distance y from the plate u = U at y = , being boundary layer
thickness. Find the displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy
thickness. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.212) If the velocity distribution in a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate is given
by / = sin(/2 /), calculate the value of , , and shear stress.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.213) Water at 20C flow through a 160mm diameter pipe with roughness of 0.016
mm. If the mean velocity is 6 m/s, what is the nominal thickness of the viscous sub-
layer? What will be the viscous sub -layer if the velocity is increased to 7.2 m/s?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.214) The flow rate in a 260mm diameter pipe is 220 litres/sec. The flow is turbulent,
and the centerline velocity is 4.85m/s. Plot the velocity profile, and determine the
head loss per meter of pipe. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.215) An oil of viscosity 0.9Pa.s and density 900kg/m3 flows through a pipe of 100mm
diameter. The rate of pressure drop for every meter length of pipe is 25kPa. Find the
oil flow arte, drag force per meter length, pumping power required to maintain the
flow over a distance of 1km, velocity and shear stress at 15, from the pipe wall.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.216) Consider the flow of a fluid with viscosity m through a circular pipe. The
velocity profile in the pipe is given as where is the maximum flow velocity, which
occurs at the centerline; r is the radial distance from the centerline; is the flow
velocity at any position r; and R is the Reynold's number. Develop a relation for the
drag force exerted on the pipe wall by the fluid in the flow direction per unit length
of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 46
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u(r) = umax(1-rn / Rn )
R
r
o
umax
2.217) Velocity components in flow are given by U = 4x, V = -4y. Determine the stream
and potential functions. Plot these functions for 60, 120, 180, and 240 and 0, 60,
120, 180, +60, +120, +180. Check for continuity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.218) A fluid of specific gravity 0.9 flows along a surface with a velocity profile given
by v = 4y - 8y3m/s, where y is in m. What is the velocity gradient at the boundary?
If the kinematic viscosity is 0.36S, what is the shear stress at the boundary?
[A.U. Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.219) In a two dimensional incompressible flow the fluid velocities are given by u = x
ay and v = - y 4x. Show that the velocity potential exists and determine its form.
Find also the stream function. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.220) A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed along a free stream of
water flowing at 3m/s. Calculate the distance from the leading edge and the boundary
thickness where the transition from laminar to turbulent- flow may commence.
Assume the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity as 1centipoise.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.221) A smooth two dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/hr.
If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of RN = 3 x105, find the maximum
distance up to which laminar boundary layer persists and find its maximum
thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49x10-5 m2/s.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.222) A power transmission pipe 10 cm diameter and 500 m long is fitted with a nozzle
at the exit, the inlet is from a river with water level 60 m above the discharge nozzle.
Assume f = 0.02, calculate the maximum power which can be transmitted and the
diameter of nozzle required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
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3.20) The excess pressure p inside a bubble is known to be a function of the surface
tension and the radius. By dimensional reasoning determine how the excess pressure.
Will vary if we double the surface tension and the radius.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.21) Distinguish between Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's - theorem.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
3.22) Under what circumstances, will Buckinghams theorem yield incorrect number
of dimensionless group?
3.23) State a few applications / usefulness of dimensional analysis.
3.24) Define Euler's number. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.25) List out any four rules to select repeating variable.
3.26) Define similitude.
3.27) Give the three types of similarities.
3.28) What are the types of similarities? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
3.29) Define geometric similarity.
3.30) Define kinematic similarity.
3.31) What is meant by kinematic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.32) Define dynamic similarity.
3.33) What is meant by dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
3.34) What is dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.35) What is similarity in model study? [AU, April / May - 2005]
3.36) What is scale effect in physical model study?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2006, May / June 2012]
3.37) If two systems (model and prototype) are dynamically similar, is it implied that
they are also kinematically and geometrically similar? [AU, May / June - 2012]
3.38) Distinguish between a control and differential control volume.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
3.39) Mention the circumstances which necessitate the use of distorted models.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
3.40) Give the types of forces in a moving fluid.
3.41) Give the dimensions of power and specific weight. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.42) Define inertia force.
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3.80) Define the following dimensionless numbers and state their significance for fluid
flow problems. [AU, May / June - 2014]
Reynolds number
Mach number
3.81) Explain the Reynolds model law and state its applications.
3.82) Use dimensionless analysis to arrange the following groups into dimensionless
parameters; p, V, , g and f, , L, V use MLT system. [AU, April / May - 2011]
3.83) Use dimensional analysis and the MLT system to arrange the following into a
dimensionless number: L, , and a. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.84) Consider force F acting on the propeller of an aircraft, which depends upon the
variable U, , , D and N. Derive the non dimensional functional form F/(U2D2)
= f ((UD/),(ND/U)) [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.85) The frictional torque T of a disc diameter D rotating at a speed N in a fluid of
viscosity and density in a turbulent flow is given by
T = D5 N2 [/D2N]. Prove this by Buckinghams theorem.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.86) Resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body is given by R =
v2l2(VL/), where and are the mass density and kinematic viscosity of the fluid;
v velocity of flow; l length of the body. If the resistance of a one eighth scale
air - ship model when tested in water at 12m/s is 22N, what will be the resistance of
the air ship at the corresponding aped, in air? Assume kinematic viscosity of air is
13times that of water and density of water is 810 times of air.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2010]
3.87) The resisting force R to a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as
dependent upon the length of the aircraft l, velocity V, air viscosity m, air density
and bulk modulus of air K. Express the functional relationship between these
variables and the resisting force.
3.88) The resisting force F of a plane during flight can be considered as dependent upon
the length of aircraft (l), velocity (v), air viscosity (), air density () and bulk
modulus of air (K). Express the functional relationship between these variables using
dimensional analysis. Explain the physical significance of the dimensionless groups
arrived. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
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3.89) Derive an expression for the shear stress at the pipe wall when an incompressible
fluid flows through a pipe under pressure. Use dimensional analysis with the
following significant parameters: pipe diameter D, flow velocity V, and viscosity
and density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.90) The resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body depends upon
the length of the body (L), velocity of flow (V), mass density of fluid (), kinematic
viscosity (). Prove by dimensional analysis that
R = V2L2(VL/) [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.91) Obtain a relation using dimensional analysis, for the resistance to uniform motion
of a partially submerged body in a viscous compressible fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.92) Using Buckingham method of dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the
drag force R on a partially submerged body moving with a relative velocity V in a
fluid; the other variables being the linear dimension L, height of surface roughness
K, Fluid density and the gravitational acceleration g. [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.93) The power developed by hydraulic machines is found to depend on the head h,
flow rate Q, density , speed N, runner diameter D, and acceleration due to gravity
g. Obtain suitable dimensionless parameters to correlate experimental results.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2011, 2014]
3.94) Show that the power P developed in a water turbine can be expressed as:
3.95) The capillary rise h is found to be influenced by the tube diameter D, density ,
gravitational acceleration g and surface tension . Determine the dimensionless
parameters for the correlation of experimental results. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
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3.96) Using dimensional analysis, obtain a correlation for the frictional torque due to
rotation of a disc in a viscous fluid. The parameters influencing the torque can be
identified as the diameter, rotational speed, viscosity and density of the fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.97) The drag force on a smooth sphere is found to be affected by the velocity of flow,
u, the diameter D of the sphere and the fluid properties density and viscosity .
Find the dimensionless groups to correlate the parameters. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.98) State Buckingham's - theorem. What do you mean by repeating variables? How
are the repeating variables selected in dimensional analysis?
3.99) State Buckingham's - theorem. What are the considerations in the choice of
repeating variables? [AU, April / May - 2010]
3.100) Express efficiency in terms of dimensionless parameters using density,
viscosity, angular velocity, diameter of rotor and discharge using Buckingham
theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.101) State the Buckingham theorem. What are the criteria for selecting repeating
variable in this dimensional analysis? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.102) State Buckingham theorem. Mention the important principle for selecting
the repeating variables. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.103) State and prove Buckingham theorem.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2009, April / May - 2010]
3.104) Using Buckinghams - theorem show that the velocity through a circular orifice
is given by V = (2gH) [(D/H), (/VH)
Where H is the head causing the flow
D is the diameter of the orifice
is the coefficient of viscosity
is the mass density
g is the acceleration due to gravity [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
3.105) Using Buckingham's - theorem, show that the pressure difference P in a pipe
of diameter D and length l due to turbulent flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity
, density and roughness k.
3.106) The efficiency () of a fan depends on (density), (viscosity) of the fluid,
(angular velocity), d(diameter of rotor) and Q(discharge). Express in terms of non-
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as a variable, and find the resulting non dimensional relation between the parameters
in this problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.112) Oil is moved up in a lubricating system by a rope dipping in the sump containing
oil and moving up. The quantity of oil pumped Q, depends on the speed u of the
rope, the layer thickness 6, the density and viscosity of the oil and acceleration due
to gravity. Obtain the dimensionless parameters to correlate the flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.113) When fluid in a pipe is accelerated linearly from rest, it begins as laminar flow
and then undergoes transition to turbulence at a time t, which depends upon the pipe
diameter D, fluid acceleration a, density and viscosity . Arrange this into a
dimensionless relation between t and D. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.114) What are the similarities between model and prototype? Mention the
applications of model testing. [AU, May / June - 2013]
PROBLEMS
3.115) Find the discharge through a weir model by knowing the discharge over the
actual (proto type) weir is measured as 1.5m3/s. The horizontal dimension of the
model = 1/50 of the horizontal dimensions of the proto type and the vertical
dimension of the model = 1/10 of the vertical dimension of the proto type. (Hint:
Apply Froude model law) [AU, April / May - 2004]
3.116) Model of an air duct operating with water produces a pressure drop of 10 kN/m2
over 10 m length. If the scale ratio is 1/50. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and density
of air is 1.2 kg/m3. Viscosity of water is 01.001 Ns/m2 and viscosity of air 0.00002
Ns/m2. Estimate corresponding drop in a 20m long air duct.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010]
3.117) A model of a hydroelectric power station tail race is proposed to build by
selecting vertical scale 1 in 50 and horizontal scale 1 in 100. If the design pipe has
flow rate of 600m3/s and allow the discharge of 800m3/s. Calculate the corresponding
flow rates for the model testing. [AU, April / May - 2005]
3.118) A pipe of diameter 1.5 m is required to transport an oil of specific gravity 0.90
and viscosity 3 * 10-2 poise at the rate 3000 litre / sec. Test where conducted on a
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15cm diameter pipe using water at 20 C. Find the velocity and the rate of flow in
model. Viscosity of water at 20C = 0.01poise. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
3.119) In order to predict the pressure in a large air duct model is constructed with linear
dimensions (1/10)th that of the prototype and the water was used as the testing fluid.
If water is 1000 times denser than that of air and has 100 times the viscosity of air,
determine the pressure drop in the prototype, for the conditions corresponding to a
pressure drop of 70kPa, in the model. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.120) In an aero plane model of size 1/10 of its prototype, the pressure drop is
7.5kN/m2. The model is tested in water; find the corresponding drop in prototype.
Assume density of air = 1.24kg/m3; density of water = 1000kg/m3; viscosity of air =
0.00018 poise; viscosity of water = 0.01 poise. [AU, May / June - 2007]
3.121) A geometrically similar model of an air duct is built to 1/25 scale and tested with
water which is 50 times more viscous and 800 times denser than air. When tested
under dynamically similar conditions, the pressure drop is 200 kN/m2 in the model.
Find the corresponding pressure drop in the full scale prototype and express in cm
of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2010, May / June - 2014]
3.122) Model tests have conducted to study the energy losses in a pipe line of 1m
diameter required to transport kerosene of specific gravity 0.80 and dynamic
viscosity 0.02 poise at the rate of 2000 litre/sec. Tests were conducted on a 10cm
diameter pipe using water at 20C. What is the flow rate in the model? If the energy
head loss in 30m length of the model is measured as 44cm of water, what will be the
corresponding head loss in the prototype? What will be the friction factor for the
prototype pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
3.123) In a geometrically similar model of spillway the discharge per meter length is
0.2m3/sec. if the scale of the model is 1/36, find the discharge per meter run of the
prototype. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1
3.124) A spillway model is to be built to a geometrically similar scale of - across a
50
flume of 600 mm width. The prototype is 15 m high and maximum head on it is
expected to be 1.5 m.
What height of model and what head on the model should be used?
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If the flow over the model at a particular head is 12 litres per second, what
flow per metre length of the prototype is expected?
If the negative pressure in the model is 200 mm, what is the negative
pressure in prototype? Is it practicable? [AU, May / June - 2013]
3.125) The characteristics of the spillway are to be studied by means of a geometrically
similar modal constructed to the scale ratio of 1:10.
If the maximum rate of flow in the prototype is 28.3m3, what will be the
corresponding flow in model?
If the measured velocity in the model at a point on the spillway is 2.4m/s,
what will be the corresponding velocity in prototype?
If the hydraulic jump at the foot of the model is 50mm high, what will be
the height of jump in prototype?
If the energy dissipated per second in the model is 3.5Nm, what energy is
dissipated per second in the prototype? [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.126) Vortex shedding at the rear of a structure of a given section can create harmful
periodic vibration. To predict the shedding frequency, a smaller model is to be tested
in a water tunnel. The air speed is expected to be about 75 kmph. If the geometric
scale is 1 : 6.5 and the water temperature is 25C determine the speed to be used in
the tunnel. Consider air temperature as 38C. If the shedding frequency of the model
was 60 Hz, determine the shedding frequency of the prototype. The dimensions of
the structure are diameter 0.12 m and height 0.36 m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.127) An agitator of diameter D rotates at a speed N in a liquid of density and
viscosity . Show that the power required to mix the liquid is expressed by a
functional form [AU, April / May - 2011]
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UNIT IV PUMPS
PART - A
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4.24) What are the advantages of centrifugal pump over reciprocating pumps?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.25) Tabulate the causes and remedies for a centrifugal pump, when pump fails to
pump the fluid. [AU, April / May - 2015]
4.26) What is a delivery pipe?
4.27) Define manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
4.28) What is the maximum theoretical suction head possible for a centrifugal pump?
[AU, April / May - 2008]
4.29) Define suction head and manometric head of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.30) Define - manometric head and write its mathematical equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.31) Define Net Positive Suction Head [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.32) What do you mean by Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)?
[AU, May / June - 2014]
4.33) What is meant by NPSH? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.34) How does the specific speed of a centrifugal pump differ from that of a turbine?
4.35) Write the equation for specific speed for pumps and also for turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.36) Define specific speed as applied to pumps. [AU, May / June - 2009]
4.37) Define specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.38) What is specific speed of a pump? How are pumps classified based on this
number? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.39) Give examples of machines handling gases with high pressure rise.
4.40) What do you mean by manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a
centrifugal pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.41) Define pump.
4.42) What is the principle of pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.43) Give the classification of pumps.
4.44) What is a positive displacement pump?
4.45) Define non - positive displacement pump (or) roto dynamic pump.
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PART - B
4.106) Draw typical velocity triangles for fluid motion along a series of moving curve
vanes and derive Eulers equation of energy transfer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.107) Explain the construction and working of a centrifugal pump with a neat sketch.
4.108) Explain the operation of centrifugal pump with the help of a neat sketch. Write
short notes on different types of casing used in centrifugal pumps.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
4.109) What is the role of volute chamber of a centrifugal pump? Define manometric
head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
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4.110) Sketch and briefly describe the volute diffusion type pumps. What function is
served by volute chamber in a centrifugal pump? [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.111) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal, submersible and jet
pumps. [AU, April / May - 2008]
4.112) What is priming in a centrifugal pump? Why is it necessary?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.113) Obtain the expression for work done by impeller of a centrifugal pump on water
per second per unit weight of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009]
4.114) Describe multi-stage pump with impeller in series and impellers in parallel.
[AU, May / June - 2014]
4.115) Define the manometric efficiency of a centrifugal pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
4.116) Define cavitation and discuss its causes, effects and prevention.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
4.117) Define cavitation. What are the effects of cavitation? Give the necessary
precaution against cavitation. [AU, May / June 2009, 2014]
4.118) Define cavitation and explain the various effects of cavitation.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
4.119) Draw the velocity triangle for a centrifugal pump and obtain the expression for
the work done. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.120) What is specific speed of pump?
[AU, April / May 2004, May / June - 2009]
4.121) Define speed of a centrifugal pump. How does it differ from that of turbine?
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
4.122) State the expression for the specific speed of a pump. What is its use?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2012]
4.123) What do you understand by characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump? Explain
them with neat sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.124) Explain in detail about the performance curves for pumps and turbines.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
4.125) Determine the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
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4.126) Explain briefly the following efficiencies of a centrifugal pump (i) Manometric
efficiency (ii) Volumetric efficiency [AU, May / June - 2014]
4.127) Discuss - characteristics of centrifugal pump at constant speed.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.128) Explain the characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.129) Discuss on the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.130) Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.131) Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive expression for the same in
the terms of head H, discharge Q and speed N [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.132) Enumerate the losses that occur during the operation of the centrifugal pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.133) Distinguish between roto dynamic pump and positive displacement pump with
simple sketch. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.134) How rotary pumps are classified. Explain the working principles of any one type
of rotary pump with the aid of a neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June 2012]
4.135) Discuss the working of rotary positive displacement pumps.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
4.136) Discuss in detail about rotary positive displacement pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.137) With neat sketches, discuss about the rotary positive displacement pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.138) With an example, explain in detail the working principle and construction of
rotary pumps with neat diagram. [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.139) Classify pumps. Explain the working of double acting reciprocating pump with
a neat diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010]
4.140) Discuss on the cascade theory. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.141) Describe the working and principles of a reciprocating pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, April / May - 2011]
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4.156) Show that the work done by a reciprocating pump is equal to the area of the
indicator diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010]
4.157) Write briefly on the following.
Rotary pumps and their classifications.
Indicator diagram for reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.158) Define slip, percentage slip and negative slip of a reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.159) Define: slope, % of slip and negative slop with respect to reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.160) Define % of slip and indicator diagram, with respect to reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
4.161) What is % of slip in reciprocating pump? [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.162) What is an air vessel? Describe the function of the air vessel for reciprocating
pumps.
4.163) What is an air vessel? What are the uses/advantages of fitting air vessel in a
reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.164) What is air vessel and write the expression for work done by reciprocating pump
fitted with air vessel. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.165) What is an air vessel? Derive the expression for the percentage work saved by
using an air vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.166) What is an air vessel? What are the advantages of fitting air vessel in a
reciprocating pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.167) Calculate the work saved by fitting an air vessel for a double acting single
cylinder reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May 2008, May / June - 2013]
4.168) Describe the function of the air vessel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June 2012]
4.169) What are the functions of air vessel in a positive displacement pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.170) Explain in detail about the concept of pressure vessels with its characteristics.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
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4.171) Determine the % of work saved in one cycle when air vessel is provided on the
delivery side of a single cylinder single acting reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.172) Explain the various types of rotary pumps with its construction details and its
applications. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.173) Explain the working principle of Gear pump with neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.174) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a gear pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.175) Explain the construction and working of the following rotary pumps with neat
sketches. (a) Gear pump (b) Vane pump
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, May / June - 2014]
4.176) Explain in detail the working principle and construction of rotary pumps with
neat sketch. [AU, May / June - 2013]
4.177) Explain the working of the following pumps with the help of neat sketches and
mention two applications of each.
(i) External gear pump (ii) Lobe pump (iii) Vane pump (iv) Screw pump.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
4.178) Write a short note on following types of rotary pumps:
4.179) Discuss the working of Lobe and vane pumps. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.180) Explain in detail the working of a gear pump with a neat sketch.
[AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.181) Explain the working of vane pump with neat diagram.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.182) Discuss briefly the working principle of vane pump with a schematic diagram.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.183) Explain the working principle of screw pump and gear pump with neat diagram
in detail. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.184) Draw and explain the indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump including the
effect of friction and acceleration.
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4.185) Derive an expression for the percentage work saved by using an air vessel with
(i) single acting and (ii) double acting reciprocating pump.
PROBLEMS
4.186) A centrifugal pump is provided at a height of 5m above the sump water level and
the outlet of the delivery pipe is 10m above the sump. The vane angle at outlet is
50. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 1.6m/s. Find :
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
The pressure head at inlet to the wheel
The pressure head at outlet of the wheel. Assume that the velocity of water
in the pipes is equal to the velocity of flow through the impeller. Ignore
losses
4.187) The following observations are made while conducting a performance test on
centrifugal pump. Determine the overall efficiency of the pump. Discharge of water
is 1.8m3/s. Diameter of suction and delivery pipe are 15cm and 10cm respectively.
The suction and delivery gauge readings are 25cm of mercury and 175 kN/m2
respectively. The height of delivery gauge over suction gauge is 0.5m. The output
of driving motor is 9.555kW. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.188) The head discharge characteristics of a centrifugal pump is given below.
The pump delivers fresh water through a 500 m long, 15 cm diameter pipe line having
friction coefficient of f = 0.025. The static lift is 15 m. Neglecting minor losses in
the pipe flow, find (i) the discharge of the pump under the above conditions (ii)
driving power of the pump motor. Assume a pump efficiency of 72%.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.189) The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are
200mm and 400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles
of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20and 30 respectively. The water enters the
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impeller radically and the velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by
the impeller per unit weight of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2012]
4.190) The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is
running at 1000 r.p.m, are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The discharge through
pump is 0.04 m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.0 d s . The
diameters of the suction and delivery pipes are 150mm and 100mm respectively and
suction and delivery heads are 6 m (abs.) and 30 m (abs.) of water respectively. If
the outlet vane angle is 45 and power required to drive the pump is 16.186 kW,
determine:
4.191) A centrifugal pump with backward-curved blades has the following measured
performance when tested with water at 20C :
Estimate the best efficiency point and the maximum efficiency. Also, estimate the most
efficient flow rate, and the resulting head and brake power, if the diameter is doubled
and the rotation speed is increased by 50%. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.192) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm outside diameter and 150mm
inside diameter. The impeller vane angles are 30 and 25 at the inner and outer
peripheries respectively and the speed is 1450rpm. The velocity of the flow through
the impeller is constant. Find the work done by the impeller per N of water.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.193) A centrifugal pump running at 800rpm is working against a total head of 20.2m.
The external diameter of impeller is 480mm and the outlet width is 60mm. If the
vane angle at outlet is 40 and manometric efficiency is 70%, determine
Flow velocity at outlet
Absolute velocity of water leaving the vane
Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with direction of motion
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4.200) A pump has to supply water which is at 70C water at 90 m3/min and 1800 rpm.
Find the type of pump needed, the power required, and the impeller diameter if the
required pressure rise for one stage is 200 kPa; and 1250 kPa.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.201) A centrifugal pump with an impeller diameter of 0.4 m runs at 1450 rpm. The
angle at outlet of the backward curved vane is 25 with tangent. The flow velocity
remains constant at 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 84% determine the
fraction of the kinetic energy at outlet recovered as static head.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.202) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm in diameter and having a width of
50mm at the periphery. It has blades whose tip angles are inclined backwards at 60
from the radius. The pump delivers 17m3/min of water and the impeller rotates at
1000rpm. Assuming that the pump is designed to admit liquid radially, calculate
Speed and direction of water as it leaves impeller
Torque exerted by the impeller on water
Shaft power required
Lift of the pump
Assume the mechanical efficiency = 95% and the hydraulic efficiency = 75%
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
4.203) A centrifugal pump discharges 2000 l/s of water per second developing a head
of 20m when running at 300rpm. The impeller diameter at the outlet ant the outflow
velocity is 1.5m and 3m/s respectively. It vanes are set back at an angle of 30 at the
outlet, determine
Manometric efficiency
Power required by the pump
If inner diameter is 750mm, find the minimum speed to start the pump.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.204) The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450mm and
internal diameter of 200mm and it runs at 1440rpm. Assuming a constant radial flow
through the impeller at 2.5m/s and the vanes at exit are set back at an angle of 25.
Determine
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4.226) A single acting reciprocating pump has a diameter (piston) of 150mm and stroke
length 350 mm. The center of the pump is 3.5 m above the water surface in the sump
and 22 m below the delivery water level. Both the suction and delivery pipes have
the same diameter of 100 mm and are 5 m and 30 m long respectively. If the pump
is working at 30 rpm determine the pressure heads on the piston at the beginning,
middle and end of both suction and delivery strokes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.227) Calculate the rate of flow in and out of the air vessel on the delivery side in a
single acting reciprocating pump of 220 mm bore and 330 mm stroke running at 50
rpm. Also find the angle of crank rotation at which there is no flow into or out of the
air vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.228) In a single acting reciprocating pump the bore and stroke are 100 and 150 mm.
respectively. The static head requirements are 4 m suction and 18 m delivery. If the
pressure at the end of delivery is atmospheric calculate the operating speed. The
diameter of the delivery pipe is 75 mm and the length of the delivery pipe is 24 m.
Determine the acceleration head at = 33 from the start of delivery.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.229) A double - acting reciprocating pump, running at 40rpm is discharging 1m3 of
water per minute. The pump has a stroke of 400mm. The diameter of the piston is
200mm. The delivery and suction heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Find the slip
of the pump and the power required to drive the pump.
4.230) The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is150mm and
its stroke length is 300mm. The pump runs at 50 rpm and lifts water through a height
of 25m. The delivery pipe is 22m long and 100mm in diameter. Find the theoretical
discharge and the theoretical power required to run the pump. If the actual discharge
is 4.2 litres/s. Find the percentage of slip.
[AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2012]
4.231) The diameter and stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 120 mm and
300 mm respectively. The water is lifted by a pump through a total head of 25 m.
The diameter and length of delivery pipe are 100 mm and 20 m. respectively. find
out:
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(i) Theoretical discharge and theoretical power required to run the pump
if its speed is60 rpm.
(iii) The acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
4.232) The length and diameter of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump
are 5 m and 10 cm respectively. The pump has a plunger of diameter 150 mm and
a stroke length of 300 mm. The center of the pump is 4 m above the water surface
in the sump. The atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and the pump runs
at 40 rpm. Determine the
i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of the suction stroke.
ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration.
iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke.
4.233) Consider a double acting reciprocating pump running at 40rpm. The pump
delivers 1m3/min of water. The piston diameter is 20cm and the stroke length is
40cm. The delivery and the suctions heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Calculate
the % slip and the power required to drive the pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.234) The diameter and the stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 200mm
and 400mm respectively, the pump runs at 60 rpm and lifts 12 litres of water per
second through a height of 25m. The delivery pipe is 20m long and 150mm in
diameter. Find (i) theoretical power required to run the pump (ii) % of slip and (iii)
acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
4.235) The diameter and stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 75 mm
and 150 mm respectively. Supply of water to the pump is from a sump 3 m below
the pump through a pipe of 5 m long and 40 mm in diameter. The pump delivers
water to a tank located at 12 m above the pump through a pipe 30 mm in diameter
and 15 m long. Assuming that a separation of flow occurs at 75 kN/m2 (below the
atmospheric pressure), find the maximum speed at which the pump may be operated
without any separation. [AU, May / June - 2007]
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vessel of sufficient volume is added at a distance of 2.5m from the pump. Determine
the acceleration head with and without air vessel. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.246) A single cylinder double acting reciprocating pump has a piston diameter of
300mm and stroke length of 400mm. When the pump runs at 45rpm, it discharges
0.039m3/s under a total head of 15m. What will be the volumetric efficiency, work
done per second and power required if the mechanical efficiency of the pump is
75%. [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.247) The indicator diagram of a single acting reciprocating pump gives effective
delivery head of 5m and 23m with crank at inner and outer dead center respectively.
What is the static delivery head of reciprocating pump? [AU, April / May - 2005]
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UNIT V TURBINES
PART - A
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5.62) Describe briefly the function of the various main components of a Pelton wheel
turbine with neat sketches.
5.63) Describe briefly the functions of various components of Pelton turbine with neat
sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.64) Explain the component parts and working of a Pelton wheel turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
5.65) Define and derive an expression for specific speed of a turbine.
5.66) Explain the terms unit power, unit speed and unit discharge with reference to a
turbine.
5.67) Explain the hydraulic efficiency of a turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.68) Sketch the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of a Pelton wheel.
5.69) Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton turbine and indicate the
direction of various velocity components. Also obtain the expression for the work
done per second by water on the runner of the Pelton wheel. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.70) What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
[AU, April / May 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June 2012]
5.71) Differentiate Pelton wheel turbine with Francis turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2005]
5.72) Distinguish between reaction turbine and impulse turbine.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
5.73) Give the comparison between impulse and reaction turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.74) With the help of neat diagram explain the construction and working of a Pelton
wheel turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.75) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.76) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel. Also obtain the
expression of the work done. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.77) Obtain an expression for power developed in a reaction turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.78) What is the condition for hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel to be maximum?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
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5.79) Explain the construction and working of the following turbines with neat
sketches.
(i) Pelton wheel turbine (ii) Francis turbine (iii) Kaplan turbine
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5.91) Show that the hydraulic efficiency for a Francis turbine having velocity flow
through runner as constant given by relation. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.92) An inward flow reaction turbine discharges radially and the velocity of flow is
constant, show that the hydraulic efficiency can be expressed by
Where and are the guide and vane angles at inlet. [AU, May / June - 2012]
5.93) Write a short note on Governing of Turbines. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.94) Classify hydraulic machines and give one example for each.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.95) Explain the working principle of Kaplan turbine and derive the working
proportion of its design. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.96) Draw a neat sketch of Kaplan turbine, name the parts and briefly explain the
working. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.97) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain its construction and
Working. [AU, May / June - 2014]
5.98) Explain with help of a diagram, the essential features of Kaplan turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.99) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain briefly its construction
and working. Obtain an expression for work done by the runner.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.100) Discuss about construction details of Kaplan turbine with a neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.101) What is function draft tube in Francis turbine?
[AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
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5.102) Discuss about draft tube and its types. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.103) Derive an expression for the efficiency of draft tube. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.104) Derive an expression for specific speed. What is the significance of specific
speed of turbine? [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.105) How is a specific speed of the turbine, defined? [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.106) Write a note on performance curves of turbine. [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.107) Show that the overall efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is the product of
volumetric, hydraulic and mechanical efficiencies. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.108) Define: Hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency with respect to turbines.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.109) Explain the different types of the efficiency of a turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.110) Explain the load efficiency characteristics of hydraulic turbines with a diagram.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
5.111) Mention three to four most striking characteristics of Pelton wheel, Francis
turbine and Kaplan turbine. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.112) Discuss the performance characteristics of reaction turbine in detail.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
5.113) Discuss briefly the characteristics curves of hydraulic turbines.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
PROBLEMS
5.114) A turbine develops 9000kW when running at speed of 140rpm and under a head
of 30m. Determine the specific speed of the turbine. Derive the expression used in
above problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.115) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications :
a. Shaft power =11,772 KW ; head = 380 metres; speed = 750 rpm,
b. Overall efficiency=86%. Jet diameter is not to exceed one-sixth of the wheel
diameter. Determine the
i) Wheel diameter ii) Number of jets required
iii) Diameter of the jet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.116) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60m when running at 200 rpm.
The Pelton wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets is
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equal to 0.45 times the velocity of the jet. Overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient
of velocity is equal to 0.98.
5.117) A Pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data. Power to be developed
= 6000kW; Net head available = 300m; Speed = 550rpm; Ratio of jet diameter to
wheel diameter = 1/10 and overall efficiency = 85%. Find the no of jets, diameter of
jet, diameter of wheel and quantity of water required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.118) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications:
Shaft power = 11,772 kW
Head (H) = 380m
Speed = 750rpm
Overall efficiency (0) = 86%
Jet diameter > 1/6 wheel diameter.
Determine: The wheel diameter, the number of jets required and diameter of the
jet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.119) A single jet Pelton wheel runs at 300 rpm under a head of 510 m. The jet
diameter is 200 mm and its deflection inside the bucket is 165. Assuming that its
relative velocity is reduced by 15% due to friction, determine (i) water power (ii)
resultant force on bucket and (iii) overall efficiency.
[AU, May / June - 2007, 2012]
5.120) Determine the rpm, work done per second, power and overall efficiency of a
Pelton wheel from the following data. Head = 150m, Wheel diameter = 0.75m, Jet
diameter =4cm, Deflection angle of buckets = 172, Cv of nozzle = 0.98, Speed ratio
= 0.42 and surface roughness factor of vanes = 0.97. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.121) A Pelton wheel supplied water from reservoir under a gross head of 112m and
the friction losses in pen stock amounts to 20m of head. The water from pen stock is
discharged through a single nozzle of diameter of 100mm at the rate of 0.30m 3/s.
Mechanical losses due to friction amounts to 4.3kW of power and the shaft power
available is 208kW. Determine velocity of jet, water power at inlet to runner, power
losses in nozzles, power lost in runner due to hydraulic resistance.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
5.122) A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m and is running at 1000
rpm. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 700 m. If the side clearance angle is 15and
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the discharge through the nozzle is 0.1m3/sec, find the i) power available at the
nozzle and ii) hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Take CV=1.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.123) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12 m/s and supplied with water at
the rate of 0.7 m3/s under a head of 300 m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160, find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.124) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10m/s with a jet of water flowing at
the rate of0.7 m3/s under a head of 30m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle
of 160. Calculate the power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assuming the coefficient of velocity as 0.98
[AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2010, 2012, May / June - 2009]
5.125) A Pelton wheel which is receiving water from a penstock with a gross head of
510m. One - third of Gross head is lost in the penstock. The rate of flow through the
nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2.2 m3/sec. The angle of deflection of the
jet is 165. Determine (1) The power given by the water to the runner (2) Hydraulic
efficiency of the Pelton wheel. Take Cv=1 and speed ratio =0.45
[AU, May / June - 2014]
5.126) A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 kW when working under a head of
300m the impeller may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and overall
efficiency of 85% calculate [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
(i) Quantity of water required
(ii) Diameter of the wheel
(iii) Number of jets
(iv) Number and size of the bucket vanes on the runner
5.127) The nozzle of a Pelton wheel gives a jet of 9cm diameter and velocity 75m/s.
Coefficient of velocity is 0.978. The pitch circle diameter is 1.5m and the deflection
angle of the buckets is 170. The wheel velocity is 0.46 times the jet velocity.
Estimate the speed of the Pelton wheel turbine in rpm, theoretical power developed
and also the efficiency of the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.128) A Pelton turbine having 1.6m bucket diameter develops a power of 3600kW at
400rpm, under a net head of 275m. If the overall efficiency is 88%, and the
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coefficient of velocity is 0.97, find speed ratio, discharge, diameter of the nozzle and
specific speed. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.129) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12m/s and supplied with water at
the rate of 0.7m3/s under a head of 300m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160 find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.130) A Pelton turbine is to produce 18MW under a head of 450 m when running at
480 rpm. If D/d ratio is 10, determine the number of jets required.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.131) Consider an impulse wheel with a pitch diameter of 2.75m and a bucket angle
of 170. If the velocity is 58m/s, the jet diameter is 100mm, and the rotational speed
is 320rpm, find the force on the buckets, the torque on the runner, and the power
transferred to the runner. Assume v2 = 0.9v1. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.132) A gas turbine operates between 1000k and 650 k temperature limits taking in air
20 kg/s at 125 m/s and discharging at 300 m3/s. Estimate the power developed by
the turbine. Given Cp=995 J / Kg.K. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.133) A reaction turbine at 450rpm, head 120m, diameter at inlet 120cm flow area
0.4m2 has angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet 20 and 60
respectively. Find volume flow rate, H.P and efficiency. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.134) An inward flow reaction turbine has internal and external diameter as 0.85m and
1m respectively. The hydraulic efficiency of turbine is 0.92 under a head of 60m.
The velocity of flow at outlet is 3m/s and discharge at outlet is radial. The vane angle
at the outlet is 18 and width of the wheel is 75mm. Calculate the guide blade angle,
turbine speed, vane angle at inlet and power developed by the turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
5.135) An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 0.9m and
0.45m respectively. The turbine is running at 200 rpm and width of the turbine at
inlet is 200mm. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to
1.8m/sec. The guide blades make an angle of 10 to the tangent of the wheel and the
discharge at the outlet of the turbine is radial. Determine the
i) Absolute velocity of water at inlet of runner
ii) Velocity of whirl at inlet
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angle at entrance and exit. Also determine work done on vanes per second N of water
supplied by the jet. [AU, April / May - 2005]
5.141) In an inward radial flow turbine, water enters at an angle of 22 to the wheel
tangent to the outer rim and leaves at 3 m/s. The flow velocity is constant through
the runner. The inner and outer diameters are 300 mm and 600 mm respectively.
The speed of the runner is 300 rpm. The discharge through the runner is radial. Find
the
(ii) Taking inlet width as 150 mm and neglecting the thickness of the blades,
find the power developed by the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.142) The velocity of the whirl at the inlet to the runner of an inward flow reaction
turbine is 3.15H m/s and the velocity of flow at inlet is 1.05H m/s. The velocity
of whirl at exist is 0.22H m/s in the same direction as at inlet and the flow at exist
is 0.83H m/s, where H is head of water 30m. The inner diameter of the runner is
0.6 times the outer diameter. Assuming hydraulic efficiency of 80%. Compute angles
of the runner vanes at inlet and exist. [AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
5.143) Design a Francis Turbine runner with the following data: Net head = 70m speed
N = 800 rpm. Output power 400 Kw Hydraulic efficiency = 95% Overall efficiency
= 85% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/3 outer diameter.
Assume 6% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the
vanes. The flow is radial at exit and remains constant throughout.
[AU Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.144) A Francis turbine developing 16120 kW under a head of 260 m runs at 600 rpm.
The runner outside diameter is 1500 mm and the width is 135 mm. The flow rate is
7 m3/s. The exit velocity at the draft tube outlet is 16 m/s. Assuming zero whirl
velocity at exit and neglecting blade thickness determine the overall and hydraulic
efficiency and rotor blade angle at inlet. Also find the guide vane outlet angle.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.145) Calculate guide blade angles, vane angles, runner diameters at inlet and outlet
and width of the wheel at outlet for a Francis turbine with the following data: Net
head: 70 m; Speed: 720 rpm; Shaft Power: 310 kW; Overall efficiency: 0.85;
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Hydraulic efficiency: 0.9; Flow ratio: 0.2; Breadth ratio: 0.1; OD/ID ratio: 1.8; The
thickness of vanes occupy 7.5% of circumferential area of runner velocity of flow is
Constant and discharge is radial at outlet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.146) The following data is given for a Francis Turbine Net head = 60m speed N =
700 rpm. Shaft power 294.3 kW Hydraulic efficiency = 93% Overall efficiency =
84% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/2 outer diameter.
Assume 5% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the
vanes. Velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial outlet.
Determine [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Guide blade angle
Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet
Diameter of the runner at inlet and outlet
Width of the wheel at inlet
5.147) The inner and outer diameters of an inward flow reaction turbine are 50 cm and
100 cm respectively. The vanes are radial at inlet and discharge is also radial. The
inlet guide vanes angle is 10. Assuming the velocity of flow as constant and equal
to 3 m/s, find the speed of the runner and the vane angle at the outlet.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.148) A reaction turbine works at 450rpm under a head of 120metres. Its diameter at
inlet is 120cm and the flow area is 0.4m2. The angles made by absolute and relative
velocities at inlet are 20 and 60 respectively with the tangential velocity.
Determine the
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is 0.68, and the overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is 1/3 rd of the
diameter of the runner, its specific speed. [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.157) A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7360kW. The net available
head is 5.5m. Assuming the speed ratio is 2.09 and the flow ratio is 0.68 and the
overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is one third of the diameter of the
runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and its specific speed.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.158) A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops 15 MV brake power.
The hub diameter and runner diameter of the turbine are 1.5 m and 4 m respectively.
The guide blade angle at the inlet is 30. The discharge is radial. Find the runner
vane angles and turbine speed. Take hydraulic and overall efficiency as 90% and 80
% [AU, April / May - 2010, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.159) A Kaplan turbine is to be designed to develop 9100kW. The net available head
is 5.6m/ If the speed ratio is 2 and flow ratio is 0.68, overall efficiency 86% and the
diameter of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner,
its speed and specific speed of turbine. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.160) A Kaplan turbine delivers 10 MW under a head of 25 m. The hub and tip
diameters are 1.2 m and 3 m. Hydraulic and overall efficiencies are 0.90 and 0.85. If
both velocity triangles are right angled triangles, determine the speed, guide blade-
outlet angle and blade outlet angle. [AU, Nov / Dec 2013, 2014]
5.161) The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine working under a head of 12m, is 0.35
times the diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the vane angle
of the extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 15 and the flow ratio is 0.6, find the
diameter of the runner, diameter of the boss and the discharge through the runner.
The velocity at the whirl at outlet is given as zero. [AU, April / May - 2015]
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