Lecture #1

#1
I t d ti tto W
Introduction Wellll Logging
L i
and Formation Evaluation

B
By:
Dr. Mohammad Ebrahim Shafiee
 Well Logging and Development of
Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

The geologist and engineers goal is to understand

the pprocesses of hydrocarbon
y accumulation and
recovery factor.

Well-logging plays a particularly important role in

geophysic.

Well-logs provide an objective, continuous record

of a number of properties of the rocks which have
been drilled through.

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 Well Logging and Development of
Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

The link between geophysical measurements

on the surface,
surface and well logging subsurface
data.
Wellll logging
W l provide
d numericall data,
d
introducing the possibility of fairly rigorous
quantification in the description of
sedimentological processes.
Logs tell us about the fluids in the pores of the
reservoir rocks.

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 What is Well Logging
Well log is a continuous record of measurement made in
bore hole respond
p to variation in some pphysical
y properties
p p

of rocks through which the bore hole is drilled.

Traditionally Logs are display

on girded papers

shown in figure.
figure

Now a days
y the logg mayy be

taken as films, images,

and in digital format.

Oilfield Glossary Definition
Log: The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more

physical quantities in or around a well. The term comes from the word

"log"
g used in the sense of a record or a note.

Wireline logs are taken downhole, transmitted through a wireline to

surface and recorded there. LWD "Logging While Drilling" and MWD

Measurement While Drilling" logs are also taken downhole.

They are either transmitted to surface by mud pulses, or else recorded

d
downhole
h l and
d retrieved
t i d later
l t when
h the
th instrument
i t t is
i brought
b ht to
t surface.
f

Mud logs that describe samples of drilled cuttings are taken and

recorded on surface.
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 LWD and MWD versus Wireline Tools
LWD and MWD are acronyms for "Logging While Drilling" and

"Measurement While Drilling" and refer to the technique of placing the

logging tool somewhere behind the drill bit so that it can record data

during the actual drilling.

Depending on far the tool sits behind the bit, the data can be measured,

more or less,
l i reall time
in i to create Realtime
R li L
Logs at the
h surface.
f Af
After

the tool is pulled from the hole, data can then be downloaded from the

tool itself to create what are called Memory Logs, which are higher

resolution and more reliable than the Realitme logs.

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 History of Well logging
1912 Conrad Schlumberger give the idea of using electrical
measurements to map subsurface rock bodies.

In 1919 Conrad Schlumberger and his brother Marcel begin work on

well logs.

The first electrical resistivity well log was taken in France, in 1927.

The instrument which was used for this purpose is called SONDE,
the sonde was stopped at periodic intervals in bore hole and the
resistivity was plotted on graph paper.

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 History Cont.
I 1929 the
In h electrical
l i l resistivity
i i i logs
l are introduce
i d on commercial
i l scale
l
in Venezuela, USA and Russia and the dip meter log were developed in
1930.

The Gamma Ray and Neutron Log were begin in 1941

For correlation and identification of Hydrocarbon bearing strata.

The photographic film recorder was developed in 1936

Dr. Shafiee 9
 Logging
gg g Units

Logging service
companies utilize a
variety of logging units,
depending on the
location (onshore or
offshore) and
requirements of the
gg g run.
logging

Dr. Shafiee 10
Logging Work Flow Chart

Dr. Shafiee 11
Logging
gg g Units Component
p
Logging cable
Wi h to
Winch t raise
i and
d lower
l the
th cable
bl in
i th
the wellll
Self-contained 120-volt AC generator
Set of surface control panels
Set of downhole tools (sondes and cartridges)
Digital recording system

Dr. Shafiee 12
Dr. Shafiee 13
Depth Of Investigation Of Logging Tools

Dr. Shafiee 14
 Log Interpretation Objectives
Learn the basic concepts and terminology associated
with
ith log
l interpretation
i t t ti

Learn basic tool theoryy so that this knowledge

g can be
applied to actual log readings from qualitative analysis

Do quantitative log analysis through in class examples

Learn how to correct log reading for environmental

effects for example invasion, borehole conditions,
shaliness and gas effect

B able
Be bl to locate
l potential
i l hydrocarbon-bearing
h d b b i zones
Dr. Shafiee 15
 Results from Log Interpretation

D h to lithological
Depth li h l i l R k strength
Rock t th

Lithological boundaries In-situ stress orientation

Fracture frequency
Lithology identification
Porosity
Minerals grade/quality
Permeable zones
Inter-borehole correlation
Fluid salinity
Structure mapping
Water-bearing zones
Dip
p determination
H dr carb n bearin zones
Hydrocarbon-bearing nes
Dr. Shafiee 16
 Well Log and Formation Evaluation
A ili Tools
Auxiliary T l Porosity Tools
Callipers Acoustic
Gamma Ray Formation Density

Spontaneous
p Potential Neutron

SP

R i i i Tools
Resistivity T l
Induction

Laterlog

Micro Resistivity

Dr. Shafiee 17
 Resistivity Log

Resistivity logs measure the ability

of rocks to conduct electrical
current and are scaled in units of
ohm-meters.

The Usage: Resistivity logs are

electric logs
g which are used to:

Determine Hydrocarbon
versus Water-bearing
W t b i zones,

Indicate Permeable zones,

Determine Porosity.
Dr. Shafiee 18
 Spontaneous
S Potential Log (SP)
(S )

The spontaneous potential

(SP) curve records the
naturally occurring electrical
potential (voltage) produced
by the interaction of
f
formation
i connate water,
conductive drilling fluid, and
shale

Dr. Shafiee
19
 Gamma Ray Log
Gamma Rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves which
are emitted
d by
b atomic nuclei
l as a form
f off radiation
d

Gamma rayy logg is measurement of natural radioactivityy in

formation verses depth.

It measures the radiation emitting from naturally occurring

U,Th,
, , and K.
Thorium is a natural radioactive chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic
number 90

Uranium is a silvery-white metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the

periodic table, with atomic number 92. It is assigned the chemical symbol U

Potassium-40 (40K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a very long half-life
of 1.248109 years, or about 39.381015 seconds. Dr. Shafiee 20
 Gamma Rayy Logg

I is also
It l known
k as shale
h l log
l and
d reflects
fl shale
h l or
clay content.

An advantage of the gamma log over some other

types of well logs is that it works through the steel
aand ce
cement
e t wa
wallss o
of case
cased bo
boreholes.
e o es. Although
t oug
concrete and steel absorb some of the gamma
radiation, enough travels through the steel and
cement
ce e t to aallow
ow qua
qualitative
tat ve determinations.
ete at o s.

Dr. Shafiee 21
 Neutron Log

The Neutron Log is primarily

used to evaluate formation
porosity, but the fact that it is
really just a hydrogen detector
should always be kept in mind

It is used to detect gas in

certain situations,
situations exploiting
the lower hydrogen density, or
hydrogen index
Dr. Shafiee 22
 Density Log
The formation density log is a
porosity
i llog that
h measures electron
l
density of a formation

It determine porosity by measuring

the density of the rocks. Because
g overestimate the porosity
these logs p y
of rocks that contain gas they result in
"
"crossover"
" off the
h log
l curves when
h
paired with Neutron logs (described
under CNL logs below).
Dr. Shafiee 23
 Acoustic Log
Acoustic tools measure the
speed of sound waves in
subsurface formations. While
the acoustic log can be used to
determine porosityy
p in
consolidated formations, it is
also
l valuable
l bl i
in other
th
applications, such as:

Indicating lithology (using the

ratio of compressional
velocity over shear velocity), 24
Dr. Shafiee
 Acoustic Log contd
Determining integrated travel
time ((an important
p tool for
seismic/wellbore correlation),

Detecting fractures and

evaluating secondary porosity,

Evaluating cement bonds

b t
between casing,
i and
d
formation,

Determining acoustic
impedance (in combination
with the density log). 25
Dr. Shafiee
 Major Logging Companies
Schlumberger

B k Hughes
Baker H h

Halliburton

Geoservices

Recon Petrotechnologies
Ltd.

Datalog

Logdigi

Tucker Energy Services

Weatherford Dr. Shafiee 26

QUESTION?

Dr. Shafiee 27