Aerodynamics Tut 11 Final 648

Aerodynamics
Tutorial # 11
Flow over a finite wing
Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

GUC Department of Mechatronics Prof. Dr. Ayman Ali El-Badawy
Tutorial Contents
Wing Nomenclature
General features of finite wing aerodynamics
Method of Analysis
Prandtls classical lifting line theory
Elliptic Wing
General Wing

Wing Nomenclature
Wing span, b
Wing tip, ct
Wing root, cr
Planform Area (S)
Aspect ratio, AR = b2/S
Taper ratio (ct /cr)
Aerodynamic twist
Geometric twist
Geometric AOA,
Induced AOA, i
Effective AOA, eff
Induced drag factor,
Efficiency parameter, e = (1+)-1
Lift slope factor,

Wing Nomenclature
Aerodynamic vs. Geometric Twist

General Features of finite wing aerodynamics
Spanwise flow: Due to the pressure differential between the upper and lower surfaces,
particles close to the tip will tend to flow around the tip edge, from the lower to the
upper surface leading to a spanwise flow.

Wing tip vortices
Images of the flow past a finite span wing at low speed.

From An Album of Fluid Motion by M. Van Dyke.
At the ends of the wings, the pressure difference between the

upper and lower sides is lost, as the flow rolls up into a vortex.

Downwash:

Induced angle of attack and lift reduction
Induced drag

Tutorials Objective
Problem:
The characteristics of finite wings are not identical to the characteristics of airfoil
cross-sections.
Required:
Develop a theory to analyze the aerodynamic properties of finite wings.
The theory should allow us to predict
the lift distribution
total lift
induced drag.
Additional tools:
First, let us introduce a few additional aerodynamic tools:
1. Vortex Filament
2. Biot-Savart Law
3. Helmholtzs vortex theorem

Additional Tools for finite wing analysis
Biot-Savart law:

Additional Tools for finite wing analysis
Biot-Savart law:
An infinite vortex A semi- infinite

filament vortex filament

Prandtls Classical Lifting line theory
Horseshoe Vortex:

Lifting Line:

The velocity induced at y0 by the entire trailing vortex sheet is:
The induced angle of attack is given by:
And for very small angles:
And substituting for the downwash:

The airfoil lift coefficient is
From the definition of the airfoil lift coefficient and the Kutta- Juokowski theorem,
Hence,
Solving for eff and substituting to get the angle of attack:

The fundamental equation of Prandtls lifting line theory
The equation simply states that the geometric angle of attack is equal to the sum of
the effective angle plus the induced angle of attack at a specific span-wise location
This equation is an integro-differential equation, in which the only unknown is the

circulation distribution , therefore by solving for it we can calculate all the
required aerodynamic properties of a finite wing as follows:



(Elliptic Wing)
Elliptic Wing:

(Elliptic Wing)
Elliptic Wing:

(Elliptic Wing)
Elliptic Wing:
It was shown in the lecture that:
Furthermore,

(Elliptic Wing)
Elliptic Wing:

(Elliptic Wing)
Elliptic Wing:
Supermarine Spitfire

(General Wing)
General Wing

(General Wing)
General Wing
We assume that for the general case, the lift distribution is a Fourier Sine Series
And the angle of attack after substituting with the fundamental equation of
Prandtl would then be
The variable is used to evaluate the integral by substitution and it is related to

the span-wise location by :

(General Wing)
General Wing
Induced drag factor,
It was shown in the lecture that: Efficiency parameter, e = (1+)-1

Effect of Aspect Ratio on lift curve slope:
In addition to the induced drag, the finite wing
also has an effect on the lift slope where the lift
slopes for the airfoil and the wing are related as
follows:
For an elliptic wing
a0
a
1 a 0 AR
For a general wing
a0
a
a 1
1 0
AR

Summary of the results of Prandtls Classical Lifting line theory

Problem 1:
Consider a finite wing with an aspect ratio of 8 and a taper ratio of 0.8.
The airfoil section is thin and symmetric. Calculate the lift and induced drag
coefficients for the wing when its angle of attack is 5. Assume that = .
Solution:

Solution contd:
0.055
Using these curves we can get the induced drag factor for any tapered wing.
Problem 2:
Consider a rectangular wing with an aspect ratio of 6, and induced drag factor =0.055,
and a zero lift angle of attack of -2. At an angle of attack of 3.4, the induced drag
coefficient for this wing is 0.01. Calculate the induced drag for a similar wing at the
same angle of attack, but with an aspect ratio of 10. Assume that the induced factors
for drag and the lift slope, and , respectively, are equal to each other. Also, for
AR=10, =0.105.
Solution:

Solution contd:

Problem 3:
If the airplane is cruising at a lift coefficient of 0.2, calculate the airplanes angle of attack.
Solution:

Solution contd:


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Aerodynamics

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Images of the flow past a finite span wing at low speed.

At the ends of the wings, the pressure difference between the

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

An infinite vortex A semi- infinite

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

The induced angle of attack is given by:

And for very small angles:

And substituting for the downwash:

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Solving for eff and substituting to get the angle of attack:

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

This equation is an integro-differential equation, in which the only unknown is the

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

The variable is used to evaluate the integral by substitution and it is related to

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

Faculty of Engineering and Material Science Aerodynamics ENME 1002

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