Energy Audit Standards

2
 Content

Objectives

Introduction

Energy Audit Standards
Hong Kong
China
United States
Australia/New Zealand

Comparison of Different Standards

Methods for Data Collection

3
Objectives
 Objectives

To provide references of good practices for an

energy audit

To study the energy audit standards used by Hong
Kong, China, United States and Australia

5
Introduction
 Introduction

Standards are developed to ensure the quality of

energy audits performed

Four different energy audit standards will be
introduced:

Hong Kong Guidelines on Energy Audit

China
The United States Procedures for Commercial
Building Energy Audits
Australia Australian/New Zealand Standard Energy
audits

7
8
Energy Audit Standard
in Hong Kong
 Energy Audit Standard
in Hong Kong

Guidelines on Energy
Audit

Published by the Electrical
& Mechanical Services
Department (EMSD) in
2007

10
 Defining Scope of
Energy Audit
Two types of audits with different levels of
sophistication:

Walk-through Audit Detailed Audit

Limited resources More resources

Detailed planning required

Focus on major energy
Practically investigating all
consuming equipment
equipment and systems

Identity as many EMOs as

Given an overview of potential
possible
EMOs (Energy Management
Classify them into different
Opportunities)
EMO categories
11
 Energy Audit Procedures

Determine the scopes and available resources for conducting the

energy audits

Form an Energy Audit Team (include external and internal members)

Estimate the time frame and the budget based on the available
resources and check the adequacy of testing instruments

12
 Energy Audit Procedures
(Cont.)
Collect the following building information:
1. Building characteristics such as floor areas, numbers of end-users,
construction details, building orientation, etc.;
2. Technical characteristics of energy consuming equipment/system;
3. Building services report;
4. Equipment/system operation records;
5. Record of EMOs already implemented or to be implemented;
6. Record of maximum demand readings;
7. Operation and maintenance manuals and commissioning reports;
8. Energy consumption bills in previous three years.

Conduct site inspection and measurement

13
 Energy Audit Procedures
(Cont.)

Analyze data collected:

Identify EMOs and quantify their energy savings
Determine the cost effectiveness of EMOs, e.g. the payback period,
net present worth, rate of return.
Calculate the annual monthly energy consumption profile, any
deviation from normal trend indicating inefficiency
Obtain the Energy Utilization index (EUI) (MJ/m2) by dividing the
annual energy consumption by the Gross Floor Area (GFA)
Use for comparison of energy consumption of similar buildings
EUI should also be regarded as the Building Energy
Performance (BEP) (kWh/m2)

14
 Category of EMOs

(Source: Page 2, Guidelines on Energy Audit)

15
 Building Energy Code

Hong Kong SAR Government is proposing a

mandatory Implementation of the Building Energy
Code
Air-Conditioning
Lighting
Electrical
Lift & Escalator
Performance-based

A business impact assessment has been carried out

and the comments are positive except for
Developer

16
Energy Audit Standard
in China
 Energy Audit Standard
in China


General principle of energy audit on industrial and
commercial enterprise

GB/T 17166-1997

18
 Energy Audit Procedures

Prepare an energy audit proposal

Define the objectives and targets of the audit, prepare an

energy audit proposal

Establish an energy audit contract

Auditor and audit client agree to an energy audit contract

19
 Energy Audit Procedures (Cont.)

Perform energy audit

Collect, summarize and verify audit site data. Perform

calculations and analysis. Conduct site survey and
measurement


Audit period is normally one year, or other specified time period

Submit energy audit report

Energy audit report should be submitted to client in 15 days

from the end of the audit
15

20
 Energy Audit

Based on the objectives and targets of the energy audit,
perform analysis on some or all of the following:

1. Energy management profile of the enterprise

2. Drawings of energy network diagrams

3. Energy consumption measurement and testing

4. Energy consumption index

21
 Energy Audit
for Enterprises (Cont.)

5. Efficiency of major energy consuming equipment

6. Comprehensive energy consumption indices

7. Cost index for each fuel

8. Energy saving Calculations

9. Financial evaluation of energy saving measures

No reference is recommended in this GB

22
 Energy Audit

Energy management profile of the enterprise

Drawings of energy network diagrams

Energy consumption measurement and testing

Energy consumption index

Efficiency of major energy consuming equipment

Comprehensive energy consumption indices

Cost index for each fuel

Energy saving Calculations

Financial evaluation of energy saving measures

23
 Energy Audit

Energy management profile of the enterprise

GB/T 15587-2008
Drawings of energy network diagrams

Energy consumption measurement and testing

Energy consumption index

Efficiency of major energy consuming equipment

Comprehensive energy consumption indices

Cost index for each fuel

Energy saving Calculations

Financial evaluation of energy saving measures

24
 1. Energy management profile
of the enterprise

Guideline for energy management in industry enterprise
GB/T 15587-2008

Energy usage planning and design

Energy supply


Energy conversion

25
 1. Energy management profile of
the enterprise (Cont.)


Energy usage breakdown and energy transfer


Energy consumption


Energy usage analysis


Advancement of energy saving techniques

26
 Energy Audit

GB/T 16616-1996

27
 2. Drawings of
energy network diagram

Methods of drawing energy network diagram in
enterprises GB/T 16616-1996

Energy network diagram illustrates from left to right the

four energy system processes:
:

Purchase and storage


Conversion


Transfer and distribution


Consumption

28
 Example of an energy
network diagram

(Source: Page 4, GB/T 16616-1996)

29
 Energy Audit

GB/T 6422-1986

GB/T 16614-1996

GB 17167-1997

30
 3. Energy consumption
measurement and surveying

Directives for measuring and testing energy

consumption in industrial enterprises GB/T 6422-1986

Energy consumption measurement

Measurement of equipment energy consumption


Testing of equipment energy balance

31
 3. Energy consumption
measurement and surveying

Statistical method of energy balance in enterprises

GB/T 16614-1996


Statistical analysis of energy supply


Statistical analysis of energy conversion


Statistical analysis of energy transfer and distribution


Statistical analysis of energy consumption

(GB/T 16614-1996 Page 1)

32
 3. Energy consumption
measurement and surveying

General principle for equipping and managing of the

measuring instrument of energy in organization of
energy using GB 17167-1997


Requirement for energy measuring equipment


Management of energy measuring equipment

33
 Energy Audit

GB/T 16615-1996

34
 4. Energy consumption index


Methods of drawing up energy balance table in
enterprises GB/T 16615-1996

Create an energy balance table

Calculation of the energy consumption efficiency

35
 Energy Balance Table

(GB/T 16615-1996 Page 3)

36
 Calculation of the energy
consumption efficiency

Qc1
cc =
Qc 2
cc energy consumption efficiency

Qc1 effective energy consumption

Qc 2 total energy consumption

(GB/T 16615-1996 Page 2)
37
 Energy Audit

GB/T 2588-2000

38
 5. Efficiency of major energy
consuming equipment

The general principles for calculation of thermal

efficiency of equipment GB/T 2588-2000

QYX
= 100 thermal efficiency %
QGJ
QGJ input energy (J)
or
Qss
QYX output energy , (J)
= 1 100
Qss energy loss , (J)
QGJ

39
 Energy Audit

GB/T 2589-2008

40
 6. Comprehensive energy
consumption indices


General principles for calculation of the comprehensive
energy consumption GB/T 2589-2008

Comprehensive energy consumption

Comprehensive energy consumption for unit output value


Comprehensive energy consumption for unit output of
product

41
 Comprehensive energy
consumption

n
E = (ei pi )
i =1

E comprehensive energy consumption

n number of fuel consumed

Amount of fuel i consumed (units of volume or weight)

ei i

pi Specific energy of fuel i

i

(Source: Page 2, GB/T 2589-2008)

42
 Comprehensive energy
consumption for unit output value
and for unit output of product

E Ej
eg = ej =
G Pj
eg comprehensive energy consumption e j Comprehensive energy consumption
for unit output value for unit output of product j
j
E comprehensive energy consumption E j Comprehensive energy consumption
of product j
G total output value or increase in output j
value within the audit period Pj Output of product j
j

43
 Energy Audit

17166-1997 A

44
 7. Cost index for each fuel

Appendix A of GB/T 17166-1997

17166-1997 A

Comprehensive energy consumption and total cost of
energy


Direct energy consumption per unit output


Indirect energy consumption
Energy
COST $

45
 Energy Audit

GB/T 13234-1991

46
 8. Energy Savings Calculation

Method of calculating energy saved in industrial enterprise
GB/T 13234-1991

Total energy saved calculated by unit output of product

Total energy saved calculated by unit output value


Energy saved by process improvement


Energy saved by changing product portfolio


Energy saving rate

47
 Total energy saved calculated by
unit output of product

n
Ec = (E Di M i ) E Di = E Dbi EDji
i =1
Ec Total energy saved calculated by unit output of product (tce)
t
E Di Energy saved per unit output of product i, (tce/unit output)
i t /
M i Output of product i (t)
i t
n Output of product in audit period

E Dbi Comprehensive energy consumption within the audit
period for unit out of product i (tce per unit output)
i t
E Dji Target energy consumption for unit output of product i
i
(Source: Page 1-2, GB/T 13234-1991)
48
 Total energy saved
calculated by output value

EG = E g G E g = E gb E gj
EG Total energy saved calculated by output value (t)
within the audit period (tce)
t
E g Energy saved for unit output value (tce/ten thousand yuan)
t /
G Output value (ten thousand yuan)

E gb Comprehensive energy consumption for unit output value
within the audit period (tce/ten thousand yuan)
t /
E gi Comprehensive energy consumption for unit output value
within the audit period (tce/ ten thousand yuan)
t /
(Source: Page 2, GB/T 13234-1991)
49
 How Efficiency is a Power
Plant

1kg Standard Coal =29.27 MJ = 7000 Cal

1kWh =3.6 MJ

1 kg Standard Coal =>8.0 kWh

Actual Situations

1kWh =320g sc (NDRC, 2005)

1kg Standard Coal =>3kWh

Eff. Of Power Plant 37.5%

50
 Energy saved by
process improvement

m
ET = Eti
i =1

ET Energy saved by operation changes (tce/year)

t /

Eti Energy saved by operation change number i (tce/year)

i t /

m Number of operation changes

(Source: Page 2, GB/T 13234-1991)

51
 Energy saved by process
improvement (Cont.)

r
Eti = ( Etbi Etji ) M bi
i =1
Etbi Energy consumption for product i before any operation changes (tce/unit output product)
i
t /
Etji Energy consumption for product i after operation changes (tce/unit output product)
i
t /
M bi Number of product i produced one year after the operation changes (t)
i
t
r Number of products

(Source: Page 2, GB/T 13234-1991)
52
 Energy saved by changing
production portfolio

n
Ecj = G ( K bi K ji ) E jgi
i =1

Ecj Energy saved by changing production composition (tce)

t

K bi Proportion of product i output value within the audit period

i
K ji Target proportion of product i output value
i

E jgi Energy consumption for unit output value

i t /

(Source: Page 3, GB/T 13234-1991)

53
 Energy saving rate
Output of
Product

ED E g
c = 100% g = 100%
EDj E gj
c Energy saving rate calculated by unit g Energy saving rate calculated
output of product (%) by unit output value % Output of
% % Value
E D Energy saved per unit output of E g Energy saved for unit output
product (tce/unit output) value (tce/ten thousand yuan)
t t
/ /
E Dj Target energy consumptio n for unit E gj Target energy consumption for
output of product (tce/unit output) unit output value (tce/ten thousand yuan)

t t
/ /
(Source: Page 3, GB/T 13234-1991)
54
Energy Audit Standard
in the United States
 Energy Audit Standard
in United States
Procedures for Commercial
Building Energy Audits
ISBN 1-931862-20-6
Published by the American
Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc
(ASHRAE) 2004

56
 Energy Audit Standard
in United States

Different levels for different purposes:

1. Preliminary Energy Use Analysis

2. Level I Analysis- Walk-Through Analysis
3. Level II Analysis- Energy Survey and Analysis
4. Level III Analysis- Detailed Analysis of Capital Intensive
Modifications

57
 Preliminary Energy Use
Analysis

Determine a buildings current energy and cost

efficiency relative to other similar buildings.

Make a rough determination of the benefits of further
analysis

Site Visit not a MUST
COST
Effectiveness of
conducting
further detailed
energy audit
58
 Preliminary Energy Use
Analysis Procedures
Determine the buildings primary use and gross floor area.

Summarize utility bills for a one year period, preferably three years, and
complete the energy performance summary.

Calculate the Energy Utilization Index (EUI) and cost index of each fuel
type and their combined total.

Compare indices with other similar buildings and derive target energy
and cost indices.

Compare the energy and cost saving for each fuel type if the building
were to reach the target indices.
59
 Energy Performance
Summary and Indices

(Source: Page 15, Procedures for Commercial building Energy Audits)

60
Conversion Multipliers

All Energy
Types
Expressed
in
Thousands
of Btu

61
 Level I-
I- Walk
Walk--Through
Analysis

Identify and provide a savings and cost analysis of

low-cost/no-cost measures.

Provide a listing of potential capital improvements and
an initial judgment of costs and savings.

Provide initial judgment of

costs and savings by EMOs

62
 Level I Procedures

Perform the Preliminary Energy Use Analysis

Perform a brief walk-through survey and become familiar with the facility.

Meet with occupants to learn of special needs and identify any

efficiency problems.

Perform a space function analysis

Identify low-cost/no-cost changes and determine the savings that will

result from these changes.

Identify potential capital improvements for further studies and provide

an initial judgment of potential cost and savings.
63
 Level II-
II- Energy Survey &
Engineering Analysis

Provide the savings and cost analysis of all practical

measures that meet the owners constraints and
economic criteria.

This level of analysis will be adequate for most
buildings and measures.

64
 Level II Procedures

Perform the Level I Walk-Through Analysis

Review mechanical and electrical system designs, installed condition,

maintenance practices, and operating methods.

Review existing operating and maintenance problems.

Measure key operating parameters and compare to design levels.

Prepare a breakdown of total annual energy use into end-use

components.

65
 Level II Procedures (Cont.)

Review mechanical and electrical system designs, installed condition,

maintenance practice. List all possible measures that would save
energy.
Estimate cost of each practical measures and their impact on non-
energy operating cost.
Estimate the combined energy savings from implementing all of the
practical measures

Prepare a financial evaluation of the estimate total potential investment.

Following the submission of the report of Level II, meet with owner to
discuss priorities and to help select measures for implementation or
further analysis

66
 Level III-
III- Detailed Analysis
of Capital Intensive
Modifications

Focuses on potential capital-intensive projects that
involves more detailed field data and more rigorous
engineering analysis.

Provide detailed project cost and savings for major
capital investment decision.

Financial Solutions may required.

Involve Major Capital

Investment Decision

67
 Level III Procedures

Perform the Level II Energy Survey & Engineering Analysis

Expand definition of all modifications requiring further analysis.

Review measurement methods, and perform additional testing and

monitoring as required to allow determination of feasibility.

Perform accurate modeling of proposed modifications, and estimate the

cost and savings of each modification.

Prepare a schematic layout of each of the modifications

Meet with owner to discuss/develop recommendations.

68
Energy Audit Standard in
Australia/New Zealand
 Energy Audit Standard in
Australia/New Zealand

AS/NZS 3598:2000, Australian/New Zealand

Standard Energy audits

Prepared by Joint Technical Committee EN/1,
Energy Auditing,

Approved by the Council of Standards Australia and
the Council of Standards New Zealand

70
 Energy Audit Standard in
Australia/New Zealand

Levels of Energy Audit:

1. Level 1- Overview
2. Level 2- Energy Use Audit
3. Level 3- Analysis Audit

The user may decide on a single level of

audit, or may start with Level 1 audit and
use the results to decide whether to
progress to one of the other levels.
71
 Energy Management
Program Flowchart
Energy Management
Program

Decide on level of
audit

Level 1 Audit Level 2 Audit Level 3 Audit

Client Review Client Review Client Review

Energy Management Program

Management structure
Implement
Appointing an energy manager
Develop an energy management policy Monitor &
Involving all staff set new targets
Monitoring utility bills
72
 Frequencies of Audits

A level 1 audit should be undertaken each year as part

of the review of an energy management program.

Higher levels of audit should be undertaken every 3 to
5 years or whenever there is:
Proposed and recent significant change in site use or
process;
Site development or refurbishment;
Proposed and recent revision of working practices;
Substantial changes in energy price or its availability;
A significant increase in the energy performance indicator
for the site;
Hong Kong Government
Introduction of new technology.
requires Building Energy
Audit for every 10 years
73
 Level 1 Audit-
Audit- Overview

Evaluate the overall energy consumption of the site

Determine the overall level of efficiency of the site

Provide rough orders of savings and cost, accuracy of
figures would generally be within 40%.

Baseline Determination.

74
 Level 1 Procedures

Obtain the following information:

Building construction type and fabric.
Type and configuration of services.
Unit of production and its quantity.

Determine the total consumption of all fuels for the 24-month period
before the audit.

Prepare monthly energy consumption profiles (kWh/month) for the

previous two years.

Evaluate load profile data if available (daily, monthly, seasonally).

75
 Level 1 Procedures (Cont.)

Prepare energy performance indicators (kWh/production unit,

$/production unit, kWh/m) and compare with industry norms if available

Prepare a tariff analysis of all forms of energy used.

Identify potential for reduction of energy consumption and cost at the

site, provision recommendations for further action.

Prepare a report, which includes the sources of data and the accuracy
of estimations.

76
 Summary of
Annual Energy Use

Emission
Factors

(Source: Page 24, AS/NZS 3598:2000)

77
 Performance Indicators

(Source: Page 25, AS/NZS 3598:2000)

78
 Level 2 Audit-
Audit-
Energy Use Audit

Identify energy input and energy use

Identify savings and recommend measures

Provide a preliminary assessment of costs and
savings. Accuracy of figures would generally be
within 20%.

79
 Level 2 Procedures

Complete the tasks specified for Level 1 audit.

Inspect the audit site by observing energy usage patterns, plant

and equipment operation and maintenance, and building fabric.

Prepare an analysis of the sites energy use, identifying the sources of

energy, the amount of energy supplied, and detailing what the
energy is used for.

Prepare energy consumption targets and indicators of energy end use

throughout the audit site (lighting, HVAC, domestic hot water)

80
 Level 2 audit Procedure
(Cont.)
A list of recommendations to reduce energy consumption and cost,
which includes capital works and general management options.

Capital works recommendations include:

A description of the work program involved in implementing
each recommendation.
Predicted annual energy and cost savings for each
recommendation.
Predicted cost of implementing each recommendation.
Comparison of benefits and costs.

General management options include:

Changes to maintenance and operating practices.
Alternative fuels, tariff structures, staffing arrangements

Prepare a report, which includes any findings and recommendations

arising from carrying out tasks as described above
81
 Level 3 Audit-
Audit-
Analysis Audit

Provide detailed recommendations, including costs,
savings and accuracy of estimates;

Provide detailed investment analysis;

Provide detailed implementation plan;

Suggest refinements to energy policy and energy
program;

Provide firm estimate of savings and costs, accuracy
of figures would be within +10% for costs and -10%
for benefits.

82
 Level 3 Procedures

Complete the tasks specified in Level 1 and Level 2 audits.

Attend the following formal meetings:

1. 1st meeting- to review current energy usage levels, finalize the
project methodology and timing.

Provision a detailed analysis of the site to determine where, when and

how energy is used.
This should include evaluation of the audit sites building operation and
services, plant and equipment operation, control systems,
maintenance schedules, hours of operation and analysis of staff
working hours.

83
 Level 3 Procedures (Cont.)

Prepare hourly consumption profiles of all fuels used over a period of 7

days.

Provision all meters, instruments and equipment necessary to meet the

intent of the audit, and ensuring their accuracy.

Provide recommendations which shall be defined in detail to enable

quotations to be invited without further external assistance.

Prepare a report and a presentation to the energy user.

2nd meeting- auditor makes a presentation to the energy user detailing

recommendations and implementing plan.
84
 Energy Saving Measures

Measures Examples
investment
cost
Zero or low cost switch-off campaigns
Adjustment of existing controls
Change of fuel purchasing tariff

Low to medium Installation of new controls

cost
Insulation or refurbishment
Installation of additional metering to monitor energy use

High cost Replacement or upgrading of equipment

Installation of a building energy management system
Changes in methods of generating power

85
 Comparison of
Different Standards
 Comparison
Hong China USA Australia
Kong
Types/ Level 2 - 4 3
Past bills analysis 3 years 1 year or 2 or more 2 years
period specified years
Fuel Tariff No No No Yes
Analysis
Indices used EUI/BEP EUI Energy
Performance
Indicators

Energy Yes Yes Yes Yes

Consumption
Profiles
87
 Comparison of Energy Audit
Types in Different Guidelines

Guidelines on Procedures of Commercial Australian/New

Energy Audit, Building Energy Audits , Zealand Standard
EMSD ASHRAE Energy Audit,
AS/NZS 3598: 2000
Types of Walk- Preliminary Energy Level 1 Audit :
Energy through Audit Overview
Audit Audit
Level I: Walk-through Level 2 Audit :
Detailed Analysis Energy Use
Audit Audit
Level II: Energy Survey
and Engineering Level 3 Audit :
Analysis Analysis Audit
Level III- Detailed
Analysis of Capital-
Intensive Modification

88
Methods for Data Collection
 Data Collection

Methodologies:

Questionnaires
On-site Observation
Interview representative of Facility Management Office
for the buildings and end-users
Measurement

90
 Data Collection

Type of data to be collected

Building information
Type of chillers, their capacities and operational
characteristics
refrigeration pressure / temperature
water flow rate / temperature / pressure
Type of HVAC system, their components and
operating characteristics
Occupancies or usage for various equipment /
systems

91
 Data Collection

Documents to be collected
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Manual
Testing and Commissioning (T&C) report
Energy consumption bills
Schematic diagrams
Layout drawings showing system characteristics
Equipment/system operational records
Logs of temperature, pressure, operational hours

92
 Questionnaires for Data
Collection

(Source: Guidelines on Energy Audit,2007, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department.)

93
 Energy Audit Forms-
Forms-1
Total Energy Consumption

(Source: Guidelines on Energy Audit,2007, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department.)

94
 Energy Audit Forms-
Forms-2 Floor Area,
Occupancy, Room Temperature and
Lighting Level

(Source: Guidelines on Energy Audit,2007, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department.)

95
 Energy Audit Form 3-
3-
Checklist for HVAC-
HVAC-1

(Source: Guidelines on Energy Audit,2007, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department.)

96
 Energy Audit Form 3-
3-
Checklist for HVAC-
HVAC-2

(Source: Guidelines on Energy Audit,2007, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department.)

97
 Energy Audit Form 4- 4-
Checklist for Lighting

(Source: Guidelines on Energy Audit,2007, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department.)

98
End of Section