Brief description of the lab

The purpose of this lab was to design and analyze a crystal oscillator circuit. In order to
accomplish this, we first needed to model the quartz crystal as combination of passive circuit
elements. To do this, we obtained the crystals resistance and reactance plots from the network
analyzer and then we modeled the circuit on ADS. With these plots we then calculated the
passive component values. [Week 2 description here] Commented [1]: Finish after week 2

Description of the crystal model

A quartz crystal is a two terminal passive circuit element that can be modeled as a series RLC
in parallel with a capacitor(shown in figure 1.1). Physically, a quartz crystal is a very thin crystal
wafer that is sandwiched between two metal plates. The two metal plates account for the
parallel capacitance C0, the series RLC model the mechanical vibrations of the crystal wafer.

The quartz crystal will exhibit many resonant frequencies which come in pairs(figure [insert
number]) denoted as fS and fP(series and parallel resonance). The reactance plot for a single
pair will look something like figure [insert figure number]. Notice that the crystal exhibits
capacitive reactance over most frequencies except for a very small region in between fS and fP.
When the crystal operates in this small inductive region it is known as parallel resonant mode,
and when it operates at fS it is known as series resonant mode. Figure [insert] shows
logarithmic plot of the crystal resistance. Notice that it spikes near both fS and fP which are very
close to each other.
Diagram of the setup for crystal measurement
The setup for the NA is very simple. If you look at the image below, you will see the platform
where some impedance is placed to be analyzed by the NA. To connect the impedance or the
network, depress the clamps(red arrows) and insert the two ends of the network into the
clamps(green arrows). This platform is connected to the NA through a single port(blue arrow).
This image cannot currently be displayed.

Description of calibration and crystal measurement

To measure the crystal and model it properly on ADS, we had to first obtain its impedance plot
data values which we accomplished by use of the NA. In order for the NA to give an accurate
measurement, it had to be calibrated by measuring three known data points; zero impedance,
high impedance, and a 50 matched load. Once the NA was calibrated, the crystal impedance
was measured and the result from the NA was transferred to ADS where the circuit model and
resistance and reactance plots were simulated.

5,6,7,8 Show ADS model for the measured crystal & Explain how the comonent values
were obtained
In this section, our goal is to find the value of L, C, r and C0 in this crystal circuit model.

A. First we did wideband measurement. We would use this measurement to determine C0.
Below is the measured reactance of our crystal from 7MHz to 10 MHz.
At low frequency, the inductor L looks like short. Also since r is small, the circuit looks like two
capacitors: C0 and C in parallel. Since C0 is much larger than C, almost all current will go
through C0. The parallel impedance is just

.
Therefore the reactance is

.
Then we can calculate that at f=7MHz and X=-9980.72 C0=- = 2.278033 pF

B. Now we measure the narrow band impedance of the circuit.

We first found the series and parallel resonance frequency. fs=10.2379063MHz and
fp=10.2563672MHz. Then at fs we find that the resistance r=15.5.
Then we use the formula below to find C.

We plug in fp, fs, and C0, and get C=8.215457 fF. Indeed it is much smaller than C0, as we
expected.

At last we use formula below to compute L,

We plug in fs and C to get L=29.416 mH.

9,10 Use ADS to simulate the circuit with the components value we calculated, and plot
measured & simulated R and X in the same plot.

First I will plot wideband R and X. Below are the ADS model for wideband setup, and also
measured & simulated R and X. Note that Z denotes measured result. Z_sim means simulation.
Second, I will plot narrowband R and X. Below are the ADS model for narrowband setup, and
also measured & simulated R and X.
We found that our simulation is very very close to the measured results.