Gen Chem Day 2-Periodic Trends and Bonding

Periodic Trends
Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius Fr
Isoelectronic Series

1st Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron
He
nd rd th
2 , 3 , 4 , etc.

Electron Affinity
Energy change associated with gaining an electron
F
Cl
Br
I

Electronegativity
F

Bonding
Covalent (molecular or network solids) non-metal with non-metal

Ionic (ionic crystals) metal with non-metal

Metallic (metallic lattices) metal with metal

Physical Properties
Ionic compounds high m.p. and b.p., brittle

Metallic high m.p. and b.p. (usually), conduct electricity, malleable, ductile

Molecular lower m.p. and b.p.

Molecular Structures
Lewis Dot Symbols (Ex. CH4, CO2, SF4)
Formal Charges
Polar Covalent Bonds
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
Molecular Geometry
VSEPR Theory

Hybridization

Electron Hybridization Bond Angle Electron Domain Non-bonding Molecular Geometry

Domains
2 sp
3 sp2
4 sp3
5 sp3d 90, 120
6 sp3d2
Geometry Pairs e-
180 Linear 0 Linear
120 Trigonal planar 0 Trigonal planar
1 Bent
109.5 Tetrahedral 0 Tetrahedral
1 Trigonal pyramidal
2 Bent
Trigonal bipyramidal 0 Trigonal bipyramidal
1 See-saw
2 T-shaped
3 linear
90 Octahedral 0 Octahedral
1 Square pyramidal
2 Square planar

Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
F-H, O-H, or N-H bond required in a pure substance
F, O, or H to H-bond with H2O

Dipole-dipole (and ion-dipole, dipole-induced dipole)

Intermolecular force for polar molecules

London Dispersion Forces (Van der Waals)

A temporary or transient dipole. All molecules have these and the more surface area, the greater the London
dispersion forces.

Higher Intermolecular Forces lead to higher boiling pts, higher melting pts, higher viscosity, higher surface
tension, but lower vapor pressure