‘Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Folational Frame Theory, and the Third Wave of ‘Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Sreven C Hoes eyo Ne ans ‘Sie fn! pce set Styl cle Tew woe echt ar det hn rs ae ‘Stns cp inn pe or ‘hn mashes pn Ace iirc hwy AC annem TACT coma ot then nee a ‘he eng ce: Roson ne Tey RF) RF alae yore fe mt cpl vast un a [Graentoe pce gringo ahh Seine Scere amd see see ane tn temo oe (ver thet sso yers gies mb of beta hepits ave merged ta donot teal to dna eatin whine Be. Earp iniose Diese Bence erpy CB Lien, 199) Pe til Ale Pyehrapy (FAP: Kohls & Tol, 193, tmegatve Behavioral Coupe They (BCT, Jacobson Chasers, 1990) and Micfubes- Based Cogine herapy (MCT, Sega, Wins, Teale, 2002 song several oes eg. Borkoves Roemer, 198, MeCuloueh 2oo0, Nari 0: Manel Adi ace, 201; Roemer Ori, say ac ine pp note kav et soa of it ese {iva presen te aes Ma Bey 20 “rele og pa yey nyo2002) No one fester unites these new metho, buts fave ventured no ‘rest radially reseed fr to lssempatcl wings of lel nerve. ‘on and analy, emphasizing seh ies a aecoptanes, idles, cop ‘ve dtuion, dies, ales, petal, and Felalonhi, Thee heh ‘are often more experanil han dacs to undeyingpueeopies sre more contests thn mec. “Accptstew a Comstent Therapy (ACT, sida one wor, not ase ‘es; Hayes, Seah e Wilson, 199) anthro his wroup. ACT i bad to catagrie. Tne Sadia distinctions (eg, behavioral Yrs Ges Usa erat cog) soar tobe more confusing ha clang THe recall speshing, ACT 5 gous behavior, bat ets sed on 3 com [stent cnpncal nays of hamn cognition (elaenal Frame Theor Ur RET Hayes Barer Holmes, Rech, 2001) Based ia clic beter Salyi, ACT nevetbelss seriously adess sues of spilt, values. tnd self enone er such spin, Sih eaogren ambiguity i shared wil the iajnty of theae new methods For example, le ACT ss supposed “pei” and MBCT is suppsedly "ogntive he vo seem ch more lol ale th eter re sa, Becks cognatve hevapy he on had trea dsestzaton onthe oe, ‘When sett of noms evens co-oecur that ae difiet wo categorize using wellesublsed distinsions, sometimes the el els reorganizing Behave therapy ha edly ved ough pesiods of reorganization na ‘Splnary Ite tat aw enters its ith dade Nb maybe suc ese The purpose of this atic to explain ACT and to show how teas othe inllecon ond practi evolution that coms to be unr way Wan eb leery ‘The Waves of Behavior Therapy Behavior therapy canbe roughly categorized nt thre wats or gener: ine (nc war one spect esd, we il ne he ere oie lortherpy oferta teen rane of bevionl and copie heap, {om cla bhava rly toc therapy) What ean by 2 "wave ‘Sarat or formulation of dint ssumpion, methods ad gal, sme ‘pict, hit help ganze eseareh thery, and pectic The Ft Wave “The fst wane of havior therapy was in part ebelion sein prevaling lineal eoncepions, Easy behav thespns beleved tha theories sho be bul upon the Setock of sientialywellextsised base eile, tn tha plied technologies shouldbe wellspeted and igo ested In'ontast esting eles tations bad vey oor lnk osetia tstblabed base enipes, vague speciation of nervetions an weab Scintie evidenem msppor ofthe mpct fee strveatons. an nc ‘Wis (1978 showed ie dul meteoric and empirical ence wherACHR AND HE MWD WAVEOF REUAMOR THERAPY 6S they defined behvior therapy in tars of “peratonly defined ering the ty and canoe to wel-esablbed experimental paradigms”. 7 The objections fo esting ei valitons were shred by Bath ofthe rmsjor sem within behavior therapy atte tine, oobi and tae analysis and for that eas Wht united early baie traps tremode frame testa dileancs song thet, Both of es tad hone were sony sintieslyse, a ts could unite part i ‘ou maton and empirical weakaes of competing clin paral “Th cre ofthe abjecton to sna apd humana concos Was et thecetcal and empirical, but the spctcagumens were sbbtante. For ramp, Fre’ eve of Lt Hats (924/195) war skewered by etry ehavor rapists, who ridiculed the amazing phe of peyeowalye fancy te eae sty Sood Bandura. 1900 pp. 11-13; Wolpe & Rach ‘man, 1960), Fre ego that Lite Hans wa fing to leave hae a3 ‘ean of siding Ocal elings and sulin estan anxiety The cor ‘ote remoning tht fed ths conclusion fclodd cals that t hase {ving though gt silat ees leaving he an, Toad eats hs prognnt woman, abd at "te fling Rese wasnt oly is dying Fate but lo is mother chibi” (Feu, 1985, p 128). eave hers (Gope & Rachnan, 1960) had afar sper explanation, Since Lil Hans td seen hore ro eat fll ver ast the ces and Steams of ides (Giang sve other bese elated fighting evens), it was mor lass "hat he sided png outside Deca he Had earned eof ores. Sea tor tera ped fan tte employ of pajehoualte thera by Sowing expenmenully tat simple contingencies could realy pect Tehvioe tht wold occasion bua pujelnalyteineretion (6, Asllon, Haughton Hughes, 1965), ‘Behavior herp fosed deel on peolonate behavior and ereton, ‘asd on coining nd no Beare! principles The gal wouldaot be sa th hypusie ncnciu fee desies Lite Ha ac ‘Shoal Paychoaalae rial this appreach eg Bookbinder 196. ‘Sehramt Sly 1966) onthe pounds dat syn substuton weal er ‘utp sper behaviors guns, ott enonsions dss weuld oe Stel ecesry defense chars But hs clam tslf was an object of | {etaor! enim (eg, Yates 1988) and, while seme posible om a ‘etal pointe view (Banda, 193, pp. 4845), aan empirical mater proved tote mich eso = problem than psychoanalyst suposed Nur= ‘orger& Hinge 1973). ‘Wi a diet change te focus came also a certain namoing of vision, omever The ete analytic and umamitieconepa were cca et, They penealy wee designed to address fgimental human ese ck vat poopie want ot of Heo why is ado be human. Unaunat.5 ‘agus conepis were rece thelr eying prpons lo Deas re ‘ively ntastionableThe Second Vive Inthe Inte 19608, no-beavirss began to abandon spe associat aoepts of Itming in favor of mote eile mediation! pepe nd mechanistic computer metaphors The nw copie peyholog established ‘much meer! real apprech ht speedo hypaisizd ine tal psychological machinery “The fair of Slang theory was parle by Skane’ (195 ue to provide an empiacaly adequate analysis of language and cognition “This alr is especially poignant because nada” behavionsn over {he Wasonian session gaat she det Sint analysis of though. Fetings, and other private ovens Shiner ido (194) onthe grounds tas {asaveal analy of scientist themselves was necessary (hs the word “uc” and when tat analysis vas made ws lett cent be vit depended ot onthe target rToaion a anazad eves tu onthe ‘ute ofthe contingencies conraling the observations of them, Objet ‘Sol es inthe aba of prvate evens, and scericalyuaaceeptbe jecay could ocut nthe analysis pbllyeberved event (or vie ‘ere Tht fndamentl break ith he Watton ton (ander the ne Inappropate abel of “rea behaves") was no appa Fr what ‘was Because Skiers analysis of language and cognition lel him to co Tine thot while wscientialy valid stay of tought and feclings was por "le we ni ned o unde ovet bev, Langage a cognen ‘eas consived ofa simple operant tshovior and nt nach aed nothing Fandmeraly new tothe contingeney steam surounding er behavior, ‘Thus, dooe was opened by SKioner, bu few ebavior analyst walked ‘hough tor would hve bal any reason odo. Behavior thrust ow fey needed to dea with hogs nd fein «more dct ad cent way. Inthe coven ofthe fre of bs oi ‘iia and blur analyst prove ap adequate acco of hua ‘tape gti th sone lat hy eal ennive mena cet ‘ot bebivior change (o, Bandur, 1969) quik fomered into the cogatve ‘herpy ovement (eg, Beck Rus, Shay & Ee) 1979; Mahoney. 197, “Melcentaim, 1979), Sfthlogiclbshavonsn provided x ready meu forte wanton om the fst othe second wave of Behavior erp: "Ont an stay infeed evens oe processes ad rein a besvinst a feng These eves or prceaas hve messrale ad operational cerns” (aks 1 Wilton, 1974 p. 7. Some neoeshavarie objected tht cognition bac been dal wit a long (Wolpe, 1980), bt hs obeton was anoee. beenee what was mort ave wat the centaity of cognition ad te exe ‘ity node en dal mith iin more natal wy. Eat cgnitve beaver therapies aresed copie fram acne. clas relevant polo view (Conan copntine errs seemed characterise of pte poplatons, ne researc proceeded ciely tothe ientifeation ofthese ryan he mth ‘lsneeded to comet hem,Some ofthe cea themes ofthe frst wave ofbebsvirtecpy wee cr tied fora int the second, including defocus on content changes, ce what fs been called stoner chang. the second wave rational ph, patholopealcopntive schemas, or faulty informaton-procesing set ‘rol be weskend reine through het dstacon, costo, stg, {nd cepaton, mich x sity wet be replsed by relation abe est ‘eve. Beck fo eample sad “Aough thre hae been any deetons tt ogni therapy I hve sn mt sted wh the ston dha eave therapy is best vowed as te application of the cognitive modelo art Tar sore withthe ee of a vant af lebiqus dxgned Lo mod the ‘ysl slits and fay information poessrng charters fac Sore” Beck, 1993, . 18, "Some ler af he socon-wive therapies msn to preset an sere rod ta bth paychouales andthe fst wave of havior therapy. Aaron [Beck we partial ler abot is, asking the etre questi, "Can Aeoglingpeycotherapy challenge the gin inthe field—psjchoaais nd bovior herp (199, p 53), Despite at shetoe, bee the Spy expanded to absorb the imation. Mt terapis wihinnpaneatins ine te Arson for Advancement of Behavior Therapy seemed to sae the tension between th vo wats by aking vey lrge sept te decten ‘tcogntive therapy, bt opping jit shor of abandonment of the sane Senses rough che un fhe “cognive-behavior tery” (CBT tel Hechaviont principles were pven mach iss phan, nd cope cece ps ‘vee gien much more, bunting seemed to prohibit te wse of emp aly petted lierorder change methods med over bshaver, emote, ahd ‘opto, depending onthe specif stanton and reference ofthe a Inthit wy the soca wave ply assed the st Contexts Supporing New Wave of Behavior herepy ‘When disciplines markely socesfl tends 1 conto inthe same lost fo tne wit sei crumiaton of i mmo ae heres hve intersting ork od ad oars Tr dang that werk ven Tully however. these asumpionsTemselesbepin ob examined oma es rally emerge ht ndenine he daria pura, Youngs ees ‘of dniplinary pragma less hoon to previo sumo a ae thes more pone ho gue thr Ever bt nd vision it wer never roel can reemerge if prvnar minor ews ence aga regu a fone, ‘When hae asamplon and mode Begin oe questioned. the dpe coer intom creative Dt lightly dsoentng mei hich ew formations {nee and compete wih ole coes wiht x broad consensus abot the tale ofthese new appaches. The beluvoral and cogaitve therapies see tube in sucha singe Tere te mail ean, but 0 wl be dsc “Amalles. According oth tonal arate ofthe second wave the lets af previous beevioel methods and conditioning models werelargely coectd by the ation of cognitive change methods snd model, ‘While giving copie vanublsaceaed weight generally teow tune been te forward, ais noma sr forcing a eexaminaton fern aspect of ths diol native, priculaly the core ide that iret cognitive change ea necessary or mary mod of lal improve ‘hoot inmost ass A lng component nay dy (Gorin Gollan, Dob fom, coon, 1998 acon ts. 196) showed that with depression "Nhe was no ative ene fo proving copie ltrvnos in cog ve therapy" (Dabson & Kha, 200.913; eZ Hayes, 1987), The txplisly contexts "Beavioal actvato” model tha has emerged ffm hi work (Marl ts 2001) fs he psema to be re edly ix eminated han copie therapy Holo, 2001. The response to aera ‘ogntive therapy fn ocr before the presumptively Hey Tete hae teen adequately implemented (lar & Crlghed, 194) There aes varie {possible reson for this (Tan & Deus, 199), bu on balance thi ie Tubing finding st yo dequney explnned (ar A Craighead, 199, (GIT. Wieon, 195). Suppor forte hypothesized mods of eang>in C= Funes ee, ums Spangler, 200% Morgenstern & Langabaigh, 2000, ‘tcl rae ta reel an explanatory rather than dese {Re Bock & Perkin, 2001; Bing & Kaylan, 200) ally well-supported essing accounts of major order have risen to ealenge donc rive acount, bu ile sl recognizing the Imparant role of cognition (Gg, Bouton, Mieka, &Bariow. 2000, Fitosohy of tence hanger. Toe tno of well-known egnitve nd thao therapies in theft and second wave ar laely mechaniste The em et dele that erally appl to empatr s4 Wosk ‘ng metaptor bt sre of her meds s wel. Prom a mechani pot vie furan comply i thought be bulk up of lay pas. re tion, an forces (eg. i he nervous sytem: cn cognitive mechanisms fd to gol of cence ito model the elements a conpehensive Way. Soyo parila thought mgaed fo be moniated wi ends Ife ajosent eg a prsclar thought may supose be leading 0 aver ‘ve emotions or effective action). In second-wave interventions, the cote of ths hugh usally ec teed the gil Ms ier tconen mig bs ponte at the tat of ho though bees: tcnativesesinstuchons might be ened. Al ofthese presse Ha the fom fequeny, or stantena ses of he thoght el ads det ‘oumatonal an behavioral fects oherey mesh assume ‘Thee of conse el snr posteast and pes-postodeis) theories have weakened he de tt sei thors int ret part Df resi tht ean then be organized into comprehensive modes (hye Hayes, Reese, & Sarin, 1993} These changes in losphy of since hve {rally weakened the ssunptve base of oth he re and second wae Feavics and copntive therapies sd et undeying nes (eg. Jenking 1974) favor ofa mre sural and eorex approach (More,2000). Changes within the thinking of eter proponents have sonsimes Foveal tht sme proces (compar Beck, Rus, Sh, & Ee 197, ‘eh Emery Cunt, 1986 or Maooey. 1974, with Mahoney, 200) 'A broader mor oneal foes ws ako supported by weaken of tbe [FDA model hat coined with an en infaened the soso wae, pa Sola dough edo TandngUakea othe weament of highly pected syndromes, Ove time i hi come cea that any Geant (bth ar "acco nd peyhoterpoati) hve broad fects, patholo pr ‘ese fend to best bead is ht prevalence apd impact. As thse aa ‘tee aber, rome rseteh linia gan othink in tems of mr go ‘ral mele and testo! apreuces, which et the stage for an enpiel Salyas of wcond-odec not merely fst, change aragin Factors sich a hese can set the tage, ba change require ew is at Innovations These fave come, and fom all comers of behavior therapy. om the move behuvionl sid, expose tased therapies began te facts ‘more om contact with ltr events (Bao, 2002). seking tater he Eton of these evens, not nese th ares pr se. Ths, alo WA ‘er ndings (eg, Ar, Cras, & Bartow 1987) pally fe tos more neta rater han simple eliminate approach (2, Bouton, Muka, & Barlow, 2001) The postive eteomes for DBT (Linehan, 1983; sce ayes Mavadn, Basu, Tuam, & Guseere, 200, fra recent outcome Review) provid song sappo for he role of both acxpance and change tad for the value of madfulness in Beavir thenapy ayes, Folete, & neha, Dn Hayes, Jacobsen, Flv, & Dough, 198%) inte egative Wing {emona and mecaogative perspocies eg Wels, 199) ban sl the focus from fntonder cognate chang. Ths shift undermined e en tutte form or frequency of pete paematc cognitions were. 0c Inginstead on he cogntive coment and coping Setegies reed ote Spe ‘ie thougs. More emphass began to be pen to contig the presen ‘omen (eg, Botovec & Rocre, 1984), sraarlyredvectng reument ‘coun, Finally Mindainss Based Cognitive Teropy Tessa ct, 2002) provided dramatic evidence that it was posit alr the Taneéon of ought witht it lei the frm "ACT iin line with thee same changes. Inthe next eton [wl deserve [ACT ts theoretical and plop bas: ecigues: and 2 sai {ng of data evant to In so ding. To ot wih imply ary icy for ‘AGT inthe changes that seen tobe acuring. Nevereles the csc fon of ACT wil be asf for or fol tsk characeration af te new trove of he betavil and cognitive hers, ‘The Theoretical and Philosophical Basis of ACT ACT is site fom the fat wave of behavior therpy nor the nb ices upon bt hic tc owl ee ecgsnd thorial underpinnings of ACT. Because of it shorthand nature, this ‘Simmary snes dese me compte expleatons ean be ou Bok form elbewhore eg. Hayes ly 199; Hayes etal, 200). ACT Phlsoply: Functional Comexation “Auhoogh itis clearly post Skin, ACT spat of he Behavir analytic ‘ration and than ike aa eon “Rada beter 3 ‘oor unbelter fr ACT, however th cna ts a name ta begs oe ‘isundestnding nd cause ACT ie based on nly one of wo unde tly iit phlewphies tat consnae to co sce under he deal et tora le “Asta smount of pisopbial work was dove 1a caf the pit sophie! basis of ACT clon hat help define ta an aporsch tht ‘neither first nor second wave bor therapy ACT ad arguably, md tf behavior asl sl) ie Base ona arty of pragmatism known = Functional eouextuaism (Bien & Hayes, 1996; Hajes, Hayes, Rotsa 198: Hayes etl, 1993) Te cre nats wit ancl cones fete “ongoing actin context The coe componente of fanconsl cone slg ar (a) foc the whole eves, sensi tothe leo cone ndrstaing the naire and foneson ofan even, (© empha on 8 pa ate th ertevon and (0) pete scenic gals against wtih app? ‘that ith enterion” ACT commepizes peyholoiel evens a 5 eto ‘got ltractlonsPetveen whole ogusisms and still and stato Aiy dened contents, Removal of cheats problematic bekaaos fom th oe tha paren tat event (mee analyzing mans bea ‘eal symptoms hese) tought ss the nature ofthe problem ag 'tenes frie solon. Retin of al in rented wheter hl be ‘duction aos lvl of aalyss ilogkal ection o within he Deyehologiel domain (et physieaiatedefitons of behavior or eon Tea event), (eyes eal, 1985) i coridere ree ha rT enero ko tha works weve one tus know what one i working foward: ther Inst be he clears pr statement ao analyte gal Hayes, 1993), Inca texts, ultimate goals enable analysis (hat they allow a pga frat eterion to be applied) they ar ox temslves the result of anal Sis This meats cat while ume gous ae fourdatonl in contextulsty ‘hy eat only be sated ot usted. Thre ae evo major types of eon lst, egunize it tr ofthe gals Oiyes 1993) deserve context {sm (6 homoneates, dant marae psychology. fait psycho ‘0g soll sontsetonam, an th ik) hich Saks av apretaon a feipant m wae eve, and fnctioalconexualsm (ez behavior ral), which seeks te redicion and inane of ongoing itractons etieon whole ogantms me itor and sitatonaly dened comet ‘alyssa sought that have precson (only crn teens and concep‘spp tos given phonomenon), scope (pinsples apply toa ange of pena ha, and dep hey coere ars stent level a nate such ‘ny, ympehology, and cul! anthropology) infoptionlcomestslsn,preicion tnd nance” is seen sted ol (analy shold help cco th mln an or ares Fonctonalcotextal salen nays include contextual variables, econ plahing sgl of infening Behavior eles suessful mapuon {rents and ely contextual varabls can be manipolated directly (Hye Browse, 1986) Ste sncter way, analyst deal ony psychalon- fea dependent vail (e,emation, to, overt action can tee Be filly adoqate sr meavared span the pape prpes of funtion eon {extn Thos, the environment of Besser aals 8 no dogma, tb pragma. Ply excatng he implications of fnctional coatextuaim a piles ply of scence Inno posible inthe present ale so Bilan & Hayes, 18; Hayes 1983: Hayes et aly 1088), bu toe fetes are worth ‘mening hte ss they ar echoed ip ACT set and Bess they po ‘ide const to he mechanste alse. Fs, fanetional eontexbalsm ‘Eaveslsi ploophy tat neverilas on epistemological gourds. res totlogy- ACT und RFT rene tying oi ht i ecly to eal tecane we Know the weld nly though our ineroctios i and with and those icons are ays hire an comely ted. sea, [ACT and RET are theo anditerveons designe o make pale Aierence, they sr" onl to the degree ate dos. Ivara Srayc ACT eens te enconraged abandon a inert the eral bu The own hops or erations: stad they ate encouraged to embrace a sonst and ongoing interest in ow fo ve acer otha alc. So ng, fnctonl contexts lian cont fcased —no creas tthe na mhanial way ACT there x concious poste ef genes tho acceptance toward all pgehoogeal event even hey are fray men svanl” ween pape Te uae not he presence oF say pra ven, bt ns cotextalyesbished function od main Final the fonda ature of gol contextual is refcted in the [ACT ena on chosen sales poceasy component of antl Ife (ond ade meaningful couse of tenet. sie ACT Theory Relational Frame Theory “Te inl biggest faire of he et wae of behavior therapy was fing wo deal adequately with cognition, The was ot he fal af behavior ery mich or SR lesing thay ad beaviot analysis, whic had bth tar ‘ia ths demain The soon wave dealt with he ope tut did 50 eer by adopting ae clinally based pprosch, which néermined te link esween achive therapy and base theay, oe by embrring a rely ‘echuntecognkive peycholgy (bsed on “nfonsaon processing” aod ‘Sompatermetor) wich epsizes te urangement of depend asises tht eb preston rater he difrently emphasizing those com textual vale hat canbe drecl manipulated in the service of psycholog ten change "ACT tes this and entirely new path. ACT is built 0 functional estes propa of hase seach on linguage and cognition: Relten Frame Thoory (Hayes eal 2001). The pesce of such a esearch pro fam allows nex, pot-Skinneran approach to language end cogaticn fat atempts to pore manipulale bat principe foal forms of comme "Acording to RET, he crf human language and cognition ihe aii tw earn relate evens under sbitary context! coat: Negara site Ue elationy ae tose define by font properties elated event I re ‘bjs loos the sneak another or biger tun note. a wie vaity ek Sima woud be lt er tht elation sd then show i with ew aes ‘hata formally lated inthe sme way (Rese 1968), Haran sings sem ‘pocialy abl to abaract the Touro of such rlatoal responding and {og the unde corel contol ot relational arin il ante tents hat re nor noses tlaed frmaly butcher ae elated oo th basis of tes ary eves Cb" thi content means “by 2k ‘sim or coven”) For example, having eared that x15“ tha °X" hans my rb ble to ply ths stimula relation to evens under the cool aha ccs (och athe worden"). Avery youn hil il Know th a cele igge than die, bu lig de {EU il een that nickel “smaller than" dime by stein, even Though in foal Sse no. "Therese thee main propertos ofthis kindof relational easing. Fist, ct lation show muta enaiiment or "bidirectional Is person les that snes ins parc ay 1B se acoxt hea this mest nal some nd of eatin baween Bund A iota ones, Fr example, pron taught that hs ite sae as bag, tha person wil deve tha Boing i Person eae in a pica covet tha A reltes in prcuarway oy Sn relts na pail ay tC, he suse sre kid of tal ‘Sltion botween A and Cin tat cotet. ex exarl if by station 3 tickets emalrthan ade anda de salen quar he il ‘Se deived tht a quater bigger than rskl apd kel smaller than (gate Fly sh lations enable a tunsfomatin of stints fanetion Swng related smal f you ned o buy candy a ce ie known to be “alble cil be decivd that ike wl be les vluble and arte ill be more valuable, without necessary decty purchasing candy wi ‘ts and quarters. When al ee features are esas with en ‘of latonal responding we eal he perTermance a “Yelabonal frame Wat makes rltons ring clay relevant tha fenton given to one ber elated eset tend to ker te Tuncons of ther mers Shppose a child has never before seen o plied with cas Afr leaming“C-A-T" anal, and C-A:T “eat” he cil an derive four ado rations animal ~> CAT “eat —> CAAT, “ea” anal, and animal —> "a" Now suppostha he ld ivscratche white paying witha, ces tnd rs away. Later the child hers ther saying, Ob, lok! A cat” Now the child gain res snd tyne may, eventhough the eld was nvee frat inthe pence ofthe words "OR, Toot cat feed, his ‘rampe thee name never wasted inthe presence of th animal Sich {tect ay help explain why, fr example, people can have a ntl panic Stack wile "iespe” in shoping mal, apd Soon feta thoy ae wry ing sbout being "tapped" in sn open fl cron 3 ids. What brings These ‘usin Together nt der formal properties in simple sense a he ‘eralogitv avis that rate tae eve ‘Rr smc sik, RET hos been presented or witht i tio butts oof the mos acve esearch reas in asc Behavior sass ‘ve the las decace, and sores of sles (feviewed in Hayes et 2001) hve sted nd found suport frisbee. According o RF, human Tunguage and cognition sre bth dependent oa rlaioal anes. When we thin reson, peak with meaning. or sen with wndrstnding, we ds by ‘envi velaios sma evs ~amg words nd evens, ors and weds, ‘ents tnd even Unite Skinner's Yerba operant, what unique about ‘esioal operat is hate ater how dec earning pecs tenses Stork: Foressmns the transformation of sia fucons ales how sti ls contol perats ice now evens ca acquire fenton through ict, Teitonal (ey "ope" means. Thus, ule Skanes acount, scr Ing to RET itis ot ja posible, ts neesary to anya copation i order tovandrtad human bee This insight caret the masta ofthe fst Weave, bat provides contextual way forward that flrs fom the more Inechaiteapproch ofthe second, ‘Applied ACT Tory The plications of RFT tions ifr fom thar rm rom iterative concen of eogatin RFT ‘in be used to goat Inovave meade meant to accomplish ty fst ‘rderchange gsi of rational CBT fe sea Hayes etal, 201, pp 228 230), bat gen the purpese ofthe present ace he elwaee OF RFT to ACT wll te emphasize. TRET pois del to he likelihood of eonitive sion std expel svoianes he dager of suppression and disputation, the impor of ogniive defsion nd expert acceptance, tbe prance of etn ‘Sees of sel andthe ently of values, among oer mpi. All Of these fave boxn expanded Into Heatent approaches. win ACT ‘Because ofthe lint spe avalable only few ofthese implica wl beexplred here ‘Expert avoidance and the failure of sppresion. Ove of tbe most thoogial roeses known nexperiental avedance: he ampli ape0 ves or ao private eet een when th atergt odo so cases pychoogia th ayes, Wilko, Caio, ole, & Sue, 1990, Emetion Tocsed ‘nd avdnt saps pet negate oncom n depression (DeOeno¥s Paton, rch, de Macternsd, 1984), substarceabose (Ueland, MeMalon, alow, & Kouzekaan, 1994), the roqele of ci sexual abuse (Late te, Greed Cato, 192), and many ter wes: Delia sien touppresrfooghte ad feeling can increase bc occurence and eh feral impact (Cio & Holloway, 1998, Chk, Bal A Pape, 191; Weer ‘Schneider Carr, & Whi. 1987), ad can realy complicate expose Io sttzles Fane, Zolesk, Fife, Spr, 200) ‘Aligh ampliied by te cult, RFT suggests tat sich processes are ‘nal ine human language a copien ise noshuranUying 1 ao Jui can do so veal by avoiding the stuns in which its osu {he post amen being dos note thi pion bose relational frames flow pain o acer i almost ny asin vs ansformaton a ul Tancom) adc abtay cone cntl preset th soso f pret ‘Stustonal sluons sich ae toe followed by enburans. Thoughts of {cml dead spose might be cody pices depresed mod, etree ine conversion, a beat sanst, er any of mya eh oes, Unable o ‘ntl pan y suaona means, Homans bein to fo asd fe plat ‘howehts and lelngs thetaever. Unfortunately, any ofthese means ‘apteson wil ltmatel themes come to Ce the avoided eve because ‘hy srengen te ude latonal rare "on ik of lee 58 comextal che for "x" andthe pssshologl presences ofthe aia ‘eit elated Conive fusion Relational ewes ae extaorisiy ditct obesk up, even ih ect contrat tring (ison shes, 1990), in pa tecase myriad dered slates ue aalbl co mina sd reestablish {Sen relational network In pret tems hi means th aerated relat ‘eswck arly ely go stay-—they ae smpy Fre elaborated. Dee {ignated cect rll met (een tht oe “lho tht lating evens edn to eect outcomes, aning that oe has "lve the role"), and sma processes estence provide "uo enforcement forthe ation of dering stimulus reins. AS 4 esl is ey fil eo slow down lngunge and copii nce well tsublshod, dept i rsa insuuneatal ate. Tis combnation features mean tht timol funtion fom relia anes ypealy dom tne over her sores of Beira repuatin in urns witout ane Incas the proces volved (what we erm "coating mini es a conte th ere and-nw experience and det cont {tele and mre dominted by veal ue and evans (Hayes, 1989) Hough 2 tatformaion of sul fonction, he eneeerzat il som ingly “comin” stmlan funtion hata dependent on relational Frames ‘ttt te relational proces self necesanly bang evident. The fear Peron who central environment wll ac that FearsemenestACTA ANO THEO MAME OF RENAMOR THERA SL ‘as boon discover not comtrotd. Because behavior governed by rela ‘onal aero insensitive fo contactor experienc (8 Hayes, Browns, Zt, Rosen Ker, 1980) very ieee vera Fecmulations ean sontin to create ham even when tle enon p- ats proved forthe "Test Kinde of peomena ae precisely why the cognitive relation cccued in beavie therapy nthe fist place, but ease of metas ‘Ssumsions it wes ugh tc tn dense hugh actin or enton => ‘tion relaton should be odie by changing he form, requnsy, ota tices! septivity of prvte events towels. RET suggests a darevave "ems: change the comet at pp a hoapht—> action a ation “> {con elaon (ra enon > thought -9 action relation, andy sie “rans. Experiential ccoptnce and copnitv delusion are pame amples {TACT tchniques hat atmo do jus hat ‘Acooptance and Commitment Therapy “The general clinical gol of ACT ae to wndemine the grip ofthe eral verbal content of copa that eases avidin Behavior and eo Sut an aerate content where taro in aligneent with ones ale oe likly to occu ACT has ren deseribed in bonk-lngih form (yes et 1999) and the oer aie in thi sue wil povde adonal a “Thus, in the present nice we wil oe nly bil onthe empoeeats [ACT ivng fe barest of examples of het comet ad inet aol TherepeaticAssumpions and Cline Seance ‘ACT asses thst dramatic, powerful change is posible and psible uch bscae the gener content an pape of ction that ie us robles, atthe stray produced und wellconloned coment of Ue Uiticultes, What the chent fsa, hinking, remembering, or alarise ings willy fess on eifcal conten asthe eve of tht robles Fovinsance, "ant ne assumed tbe the pole in “anxiety dsr “rc” notated o be the elem in ood dscedes Mboush i otansued tobe the problem nT disorder” apd so on. fn ACT, fete tendency to lake tase experiences erly and hen to ght gas them that ie owed a barf "ACT thera asume tat is neiher posible nor eat © mea 19 reeee client from he dial an challenge of growth is herent Frat io e's human being ACT therapist compassonaely cept 10 Son and tres "ef hee sore are funtion tes oe hr, rogues of thi resontleness. The ne i wrk, aa easenable te This applies 2 well o ACT Hise and ths ik more importa 39 [ACT tempi do as you sy ha sa what da Fo example, te ce ie teappeds fasted, confused, ara, angry, o anxious, the ACT since62 ves oggss that this nt so much a problem as itis an opprsity to work en how povefl event in he hee and ow ean bacome ber o growth. In ‘roel he sane a, teh sapped, sate, confuse, a ‘mayor anaios athe thers jo o open yp to these execs, ee ‘pang the bunaniing opportunity hey povide to pat hems ta Shoes tr ces ad odo he sane Work walouavidngo moving oe up Because of thir qui the terapoutie elation spartan, paw Fol and deliberately equal in ACT. ‘Skepicim abo the luc of ih” is pervasive. ACT therapists ae ca honed oto angus or persode. The ese the lent ie and the ee ‘expen, nt opson s olis, howevee well ean. The ss i amas ‘he futon of event nether decent frm or equeney The key ‘dete tue "What ei nthe serie of? not this te rae "The Key pol of ACT io spent the lcm In feing and hnking what sey ey fl end think ey, no a8 wha sane and we Ieip the cnt move ina ned diction, wih al of hiro and wo ii recon ACT tehmiqes se imply means designed to fad psjeho {igi context fromm which hat is posebe The press of ACT sa ye of detecting coptve fasion and avoidance, defsing ae leting go (Ms [Sablishing new me flexablefanetins for these vet) and ving Sale ireton ina way that bls tage aod ler pats oF eect thao "ACT therapist re pssootly interested in what the beat tly wats, bueno ners withthe means tht the clue specifies Tr schicwng thou ods rte titio tht allows ACT therapist to compusontel® oro unworkable geadis whet iain becase the les expe "ence erpeted theta tier For example, yplclly at ana Goer pesos ans to getsid of anxiety could be experienced invading tortor to work ret em that dexed outcome. At shake level however, the ntious ene wants fo Bet rid of ait oder to do Somering sich ar iving al bam te ack any i ute ue goul— itis astcus fan end Since often it as eda mes, ACT Siggeh abandoning that meane—sumply because he cen’ oe expe hoe suggest ite workabity. Fahermere, ACT provides someting es tha sh cer ean do with hese previously avoided or fed event, Wwe roving ety are ikl ote lumate goa (eg. esabishing relation {hp prcpating, onrbting. The ger message hus lating (ns: your experince) and empowering (jou tan lve a powerflife from ber, ‘tou est winning a war with you own istry) tas general sie, ACT ler on ately neninear uses of language since language proceses themselves (sat fn ceain context) se ‘hough ta be the primary soure of rigid and ineffective repertoire. Th [ACT roi heavily om paraox, metapioe, sons, exerts, beavers Gants, sd experiential processes, while Topical analyst has elas Timed oleTeciques ‘Tere ae seve specie dommine of ACT intervention, and each has is coum pect methodology, exes, homework and metabo “Conontng te yen. ACT eck to cyte seep that he clent tas epayed unl ie point ose the problem and se wate these ‘methods ste working ey have noc bon uly solving te problem, ACT tteapise ak the cent 0 conier the possi that maybe the peer tot the tecigucs but very pup, In exsence, ACT ote bei by Challenging the ngs ae that dete: bh robles and ther pel Solutions, bees that seis set vewed to bea problem. The pein in he bo" metaphor provides a ode ois part of ACT: the uation you ae in seems a it ke his, Imagine tat youre peed in ld, wessng a binfld, and Sou gens il bag of oi You're od that your job fetoun around this Hel, Dnolded, Unknown fo you, Inthe ld there ae nome of wily spaced, Ely ep hols. So you start runing around and sone rate So fallin thi ng ol. You Tel wound and there are owscape ees yu can find, So en ech nto Yourbag ‘nd find shovel So you stat dang, Dt prety soon ‘Yu noice tat yore not out of he alee hae Banoo you uy ding faster, or wth big eocps. But Ieir not working So yo come in to sce me tnking ‘Maybe he ha areal huge hovel gl plated eae shovel Wel don't And even Tad woul’ ws ‘vnc dging not ey ot fhe haan is what makes oles. So maybe the whole thing 9 big up gee eae” Contos me pote. 9 te wort of ere seme, I we Uo ma sorting, we sat gue out how fo gtr of Conlin sete are taught repented andi mest domain bey work gute well Tn he word of ve cre, however itt ork dire bara of te mate eae ‘nal frames: For example. deity nt thinking of something sally fll beau he le ("do' hnk of) contin te aveided era. Siar, ifiis sent to foe snows, ety something to be nsius abut Inthe port of ACT a simple ies puto the dl: Eonsciovs, dloerate fhe paren smpy may not work very wel with regard to thi “mc experiences the cleat has bet geting The olyraph map ro Vide model of ths pa of ACT “Suppose Thad you hooked up th wees mos sesi- tive polytutachie nd told yon that To ry "mpfr for you wo performs say slated. Howeveroa es eat you to uy had so Tam going 10 hod loaded 44 Magsom fo your temple. If ye ge nervous, Tm sory Tt Pr gag to have to pul the tgger Wht yo te right happen bee” In unpacking this metaphor (and sinilar metapbors exercise) te cet {sank to sonsider the posit hata vialyipossble ts has Dea ‘doped: ontling autor thoughts festings, and memes. ‘Conve defason an mines. is ficult fda leave to one contol un the ilsion of Inguage pont, because la ibe ul provide conscious contol eu method of problem solving Te mesic comment ght on ret "used to Uk my nd was my mas Inara oan nti oed wht woe ling me ht From an RET pespecve, the eral futons of lnguage and cognition ane no atomic or mechanics they are comeaus.Becsase of derived Stns vlad tafemtion of simul Faneons, hogs en Function ax ithe re wat ey ny hy are he oughta ba an see tomean thatthe person dealing with Being bad nt with hnking tt aa” CBT ha lays known ths bu the sluon hasbeen Yo challenge, es ‘Seana the coment ofthese tog. stead, ACT ster th context Cognitive dfsio cgi noe the ight vera lations ht estabish simul fatione troop rational larg (Hayes tal, 1099; Hayes & Win, 1994) classe ACT detsion etnies the a, ai, milk exer ‘rst wed by Tichener (1916, 28) Ircnst ofa explain of ofthe proper of w single wor, For example "milk is wh, eey. ang Soon Ts word i then sd oa oud by the herpist and cent rapa Te ‘Sha a mite Tn he context frp rept, uc loses leary {Sn scons stu sound. Oe te exten repeated witha single wore ‘rant of core cine concen otubleomn hought te speci chen ‘nay fe (4, mean, tp, weal sce Masuda Mayes, Sack, & TWO. Fh 200," enrol dun Dna ea a iy my they mean, and while my ot be possible or healthy to experience the ‘erent, it i alays posible o experience thm san ongoing pees the cones which they ar occurs is hanged ‘Mindfulness xeric ar another mean to achive cognitive dfuson a tho to increase Beaviol flexi. Contacting evens te ee nd 008 ‘tout buying ino eval and ogg! language the ery ease mindless (Kabt-Zin, 190, p#). This gues «weakening of ier Tangunge, which came be done in prey Tope nalyteal orci fmumnes, Metaphor, mindful aces cent to look mt thoughts ‘rents in th world, nota the word ttre by ought A vatey of Indfubes exercies ae used im ACT, such as imagining watching one ‘hops at they Hat By ke aes ce skew, abd watching BOW thie ‘comes imposible sen these hog ae tke iter. ‘Amonscondet sense of fabs Hp and ekg ces a sceAcKAMEAND IHR TWD WAKEOFREKANONTHERNEY 68S ‘hat hey re dangerous, That pecnly why we nme ou disor ar thom (ee annity Soren”) esx rai to ack ent to expeience them witout providing se place from hich that is pile. Language self provies such pace’ the conta of consioener thal emerge ftom ponpecve aking Hayes, 1984) RET clams Ui seuss Seite relitinal ramen sch a [jut ero-there; and othe aca las teen ose in young chien (Hayes ea, 200; McHugh Bre aes, Impress In on sence ofthe ter, "you" ar "Yram-ere-now” ad nce is Pipectve acquired it evr changes. The ako experienced Limi loos a "-teresnow” fons a diet exeieatl Ds foe han sieaity (aps, 1980), Because "as sen tam ere, now" ever changes (Re 09 ‘ter peeve rom which to experience events conscious). ad i its fe nover comcionlyomtced (by definition) there is 2 dimenon of ‘uman expeece that sno thing ik (or, s fom an Eaten perspective, “Serjhighoth "The aerter excise (a vaant ofthe seldenifaion eerie deve oped by Assapil, 1971, pp. 211-217) key eyesclesed ACT excise signe to promot expel cote wih hs Wanscendet Sense fs “The person asked Become are of preset semeton, andthe asked {o emenier somthing tha appened & few mons cara ano bscome ovensly aware of wht dat experince et ike. Then the pron is asked 0 ‘ie (Mot a Deb, bla acest experene) hata person OU") Shere ow, ana perioaexpeiencol those eens some mnths ago. The 2c "xprcnial cantina between the person "tehind te ees” empaszed {Jou have boon you your lei") rom tha “ebserver psec” + ‘ary of domaine ae examined (ebay sensitins, aes, entans, ough, nemore Tn each case the rp changing conten of expe ‘ences conse wih de coatityofcosciaustss sel For evan “Now lets goto moter are: emotions. Nace how {eer emote ate censanly changn Sones 300 sometimes sorowfl Sometime happy, Someta Een now ye maybe experiencing emai. neest boredom, easton fe The oy hing you Can cout ‘on wi emotions is that hey wll chang, An et while these emetons come ad gente tt nse deep sese the "yon that looks at rm behind tone eyes dest ‘hang, You Rave Ben you your life m not ak ing yn to fchevefie—T'm aking you to ok myo ‘npc, Iyer emotions ate conan changing ond {yetthe you tat yo ell you i not, it must mean Hat While you have einaions you do nt experience youre torsmply be your mation. [Lave 2 bet prod of ‘lence So just nce you emotion fora mement and {ryou doo nice sso who inteng tem”6 roves ‘Mer several dons ae covered (res, hogs aly sensations, mem «xis he ch ne spl "Th ings you've ben strgling wih and {hing to change arene yo any" Kring tha hve usage tance see of tl oe sf aan tect, Bot oe Tha 0-8) spe provide safe pace fom which wo expeseace Tetsome pyehologid ‘Sift with scone ht pehoogel hrm or ten payeblopal oi ation co ee ‘Acepnce and wiles. Bymolgially, acepance means Wo take wins offered In ACTstospance not merely aerance-—it she ative "onjumental embracing of expenence inthe hee and now. Aceetaee ‘ot possible wihou defsion itera langage is efron aa fe that ea fon ‘awe abot "there ad thea™-somehing ese, some othe time. vente word "now" refer the om jut experienced othe not ex tw Acoance sane ately experiencing eens they aes ots Choy sy they ae This means fing els sfosings inking dough "thought, Scning sentons efenention, sl 00, hae Snd m0. Aceptnce heel involves “epoaie” and thas ACT eoaneets with othe expose heed ete eps pT Wl pk up egal tnt fo an erica rgultry purpose Feling a esing to get tlt involves 9 saitsneoar proce of fel. and cognitively fosed foveses of using evsllatings and comping, sch 3 a Fes Therm ance, wh ime (rs) hn tas el hss god (ra) ‘Acceptance and willnghess i ACT led oa erent ind of expose: pe forcing nivel and flyin th preset mest by moment, ore posi Dupo of exerioncing actively ad fly in he peat meet by moment Taluer The emphasis on ales distinguishes ACT from many aera trans, ion within the context of vals tha ein, eeepc, and ‘son come togter ft sense whole Indeed, ACT therapists ten tp vals cinfeston work before eher ACT componens for tat reson ‘ates are ql f ston tht an be ostazed in bebavir Batt poe ‘essed he jes ACT Urs oh ds ety, What oy ean Sou eto stand for In thi phase of treatm ceo is asked is ‘tn dlferent fe domaine such oxfam, imate aonshp, hel ‘puta, and 0 0. Various evocative exces are ued f9 develop mn Clay about fundameatal values For example ACT therapist may st the cleo wie out what or he would mt ike son hi heros Hone, orth elogy he the ould was ear ais er on Foner ‘wench cues vot processes aay om ital ath tava pyeho Tegel rcaing nd motivation, When values are clare, achievable pal tha embody thos talus, concrete actions tat would produce those ul, th specie to prfonming thas sins ae det ed "lcs digy he nod for accetnes of specie aif doughs and felings beet icy tha they hve ase ae bint requ that hr ‘eemraced ACT ino boot ens moa allowing aber ime {aking in what one's Mtr offers nthe pres of ving Yalu IeAcnarr ano mie RD WAM OF MEIANORIHERANY 67 CCommiomen. ACT seks ould lrer and lager piers of exile and cecctve resgandng. bth by removing the repeive-narowong elise of “ogni fasion a experielavoidance and by promoting dlibece pat- tems of ston farcomgort with choren valves. ACT involves lesa t= lize strategy of moving Inward toward valued ens, dsovng sho loge anne tough defsion and acceptance nd dsaving sto! {rs trough cect scion. A varity af echniges ae asd, dw fom the larger amarestram of tadtonl behavior henpy. For example hs aay be asked to entelsh sectic goal, to make public and eae ‘commitments no work td these gas io sl eps A is ey mae Itmples ACT ir thas ur mich changeoriented sesegy aan scepance- ‘neoted one. Siler to DBT, te “aceopance and change dace (Lie an 1993) rman asa con focus thoughout ACT werk ACT Empirical Findings {A review of ACT (and DBT and FAP) otcomes bas rece ape in thi joa (ayes, Maric, ta, 2000), s0 a comprehensive esaement een msetary”AMtnugh cery preliminary, the ACT outcome erate tend seems unaaly brad, volving electvenes sts and ecacy Studs in depression, psychos substance use disorders chron paiteating doen, wrk rcated sts, ad ter problems ee Hayes, Masi et ay 2008), The present ase reveals that breads vey ante. The ary Undeiing ACT explain ti ret, RET sogget that angege il bak {teed te probleme ACT is yi to save I so all veel human beings ‘nv cofonng thse problematic process on 3 dally tau FACT ages themeffotvey clea! sea should be very le indeed “Teste of the teary underyng ACT and process sare explaining ACT cut a alo young ba teres some spp or fee tht ACT pro ‘ces an ntl pi decree in he Bebra uc not messy he fregoeney) of gun dn (Bul Haye, 2002 Zoe Lye 1986) the opposite of what sway exacted in CBT. These decrees in the beray of repatve thoughts whether or not fegueny changes re ‘apeted, ae bse en the concept of "ogniive cefuion” and ae ec Sally tsociaed with postive ACT outcomes (eg Hach & Hayes, 2002) ‘ACT avo produces at nctesed wilingsers to experience neptve ave rete proses that iso sociated wih postive ACT outeme e Bond & Bunes, 200). Aricles inte preset sis also et ath 0 these Drovester (eg Gifford t a 2004ias saucy Hayes, Bist. et aly 2004—shis si) Experimental psychopathology tess ofthe rle a hese processes ar lo beganing to sppear ae present ise demonstats. THe fol of eer core ACT provese (eg vals ranscenn self) havent Yo eon evaluated experimentally From an ACTRET pespecve i the rpenirenaroning effi of eve fusion and avidace that are ros har, boas ht Naowingprevents new comingeney-shaped behav and undeies hel fms Exiacton Te is he sequston of more Rexble and less daensve sls ‘of deaing with diet hog flings ce seston ia reds hehe ‘bso regulatory ect This antares ets er accounts, ‘ch a Ted's atl ofthe impct of CT and MBCT (Tease & 1, 2002} and tone sali of the mechanions of eon ong it pic dsorder (Bouton eal, 2001, Desi and acceptance ae the une Fons of boston pathogenic hogs and Yegs and pit the acquis ton of more fbi eflective repose ors led thon, eng eles aey hae” eee forms of avidace tht diminish exine ‘ion These same stp (weting thous ss hough, unde avd ‘oo, foesing on tem behavior) are so echoed in Beavioa Activation ‘coon, Mal, & Dnudjin 2001) DBT (Linehan, 1993), moder ner ‘epiveexprtre method (Bsrlov, 2002), and many a the ber new be {or therapies. Tatoal CBT alo helps cles cstancethemssies for theitnughts(cognive dttcing i one of te fst saps adional CT “Sous and then obese nin ys tra th or arose ‘of ypoties esting") in he ears stages of CBT when clcal response ‘known tobe pal power dst th nf Tocus on eae ‘hang pers lad & Craighead 1984). Ths, the process tareted bythe thd wave moy hep espn some ofthe enpricalanmaie othe second, “The Thi Wave of Behavior Therapy This dcasin of ACT technology and ACTIRFT processes may orien ut town few general etre ofthe naw generation bebe tea tha tearm tobe emerging, Grounded” in an enplrca prinplefocsed “proach, the tid woe of bebevioal and cog heap) ls paretarls, Seni the context and feos of poychologial phenomena, nou ther form, an ha ends 10 enphaslecontdual and expetetal change stage ten mare et wn skeet tt {fo sak the construction of boa fll, and eectve reperiles Ove a ‘liminatve approach o nar defied prem ano ephasie he et ‘hance ofthe lus they examin for cinciane as wl oct. The hist Stave reformeates and sytestes previous generations of behavioral ant omit herapy an caries tem cand inquests, ae and deat Drevouly aveszed primarily By fhe trains, tn hopes ef inproving boon undertaing amd otcomer, Weil onside major cmpencnts of thi charateraton below “Grnded in an onprcal principle ocued approach, Despite wows it soane comers (2. Caign, 2001, exariation of there shows th the mew. nave tapes have nailained a cormanent othe empiri rot ‘boar therapy (Hayes, Maso, tly 200). tue nots a feel of eutcoma, bar baa he evel of peoceses apd prints. Comet ‘ment heretical developments notable i mas he ne resets Tetosh ofthese ares the tid wave Bul om the Best of etous wives of dovelopmeet “Cones and eserentl nation to det change strategies, wed ‘on ncton oer form. While rot sbandning dest reve dace hange Staepic th nost unig carter othe thirteen the depe of empha on contol snd expronal change segs Inadingscepance,defsion inden elatnship values, ronal Aepening, cone withthe preset manent, andthe Me. The pose of Experts! an contests! steps ofthis Kind to apy are fae thm problema pelo even, even fit oo een dss ter change or changer only Hoy Mindfulness based and tceptan he logis show tha focar gute cles. For example, Sep Tesda and ‘ian: 008 ate: "Une CBT, tee tle emp t MECT on ‘hanging the corn’ of hogs ate, he emphasis on changing wae ‘nes fs reaonsip thas p 3 empbni neoig} rt natng that ti sep Being an both by techniques that ae ge ‘havior analytic and tue plosopbialy context i thiracalz to ez, Beuvioat Activation, ICBT, DBT. ACT) and by techies hat Av aU ogntve ttc roan (eg, MBC), Indes, preedaes tha Pad foster he currant wave of evelopment in heft plas ck imerocepively rented exposursbaod thers, hae in nce {ghaszing themes canal othe hire wave intererion owe geil {Cipecompate Barlow 198, Bat, 200) ‘Eonsmetonoflsbeand eect epertaes over enaion of nar sony deine poems Ove ofthe main tees of tah he fis are Sd {cond wave wns eeu on eliminating specie problema behave, ‘hough ce rotons se primary pape of heap. The hed ws bead focus on new and smsetines vey generally applicable kills eg. mt fs, aceopine,inepesorl deepening, emouonal deepening, lune, nmin arts back othe eae dys fbr hing nwich {SE conarton of tend wal ete person (Claamond 11) nda ‘foul to pins ha undrkenorma entonng were fendation a he ‘henaning of abnormal behave Even with the must severe bln, the new beuvie therapist focor more on empowerment and ees tore enancement atc palaginng nano defied problem ha ltrs For example even pesos coping with pyehone symptoms (5. Bach {© Tiayes 08) oe daly hagoned person deaing wih bath borne Pemovaly dors and stance se Ger (Linehan, Dine, Reto oss, ele Hengery, 202) are eae ais ling eel bonploiing we. ‘phat the france of the ites the examine forclincon aswell, ar clents The eenrgece ofthe elevnce of nal proses at kobe found te relevance ofthese metals to therapist hemseve, MECT ‘vocals suggest tht mandflness protic shoal be prs by eps DBT undertines the impatace of peer consultation team to "eat theheap": BAP voces ave argued tat you cannot teach what you ex tot do; ACT auc that ssypance aed fusion ae equally relevant to heaps themelves and necessary for efesive ACT work abd so oa ports res, extn Is ten acl poblrucical—the cheap {dln re thaght ob swinming nthe same sea ‘Sein previous genera is very moch worth tng ht these anges ae emering fom every wing ef behavior therapy. THs Is INP ‘necator hae model becoming resco oer ‘ogntive model What seas tobe hapyeing ta the escumpve bse of ‘ath the iat nd second wave weakening tobe epic by a cred st fst for bth As this osu the nstean sel changed Ina ‘nd of deta! sath of previo esis and anthesis tar-waye {herpes seem to be Beling old wounds and divions betwee belied Se copie perspectives Evidence fortis view cane foun inthe me {es bawoenfochnolops crt the specrum of tid-wave ierventons {inte aj tht each of these new sproaces has bread across hese ‘dvstone rears of home of erg The thed-wave nevenios ae ‘ota jection af fe fit and second waves of behavio and cogive ht ‘pj 20 mach a tarstrmaton of hese eae puses moa ne, broad, ‘ore interonnesed form. Th, while the impeaons maybe eveluloe 2 the prowaucs ivng set those developments sre evoloonary Inight be expected an exp empca eton ‘Dealing wih the guest sue, and daa eres by ther ations. ‘These new tetments are bcaking dow se of the previonsy Important distinctions between behavior therapy and old les sete ion. the cures guid; te mss and tetode of less empirical tons se ttvely on deta bt om fom ace pout of ew with an intrest in coharent they, ctfully seers prncessr of chings, spd sali eps “aloutcomes ses of spiny, vals enodom! deepening. andthe Uk tne na cet n way that we encommen or even eleme Before Totton, bu i overcast the sues and cones of ee tad ons, scudng seme hse (analy, Gest rans exist) the terete aay ron othe eet dys of base ray. Tneoving understanding and ntocmes Wt tla tha ne wa ‘of tehavor and cog theapy il achieve Baer eutomes. The ACT Itsratre sto young to provide mach of pds, bat tee ae examples The [rovide hope hat hese changes wil make aifercce i the eectivenes 0 Sehavior therapy For example, ax Borkove's eat foto! for GAD ‘at moved fom wadonal CBT (Boekovee & Mathews, 1988) oa packs ‘hat incles noch hid: wave nervenons as teaching cleats to oes on resent moment, ntsc ales ting so nero shea ‘Scpening wai gcup ec sizes have improved nary BD (Benkowe & ‘Shari, 200) Simla IBCT sens tobe roduing sults hat exceed it econdwave progeit,ebuvioral mata therapy (Christensen, Sev.‘Simpson, & Gis, 200. While hee examples ate not determin, the Tact at tee nes terpes hive reined comme othe emia vles ‘ofthe btavior therapy tation means hat it wil e ler over tie wheter these chinger te propresive st messed by Ciel impec “Ato lovel of udorsandng however seems to be roving evidence thathee ew methods ae progres, The eset ue prove eve on that point inthe ere of ACT. Thin. wave mel nd tos make sae of frevous outcome od open pth behavior terapy tren one ean bbe end appied erates. They lave ben ave by epics deve pment andaceclly sensible ear, They av nga next tps (Ber ee & Sharples, 200, Conclusion Behavior therapy tas bona grea suens story Tre tits empitielcom- mitment tae Reon open one ess wing alow the data es to tendo expand it Scope oe time: The se of mindless, eeenance, {efsion valves relonship. spay, ad snr concen, mar ther Phase of tat expansion of Scope that canbe cared fa a nuber of trys 1 hve pied to some ofthe apparent mensions in the preset arile (Gesondorse, sontextal, sonstrcinal, expel, Mesble reper, ‘Sls on) at ears how may be churetened breath cure ‘ange and its devon from cre ssunpins fear generators sg [tsa stew generation of hase nd cogatve therapy a sed ‘Meer he sources ukimate outcome of then changes, sere mark nutuig of he bebavior therapy acon The leading fre or an emi fallin spprach oer the last SO yeu is once again expanding baths ‘dee and methods fo nls an even broader range of ec sts abd prsedufes under he “behavior theapy” umbrella nthe engruthisees rnd to change not jst Behavior therapy. ute ene Tal oft heh, Sbstnee abuse and he poyhologtal pects of physical diese Referencoe ‘MoM, CaM. Bab, . (8D Rein ded pi Wen "ign gain ea 99-0 naga 98 eof al New tng ‘ing igi ein fms Fa in a eye's © lay he of heptane nt Commies Tangy et ‘apa oye phan col a. ale os ‘Sond Cina! tg 139-18. ann 09 Ppl ear min New Ht Raa ion ot yc ma ofa on one st hn ii ee ne a of ae nene ae 000 Cmte tn tr sieccic utes cos aaah nT ee eens ‘Biting, Pl Kapha, W. (200). scone cise frm since ose Ho wee Pr ree Sime seeemecntammcrea te ee ee Ce Se ae eave rata ondgriohaes hci oat ts ene ‘rion of sodiectve. copa, aml coping desnsization Thee. Sowma of Conn ee ace ae ‘Hesen (is), Hanfbook of prescrip tement fr sp. 26-281}. New Yor: er, hp Bn, Cent nity hr i ca Cel pnt ee tod aon ‘oa, Mh SD (200). mde ig aye hag a pane dre Pte Reve 0 ‘aaa be Sung.) og tn aides esha Tadeonan uy cape am ry rir Tap 387-30 ow gene ewe jv ture ie ‘sitet a nl ron. 8 Re (th tna (5. Deen apres nS of Panay an cows Mba ig D9. Aa xpi eon our apes ‘Ga Cagle A ie one a i ep, 2619-18 scent fi Meh, A Maem S199) My ei ‘tng nena of Sct Poe 4, 85-8. rion Sa 220 Cop ery Lig Ske, ig rw "ia it Psy seu Cn ns ci Ne ik Raee ee aera eta ea me en erase ns apace as Soe eee cot I Fi mc rot ees, eli 2 ‘Gone, ET, Gala, JK. Debeon,K.S. & Isbsen, N. 5, (1988), Contvebovor ere re Meee re mete FLW Recs, ATR, Sutin (Be), The varies of wef comes ip 11-27). ae ee ee ee hh Bigeye he ogre te inte te ee eee os cee oe Se ee ee een SSoeesice emetic eras ayn SC, Brownstein AI Zee RD Rose, & Kor Z (1988, leven aes ree enn ae ar gee aye, 5. Haye, & Rese, H.W, (1988) Pnding he psp cre: Avon of Ted at ni esa gape eee eee tent eo yn Coon NS, Flee, & Dowgher, M(B), (1984), Accept ad See ee eee eer Pecan seca nee Teco snerncureetany bent ne ee ee ae ae tng SSE Ca eel mn toy meee mS ts Mc at 0 eam Freefall orem0c, ncn sen pein: Amy: Ch yatta sR cag hs Rete dae es ein pete cl Peg ene ae snl ESE a ps cn at ie ae comes any Ee ag at ah ri ican Mas Rta, 93) Coie ect ies rene SEO Ratan Bt nt te ta Sachi ets Waa SO deat 2 iin cnc ane. 2-8, aaa Tea et hat annie Sema ee em tata dapcas csi NS, ats a, ks Ad ME, Kar, Cala, Kor hace ems winguce my ape ee Sve nec ta Ce Se eh tt rn ee cen eg wc PS Pe ste me nner We ot re 0 tone nay een esi wha pa sat UTR a centres Cr cod er er SS Sn Ce a aca, M193 Cote behusiorl wean of bande permit sinander New Bl Sata ti Sp a a Meg Be ieee eee spelen ce a ‘neat An ster i te i es come Oi EE fn pane pce 7) tn Oe teat Pe sig ea tin cab Ct PTET 2 cn pai cre shi cc Wa sleet Fi a coi tnt Seti tao ee sah EE a ri Cpe i rhc ra ee ea tn ‘se isca ote 20 Wn ag he of ela 1 13- ‘seen ong R 2) Cope beh net See pe Seer often tepid atc oe a "ote iy? 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