Page No.

PROJECT REPORT ON

Gas Insulated Sub-station

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
AMIE IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

AKSHAYKUMAR PATEL Mr. U I MEHTA
(ST-575511-0)

AKSHAYKUMAR PATEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ST-575511-0

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL PAGE
SUBJECT
NO NO

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY OF THE

1 5
PROJECT WORK

CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

2 7

SYNOPSIS, CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF THE

3 8
OF THE PROJECT WORK

4 TITLE OF THE PROJECT 11

5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 11

6 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 14

7 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 16

8 INPUT DATA/STRUCTURE/QUESTIONNAIRE 17

9 ANALYSIS/SOLUTION/DESCRIPTION
22-24
10 FINAL RESULT

11 CONCLUSION 25

12 SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY 25

13 Project References 26

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PREFACE

Electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to mankind.

It has also become a part of modern life and one cannot think of a world without it.

Electricity has many uses in our day to day life. It is used for lighting rooms,

working fans and domestic appliances like using electric stoves, A/C and more. All

these provide comfort to people. In factories, large machines are worked with the

help of electricity. Essential items like food, cloth, paper and many other things are

the product of electricity.

Modern means of transportation and communication have been revolutionised by it.

Electric trains and battery cars are quick means of travel. Electricity also provides

means of amusement, radio, television and cinema, which are the most popular

forms of entertainment are the result of electricity. Modern equipment like

computers and robots have also been developed because of electricity. Electricity

plays a pivotal role in the fields of medicines and surgery too such as X-ray,

ECG. The use of electricity is increasing day by day.

This project is of Gas Insulated Sub-station(GIS) which provides economical

solutions for electrical system and provide important links between the generating

station, transmission systems, distribution systems and the load points. It is also

solving environment problem (Global Worming) because of SF6 gas.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Here, I found this golden chance to acknowledge all those people who have
blessed, encouraged and supported me technically and morally through all the
phases of the project. I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of
gratitude. I thank all Almighty God for giving me this opportunity to express
gratitude to all those who helped in the successful completion of the project.

First of all, I pay my immense gratitude to Mr. U I Mehta for their sincere
cooperation and sparing time to answer questionnaires with their selfless efforts
and cooperation because of which I have been able to complete this project.

Also I express my gratitude to my parents, family and kids for their love and
affection, which is always available to me in plenty during the course of this work.
I am overwhelmingly indebted to them for their moral support that always
encouraged me to work harder and harder in meeting my goals.

Akshaykumar Patel
(ST-575511-0)

AKSHAYKUMAR PATEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ST-575511-0

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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the project report entitled Gas Insulated Sub-station

submitted by Mr. Akshaykumar Patel, ST 575511-0 is a bonafide work done by him

under my supervision and guidance. He has satisfactorily completed the project

work as prescribed by The IEI, Kolkata for fulfillment of the requirements for the

completion of Section-B Examinations in Electrical Engineering during Summer

(May/June) 2017 Session. No Part of this work has been submitted to any other

institution and university. The data sources have been dully acknowledged it may

be considered for evaluation in partial fulfillment of the completion of Section-B

examination of IEI.

I wish them success in all their future endeavors.

Place: Gandhinagar
Date : 16-July-2017

Mr. U I Mehta
Membership No. -
[Project Guide]

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COMMENTS OF PROJECT GUIDE

Candidate has enthusiasm for learning. He was allotted the project based New

upcoming technology in Sub-station. He made a project of GAS INSULATED

SUBSTATION. This Project is prepared by him and output produced is very Good.

Date: 16-07-2017 Mr. U I Mehta

[Project Guide]

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CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

I hereby declare that project work entitled Gas Insulated Sub-station. The

project work is an authentic work carried out by me under the guidance of Mr. U I

Mehta MIE in partial fulfillment for the degree of AMIE and completion of Section B

Examinations. This project has not been submitted by me or anybody /anywhere

else.

Place: Mumbai Akshaykumar Patel

Dated: 16-July-2017 (ST-575511-0)

COUNTERSIGNED BY

Mr. U I Mehta
Date: July 2017 [Project Guide]

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SYNOPSIS
1. Title of the Project: - Study of Gas Insulated Substation

2. Objectives of the study: -

To study a Gas Insulated Sub-station in depth to acquire detail theoretical and

Practical knowledge. The increase in demand for electricity and the growing energy

density in metropolitan cities have made it necessary to extend the existing high

voltage network right up to the consumer. GIS is now in widespread use in the

electrical power industry, especially in metropolitan areas.

3. Rationale for the study: -

Understanding the GIS functionality v/s Air Insulated sub-station.

Study of Gas Insulated sub-station various components, Operation, Testing and

Operations.

Study of commercial Benefits compare to Air insulated sub-station.

4. Detailed Methodology to be used for carrying out the study: -

Basic understanding of Single Line Diagram of Sub-station.

Site Visit for Understanding Operation, Installation and Maintenance.

Interaction with various manufacturer of GIS manufacturer.

5. The expected contribution from the application: -

This study help for procurements of Sub-station.

Helped for understanding latest technology which is helping for easy

installation of system, Maintenance free operation, Environment friendly

solutions and payback period is less.

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6. List of activities to be carried out to complete the project (with the help of a

bar chart showing the time schedule) :-

Project Guidance

Synopsis preparation

Data Collection

Site Visit/Interaction with Supplier

Preliminary Project Preparation

Project guidance

Preparation of Project Report as per comments

Final Project Report

Bar Chart: -

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7. Places/labs/equipment and tools required and planning of arrangements: -

(a) Substation site visit

(b) Manufacturer place visit for understanding Process.

8. Problems envisaged in carrying out the project, if any:-

Nil

Akshaykumar V Patel Mr. U I Mehta

Membership No: ST-575511-0 Membership No :
Synopsis Prepared by Synopsis Guided by

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TITLE OF PROEJCT:

Study of Gas Insulated Sub-station

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:

A.1 Introduction:

Gas Insulated Substations are high voltage Substations that are compact, requiring
little maintenance when compared to air-insulated conventional Substations.
Compressed Gas Insulated Substations (CGIS) consist basically a conductor
supported on insulators inside an enclosure which is filled with sulphur hexafluoride
gas (SF6). SG6 Gas has so many advantage as per Below:

A.2 Advantage of SF6 Gas:

Due to the superior arc quenching property of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6),
such circuit breakers have very short arcing time.
Since the dielectric strength of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is 2 to 3 times
that operation due unlike of air, such breakers can interrupt much larger
currents.
The sulphur hexafluoride gas gives noiseless operation due its closed gas
circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere unlike the air blast circuit breaker.

Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is a compact, multicomponent assembly enclosed

in a ground metallic housing which the primary insulating medium is compressed
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas.

GIS generally consists components Of

Circuit Breakers
Operating mechanism of circuit breaker
Current transformers
Disconnector
Maintenance Earthing switches
Fast acting Earthing switches
Voltage transformers
SF6 Bushing
Gas supply and gas monitoring equipment
Bus Bar
Voltage Transformer
Gas supply and Monitoring equipment
LCC (Local Control Cubical)

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A.3 Why we need GIS: -

Gas Insulated Substations are used where there is space for providing the
substation is expensive in large cities and towns. In normal substation, the
clearances between the phase to phase and phase to ground is very large. Due to
this, large space is required for the normal or Air Insulated Substation (AIS). But
the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is higher compared to the air, the clearances
required for phase to phase and phase to ground for all equipments are quite
lower. Hence, the overall size of each equipment and the complete substation is
reduced to about 10% of the conventional air insulated substation.

Extremely high dielectric properties of SF6 have long been recognized.

Compressed SF6 has been used as an insulating medium as well as arc quenching
medium in electrical apparatus in a wide range of voltages.

Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times without any
periodical inspections. Conducting contamination (i.e. Aluminium, copper and silver
particles) could, however, seriously reduce the dielectric strength of gas-insulated
system.

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Gas insulated Substations have found a broad range applications in power systems
over the last three decades because of their high reliability Easy maintenance,
small ground space requirements etc. Because of the entire equipment being
enclosed in enclosures, filled with pressurized SF6 gas, installation is not subject to
environmental pollutions, as experienced along coastal areas or certain types of
industries.

a) Such installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial townships, etc.,

where cost of land is very high and higher cost of SF6 insulated switchgear is
justified by saving due to reduction in floor area requirement. It is not necessary
that high voltage or extra high voltage switchgear to be installed outdoors.

b) Since most of the construction is modular and the assembly is done in the works,
one site erection time both for supporting structures and switchgear is greatly
reduced.

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METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:

FEASIBILITY STUDY

A feasibility study is conducted to select the best alternative system to meet all
drawback of existing sub-station (Air Insulated Substation). Study of GIS
Technology has been done with consideration in below feasibility analysis:

Technical Feasibility
Operational Feasibility
Human Feasibility
Economic Feasibility

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Gas Insulated sub-station is a new technology which is now days implementing

for New/Old Sub-station. This is providing good dielectric strength and Less
Losses in system. Also, GIS is coming up with Smart Technology which can be
operated and Monitored from remote places.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

Gas Insulated Sub-station is required less space compare to Air Insulated

Substation and no required much maintenance, No Breakdown, No
Maintenance. Also, can be operated from Remote places which can reduce
Operator cost as well.

BEHAVIORAL FEASIBILITY

GIS will help various utilities, Private companies, Institutions for optimizing
Land, Operations, Maintenance and many more operational advantages. Also,
Installation and commissioning time very much less compare to AIS system.
Projects lead time reduced by using GIS.

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OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

GIS system required less space compare to AIS. Commissioning and

Installation time required less compare to AIS system. In AIS, all components
have to installed separately commissioned and then charging of entire sub-
station. For doing this activity, we need all representative of components
manufactured. Where as in GIS, Manufacturer is sending in assembled
conditions and has to be directly installed and commissioned.

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Statement of Problem:
We are using Air insulated sub-station, where have some disadvantages which
can be overcome by using Gas Insulated Sub-station. These disadvantages
are as per Below:

More Space is required for AIS.

Outdoor switch yards are more vulnerable to faults as it is located in

outside atmosphere which has some influence from pollution, saline
environment and other environmental factors. Deposition of saline
particles on insulators can cause insulator failures. They are also
vulnerable to direct lightning strikes and other external events such as
heavy winds, rains and cyclones. Therefore reliability wise air insulated
substation or outdoor substations are relatively low compared to indoor
substation.

Regular maintenance is required compared to indoor substations

(Maintenance for Gas Insulated Substation is very minimal and reliability
is very high) as they are exposed to outside environment.

Air has a poor dielectric property which lead to increase of Space of AIS.

Locations where Gas Insulated Substation is preferred as compare to AIS: -

Application Advantage

Indoor Installation inside Power Station Non-Flammable Feature

Non-explosive Feature
Compact Feature

Outdoor Installation Non-flammable feature

Non-explosive feature
No Oil Spill Feature

Large Cities and Towns

Underground Stations
Highly polluted and saline environment Indoor GIS occupies very little space
Mountains and valley regions

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Input Data/Structure/Questionnaire

The SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) contains the same compartments as in
the conventional outdoor substations. All the live parts are enclosed in metal
housings filled with SF6 gas. The live parts are supported on cast resin
insulators. Some of the insulators are designed as barriers between neighboring
modules such that the gas does not pass through them. The entire installation is
sub divided into compartments which are gas tight with respect to each other.
Thereby the gas monitoring system of each compartment can be independent
and simpler.

The enclosures are of non magnetic materials such as aluminum or stainless

steel and are earthed. The gas tightness is provided with static O seals placed
between the machined flanges. The O- rings are placed in the grooves such
that after assembly, the O-rings are get squeezed by about 20%. Quality of the
materials, dimension of grooves and O-seals are important to ensure gas tight
performance of Gas Insulated Substation.

(Figure Enclosure and Busbar)

Gas Insulated Substation has gas monitoring system. Gas inside each
compartment should have a pressure of about 3kg/cm2.The gas density in each
compartment is monitored. If the pressure drops slightly, the gas is automatically
trapped up. With further gas leakage, the low pressure alarm is sounded or
automatic tripping or lock-out occurs.

SF6 Circuit Breaker: -

A circuit breaker is an
automatically-operated electrical
switch designed to protect an
electrical from damage caused
by overload or short circuit.

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Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to

immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.

Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit-breaker is obtained by

separating two contacts in a medium, such as SF6, having excellent
dielectric and arc quenching properties. After contact separation, current is
carried through an arc and the arc is interrupted & cooled by a gas blast of
sufficient intensity.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Current transformer (CT) is used for

measurement of electric currents.
Current transformers are also known
as instrument transformers. Current
transformers are commonly used in
metering and protective relays in the
electrical power industry.

When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a

current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers (VTs), also

referred to as Potential
transformers" (PTs), areused in
high-voltage circuits. They are
designed to present a negligible
load to the supply being measured,
to allow protective relay equipment
to be operated at lower voltages, and to have a precise winding ratio for accurate
metering.

The single pole inductive voltage transformer is connected to switch gear with
the connecting flanges with a barrier insulator.

The primary winding is insulated with SF6 gas & connected to high voltage
terminal.

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The primary winding is wounded on the top of The core & secondary windings.
The secondary winding is connected to the terminals in the external terminal box
through a gas tight multiple bushing.

DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES:-

Disconnector and Earthing switches are safety devices used to open or to close a
circuit when there is no current through them.
They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead
line or an underground line so that maintenance can be safely conducted.

The opening of the line isolator or

busbar section isolator is
necessary for safety, but not
sufficient. Grounding must be
conducted at both the upstream
and downstream sections of the
device under maintenance. This is
accomplished by earthing switches.

Disconnect switches are designed

to continuously carry load currents
and momentarily carry short circuit
currents for a specified duration.

They are designed for no-load switching,

opening, or closing circuits where
negligible currents are made or interrupted (including capacitive current and
resistive or inductive current , or when there is no significant voltage across the
open terminals of the switch.

FAST ACTING EARTHING SWITCH:-

Fast earth switch and maintenance earth switch are the two types of earth switches
used for gas insulated sub-station systems.

Fast earth switch is used to protect the circuit-connected instrument voltage

transformer from core saturation caused by direct current flowing through its
primary as a consequence of charge stored online during isolation / switching off
the line.

Use of fast earth switch provides a parallel (low resistance) path to drain the
residual static charge quickly, thereby protecting the instrument voltage
transformer from the damages that may otherwise be caused. The basic
construction of these earth switches is identical.

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Local Control Cabinet:

For the ease of operation and convenience

in wiring the GIS back to the sub-station
control room, a local control cabinet(LCC)
is provided for each breaker position. All
wires from GIS components brought
through Multicore control cable and housed
in LCC and sent to sub-station.

Mandatory Type Testing on Gas Insulated Sub-station:

Test to prove the insulation level of the equipment and dielectric test on the auxiliary
circuit, radio interference level.
Test to prove the temperature rise of any part of the equipment and measurement of
the resistance of the main circuit.
Test to prove the ability of the main Earthing circuits to carry the rated peak and rated
short circuit current.
Tests to verify the making and breaking capacity of switching devices.
Test to prove the satisfactory operation of the switching devices, strength of the
enclosure, degree of protection of the enclosure, gas tightness
Electromagnetic compatibility test.
Additional tests on auxiliary and control circuit.
Tests on partitions
Tests to prove the satisfactory operation at limit temperatures.
Tests to prove the performance under thermal cycling and gas tightness test on
insulators.
Corrosion test on Earthing connections (if applicable)
Tests to assess the effects of arcing due to an internal arc.

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Site Visit Photo Karnataka power transmission corporation limited

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ANALYSIS/SOLUTION/DESCRIPTION & FINAL RESULTS:

A GIS can even be installed in a building, if desired. When all of these

advantages are taken into consideration, a GIS is a cost-effective alternative
to a conventional substation that offers many benefits to the end user.

Main advantage of GIS over AIS is its phase to phase spacing decreases
significantly. This is more effective in urban environment where land and its
size is at a premium Minimum size required for Air Insulated Substation of 400
kV is 46,864.5m2 (235m*199m) and it is approximately equal to 11.6 acres. On
the other hand if we use GIS the size of building required is 522.45m2
(12.15m*43m).

Height of substation also plays a very vital role undertaking the structural size.
In AIS height of highest element of substation is 28m high. Meanwhile GIS has
building height equal to 11m for 400kV substation. Overall compound size is
about 10,672m2 . From the above stated analysis it is observed that GIS is
much smaller than AIS in size.

Gas Insulated Substations are suitable for installation almost every part of the
world for example indoor, outdoor, over ground or under-ground. Hey can be
installed near sea, in mountainous area, or even in areas having heavy rainfall
and snowfall.

In GIS all high voltage conductors are enclosed securely in a grounded metal
and there is a slight margin of fault occurrence due to short circuits by wild life.
Due to the chemical composition of SF6 gas it envelops the conductors and
insulation and preserves them for long time of trouble free operation. Where as
in AIS conductors, steel infrastructure gets rusty due to moisture.

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All these factors make the operational life of GIS from 40to 50 years as
compared to life of AIS of 25 to 30 years.

Environmental factors don't effect by Gas Insulated Substation and it is even

more suitable for harsh environmental and climatic conditions like humidity,
saline, polluted atmosphere comprises of industrial exhaust.

With considering above main advantages over AIS, there are some special
advantage also GIS have.

Special Features: Enhanced insulating properties and reduced long-term

operational costs by means of sealed metal enclosure filled with SF6 gas.

Reliability: Extensive experience in designing optimum phase and feeder

spacing dimensions according to site conditions enable compact dimensions
that reduce space requirements to less than 20% of conventional air
insulated substations

Compact Design: Ensured personnel safety by earthed enclosure,

numerous interlocks and lockout devices. Increased stability during
earthquakes with a low center of gravity.

Maintenance:-Virtual elimination of long-term maintenance costs and

contamination of critical components by means of SF6 gas-filled metal
enclosures, automatic monitoring of operating mechanisms and SF6 gas
system.

Efficient Installation:-Assembly at factory and shipment in one complete bay

dramatically reduces installation time and customer's costs.

Environmental:-Minimized operation noise levels allow installation in urban

and sub-urban indoor substations. Elimination of radio interference problems
and individual painting of enclosures with the color of customer choice.

Space Saving:- SF6 switchgear installations take up only 10% of the space
required for the conventional installations.

Economical: - Initial high investment is required for installation but the cost
can be comparable for the less maintenance, reliable, safe operation against
conventional substation. Ability to interrupt out-of-phase

Compatibility:- It is incombustible, non toxic, colourless and chemically inert.

Low Weight:- due to aluminum enclosure, corresponds to low cost

foundations and buildings.

The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at atmospheric pressure is approximately

three times that of air.

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It has arc-quenching properties 3 to 4 times better than air at equal pressure.

Ability to interrupt short-line faults, Overvoltage is kept to a minimum.

Minimum gas leakage (less than 0.1% per year).

The use of SF6 gas as an insulating medium in switchgear reduces the

clearance distance between active and non-active parts of a switchgear
facilitating the following advantages of gas insulated applications compared
to air insulated applications:

Life Cycle cost analysis:

The Life Cycle Cost analysis allows the Utility to examine projected life cycle costs
for comparing competing capital and O&M project solutions and allows for
appropriate comparison of alternatives of different capital values, and lengths of
time.

Life Cycle Cost AIS GIS

Planning & Engineering 100% 80%

Real Estate 100% 40%

Primary Equipment 100% 120%

Secondary Equipment 100% 100%

Earthwork and civil structures 100% 60%

Electrical assembly and erection 100% 70%

Maintenance 100% 50%

Power loss 100% 50%

(Source: Discussion with GIS OEM/Utilities Presentation)

Major Companies in India:

Major companies involved in manufacturing of GIS is India where we can get

cheapest product. They have manufacturing capacities up to 765kV. In Old days,
we are importing GIS from countries like Europe, Korea, China etc.

ABB, Vadodara, Gujarat

GE, Chennai
Siemens, Maharashtra
Hyosung, Pune
Crompton Greeves Limited, Nashik, Maharashtra

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CONCLUSION:

The equipment cost of GIS is naturally higher than that of AIS due to grounded
metal enclosure, the provision of an LCC, and the high degree of factory assembly.
A GIS is less expensive to install than an AIS. The site development costs for a GIS
will be much lower than for an AIS because of the much smaller are required for the
GIS. Now a day, for Higher voltage, GIS is costing lower than the AIS cost.

Gas Insulated Sub-station is most effective solutions considering old technology of

Air Insulated Sub-station. Also GIs is user friendly solutions with give less Break
down in operation, easy Integration and so many other advantages as discussion
above. Now a day, SMART GIS is developed which can be monitored remotely.

With GIS, we can say that we are moving towards well proven technology for
optimizing electrical losses, Installed at any place and low life cycle cost.

SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY

We are moving from Air Insulated Sub-station to Hybrid Gas Insulated Sub-station
and then Gas Insulated Sub-stations. Future scope for the Gas Insulated Sub-
station is given below.

Cost Optimization on GIS for lower rating below 400kv.

Easy fault repair at site.
Use of Optical CTs in GIS which further reduced size of GIS.
SMART GIS on individual components levels.

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Project References:

https://www.gegridsolutions.com/HVMV_Equipment/catalog/gis.htm
https://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-transmission/high-voltage-
substations/gas-insulated-switchgear/
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/gas-insulated-substations-gis
Site Visit of KPTCL, Bangalore
Utilities Presentation (PGCIL)
Technical Specification of PGCIL.
http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/others/gas-insulated-vs-air-
insulated-substations.html
Discussion with GIS Expert in Industries

----------------- END OF REPORT ---------------

AKSHAYKUMAR PATEL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ST-575511-0