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FINAL REPORT
ChE Lab 1
Title of Experiment
Juphil A. Lamanilao
BSChE-5
1.) To plot the coefficient of discharge of a sharp orifice versus Reynolds number
2.) To plot the coefficient of discharge of a venture versus Reynolds number.
3.) To obtain data on pressure drop versus water flow rate.
Hydraulic bench apparatus, orifice meter, venture meter, graduated cylinder, stopwatch,
manometer, water, ruler
Procedure:
A. The inlet head tank was positioned on the mounting studs provided on the bench working
surface so that the orifice set discharges into the weir channel. The inlet hose was attached
from the bench regulating valve to the inlet of P6103. From here, the overflow pipe was
connected to the overflow of the bench measuring tank. The orifice is screwed under test
into the side outlet position or the base outlet as required. Required heads were obtained by
maintaining a small but constant overflow. Flow from the orifice was derived by measuring
the time taken to fill the measuring tank between predetermined levels. Readings were
taken from the provided manometer at a convenient time interval.
B. The procedure above was repeated using venture meter instead of orifice.
Orifice:
Manometer Reading (mm) Volumeteric
TRIAL Rm Co NRE
Upstream Downstream Flow Rate
1 43 2 41 313.03 2.119 31204.66
2 47.7 2.5 45.2 345.63 2.228 34454.422
3 50.7 4.1 46.6 346.15 2.198 34506.263
4 52.6 7.3 45.3 346.57 2.232 34548.13
5 64 14.5 49.5 347.46 2.1405 34636.85
6 69.5 18.5 51 349.77 2.123 34867.12
7 74.5 21.5 53 350 2.084 34890.05
8 82 25.5 56.5 352.38 2.032 35127.302
9 88.5 3. 58.5 369.81 2.096 36864.83
10 97 31.75 65.25 381.46 2.047 38026.17
Computations:
where:
Do = 14.25 mm = 0.01425 m dP = pg(Rm)
Di = 28.5 mm = 0.0285 m Rm = upstream downstream (manometric reading)
pH2O = 997.08 kg/m3 Vo = Q/A
A = [3.1416(0.01425)2]/4
Orifice: Co = 2.119
Trial 1: Trial 3:
Rm = 43 mm 2mm =41 mm Trial 2: Rm = 0.0466 m
= 0.041 m Rm = 0.0452 m Vo = (346.15 ml/s x 1/1x106)
Vo = (313.03 ml/s x 1/1x106) Vo = (345.63 ml/s x 1/1x106) 1.594849x10-4 m2
1.594849x10-4 m2 1.594849x10-4 m2 = 2.1704 m/s
= 1.9628 m/s = 2.167 m/s dP = 997.08 kg/m3 (9.81 m/s)
dP = 997.08 kg/m3 (9.81 m/s) dP = 997.08 kg/m3 (9.81 m/s) (0.0466 m)
(0.041 m) (0.0452 m) = 455.811 Pa
= 401.36 Pa = 442.117 Pa from the formula above:
from the formula above: from the formula above: Co = 2.198
Co = 2.228
Venturi: (same eqn. used above)
Re
Co
Fig.1.1 shows the diagram of Re vs. Co for Orifice
Fig.1.2 shows the diagram of Re vs. Co for Venturi
Data Analysis :
Recommendation:
From the experiment, one main causes of error is due to the presence of bubbles
within the hose and is assumed by the experimenter to be negligible. It really makes a
big difference with respect to the rate of flow. Also, the orifice meter cannot measure
directly the vertical displacement of the water stream at its varying distances.
Application to ChE:
Basically in industries, they are used for measuring the flow rate of chemicals
through pipe. Both flowmeter is often used in applications where it's necessary with
higher TurnDown Rates, or lower pressure drops. The Venturi meter which has long
been used in hydraulics is applied to the measurement of volume flow of blood through
vessels. One method is by inserting an accurately calibrated Venturi meter made of
glass into the circulation. This method requires an anticoagulant, but is accurate and
sensitive to slight changes in flow. Another method is to produce a constriction in a
vessel by means of a ligature near a branch, which can be used as a side tube, thus
transforming the vessel itself into a Venturi meter. The latter method is subject to
greater error in calibration for absolute flows, but is sensitive for estimating slight
changes in the rate of flow and does not require the use of an anticoagulant. They are
also popular for automatic batching applications.