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Concepts To Remember
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AHEAD Test and Discussions DENTAL ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY
1. The premolar which is most often double rooted is the:
A. maxillary first B. maxillary second C. mandibular first D. mandibular second
The correct answer is A. Maxillary first premolars are almost always double rooted. When single rooted, they always have two
separate root canals. The level of division of the two roots varies, from complete division up to the crown, to only a small
separation apically. The mandibular first premolar is most often singlerooted, and the mandibular second premolar is almost
always single rooted (double roots are rarer than in the mandibular first). The maxillary second premolar is most often single
rooted. The extreme likelihood that the maxillary first premolar will have two roots has implications for both endodontics and
exodontia of this tooth. It is also reported that some small percentage (5% in one study) are actually triple rooted.
2. In centric occlusion, the mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary first molar will contact:
A. the mesial marginal ridge of the mandibular first premolar and distal marginal ridge of the second premolar
B. the distal marginal ridge of the mandibular first molar and distal marginal ridge of the second molar
C. the distal marginal ridge of the mandibular second premolar and mesial marginal ridge of the first molar
D. the central fossa of the mandibular first molar
The correct answer is D. The mesiolingual cusp of a maxillary molar is a holding cusp. The general rule for maxillary holding
cusps is as follows: a maxillary holding cusp contacts the distal marginal ridge of its mandibular counterpart and the mesial
marginal ridge of the mandibular tooth distal to its counterpart, EXCEPT FOR THE MESIOLINGUAL CUSPS OF THE
MOLARS, WHICH CONTACT THE CENTRAL FOSSAE OF THEIR COUNTERPARTS. This should be the central fossa of
the counterpart, the mandibular first molar.
The correct answer is B. In any set of teeth (incisor, premolar, molar), the distal tooth is more likely to be congenitally missing
than the mesial. So lateral incisors are missing more than centrals, second premolars are missing more than first premolars, and
third molars are more commonly missing than first or second. Of all of these, the MOST commonly missing is the maxillary
lateral incisor.
The correct answer is C. This is known as an arch trait, as it is true for both incisors of each arch. Both incisors of the maxilla are
wider mesiodistally. Both incisors of the mandible are wider buccolingually. The maxillary central, in particular, is known for the
greatest assymetry in this regard. It is much wider mesiodistally than buccolingually, and that difference, expressed as a ratio, is
greatest for that incisor. It is also the largest incisor, in both dimensions, in absolute size.
5. Which of the following will cause reduction of the size of the pulp chamber in mid-life?
A. Formation of primary dentin B. Formation of secondary dentin
C. Internal resorption D. External resorption
The correct answer is B. Primary dentin surrounds the pulp chamber when the tooth is first formed and erupts. It is the initial
dentin that makes up the base of both the crown and root. If the young tooth has a given size pulp chamber, further dentin
formation, secondary dentin, later in life, will begin to fill the chamber with dentin, making it smaller. Internal resorption is loss of
dentin, resulting in a larger pulp chamber. External resorption involves the exterior of the root and does not change the pulp
chamber size.
The correct answer is C. The palatal or lingual root of the maxillary first molar is the most massive by far. It is normally straight
but palatally inclined, giving the three roots a tripod-like appearance. The mesiobuccal root is second in size, and the distobuccal
is smallest. The mesiobuccal is often curved distally and the distobuccal curved mesially. This pliers-like appearance is not found
in the maxillary second and third molars.
10. At the cervical line, a cross section of the mandibular canine would show:
A. a round shape B. an oval shape wider on the lingual than the labial
C. a triangular shape with a distinctly wider labial surface D. an oval shape with a slightly wider labial surface
The correct answer is D. The mandibular and maxillary canines exhibit similar cross sectional shapes at the cervical line. The
mandibular canine cross section is oval and flattened mesiodistally. It is generally slightly wider at the labial end than at the
lingual. The pulp cavity at this point is lens-shaped, double convex.
12. The premolar most likely to have a three-cusped appearance when viewed from the occlusal is the:
A. maxillary first B. maxillary second
C. mandibular first D. mandibular second
The correct answer is D. The premolars are usually considered to be two-cusped teeth (bicuspids). The exception to the rule, to a
small extent, is the mandibular second premolar. Often, the lingual cusp area is divided into a mesiolingual cusp and a distolingual
cusp. This gives the tooth a three-cusped appearance. A two-cusped variety also exists, with a large lingual cusp instead of the two
smaller ones. In the three-cusped variety, a lingual groove separates the two lingual cusps. Note that the two-cusped and three-
cusped varieties are not grossly different in size, as the single lingual cusp is about the same size as a mesioloingual and
distolingual combined. The other premolars exist primarily in double-cusped varieties only.
14. Which of the premolars is most likely to have a pronounced mesial marginal groove extending into a pronounced
mesial root concavity?
A. Maxillary first B. Maxillary second C. Mandibular first D. Mandibular second
The correct answer is A. The mesial marginal groove, extending from the marginal ridge, along the mesial side of the crown into
the proximal area (mesial concavity) and down into the mesial root concavity, is a characteristic of many maxillary first
premolars. This has implications for both calculus removal (scaling and root planing) and restoration (placement of well adapted
matrix bands). It is not found in the other premolars, although they may sometimes have some less pronounced root concavities.
Root concavities are less common and less pronounced in the mandibular premolars.
15. At age 6 1/2, an average child is MOST likely to have how many erupted permanent teeth? (Assume that you average
the
teeth present in a sample of 100 children).
A. 4-8 B. 9-12 C. 13-16 D. 17-20
The correct answer is A. This can vary considerably, but using average eruptions, all permanent first molars usually erupt at
around age 6 to 7, so four first molars are likely. Rule out all premolars, which generally erupt between age 9 and 12. Likewise,
canines usually erupt between age 9 and 12. For the incisors, usually the mandibular centrals are in at about age 6, so that makes
eight so far. Mandibular laterals and maxillary centrals and laterals usually erupt between 7 and 9 years. So the average 6-year-old
has all first molars and mandibular centrals as erupted permanent teeth.
18. As the tooth bud develops into a tooth, the ameloblasts and odontoblasts:
A. become farther apart B. become closer together
C. stay approximately the same distance apart D. are always immediately next to each other
The correct answer is A. Early in tooth bud formation, the tissues of the enamel organ-outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum,
stratum intermedium, and inner enamel epithelium-form adjacent to the dentin-forming tissues of the dental papilla. In fact, at this
stage, the ameloblasts and future odontoblasts are in contact along the length of the tooth bud. The dentin production begins first,
and predentin is laid down by odontoblasts. This predentin production induces the ameloblasts to begin enamel production by
cells of the inner enamel epithelium. Thus, dentin is produced above the odontoblasts while enamel is formed below the inner
enamel epithelium. Both dentin and enamel are deposited between these two layers, and the former site of the junction of the two
layers becomes the DEJ, or dento-enamel junction. By tooth completion, the enamel organ is at the surface of the gingiva while
the odontoblasts are producing dentin for the tooth root. Thus, these cell layers are very far apart at this point.
The correct answer is C. One of the best reasons to know standard and unusual root shapes for the various maxillary and
mandibular teeth is to use the correct motion on the forceps when performing extractions. In general, rounded roots are primarily
rotated, including the maxillary central incisors and maxillary canines. All double and triple rooted teeth cannot be rotated and
must be luxated in the buccal and lingual directions. Mesial-distal motion is normally ruled out because of the existence of
adjacent teeth. It is used in rare cases where there is no mesial and distal adjacent tooth. The maxillary central is invariably single
rooted with a rounded root, and can almost always be rotated without breaking the crown off of the root.
The correct answer is C. Mammelons are bumps on the incisal edge of incisors. They are most commonly found on central
incisors of both arches, and if found on the laterals, they are less prominent than those found on the centrals. There are normally
three, but this is variable. The three are termed mesial, central, and distal. They are often worn off on adult teeth through years of
occlusion.
21. As you go from mandibular first to second to third molars, overall root length:
A. increases, then decreases B. increases
C. decreases D. decreases, then increases
The correct answer is C. While the mandibular third molar is often so variable that it is hard to make useful predictions about it,
these generalities apply to mandibular first, second, and third molars as you move distally in the arch: 1) they decrease in
mesiodistal length, and 2) their roots decrease in length. Third-molar roots may resemble normal molars or may be missing roots
or have additional roots. Roots are often partially or totally fused. In some cases they form a cone-like, fused mass, making
exodontia much simpler in these cases. In all cases, however, their roots are shorter than those of their second-molar counterparts,
which are always smaller than those of the first molars.
22. Incisal contact between the maxillary and mandibular incisors is seen normally:
A. in centric occlusion B. in working movements
C. in protrusive movements D. in retrusive movements
The correct answer is C. Posterior contact is normal during centric occlusion and maintains the vertical dimension of occlusion. In
a normal dentition, however, the incisors are slightly out of contact during centric occlusion. When the mandible moves forward
(protrusion), the incisal edges of the mandibular anteriors meet the lingual surfaces of their maxillary counterparts as the teeth
separate during opening. (Try it in your mouth!). Note that during retrusion (moving the mandible from centric occlusion to a
more distal position), no such contact occurs. During working (lateral) movements, only posterior teeth and canines contact (group
function), or canines contact alone (canine/cuspid protected guidance).
23. Severing the left lateral pterygoid will cause the mandible to move in what direction if the patient attempts to
protrude?
A. Posteriorly B. Closure (elevation) C. Right D. Left
The correct answer is D. If you like rules, the rule is that if a lateral pterygoid is injured, the mandible moves toward the injured
side. If you wish to understand this rule better, imagine two intact lateral pterygoids protruding the mandible normally. Now cut
the left lateral pterygoid, and imagine that the left side stays in place but the right side continues to protrude. In effect, the
mandible will rotate around the axis of the left side. The left side stays in place while the right side rotates left. Lateral pterygoids
have little effect on closing.
The correct answer is B. Lining mucosa covers most of the oral cavity except for the hard palate and gingival areas. It is usually
loose, freely movable, and has a well-developed submucosa. The lamina propria is often highly glandular. The epithelium is thin
and nonkeratinized. Epithelial ridges and rete pegs are uncommon and short.
The correct answer is A. The lateral ligament, also known as the temporomandibular ligament, is found extending downward from
the lateral surface of the zygoma. The zygoma is formed from the contact of the zygomatic section of the temporal bone and the
temporal portion of the zygomatic bone. The ligament is roughly triangular in shape, and on its medial side is found the articular
capsule and joint. Fibrous connective tissue composes both the ligament and capsule, and there is a fibrous connection between
them.
26. The central portion of the articular disc of the TMJ is best described as:
A. convex and avascular B. convex and vascular
C. concave and avascular D. concave and vascular
The correct answer is C. The articular disc of the TMJ is composed of fibrous connective tissue. Some sources state that
chondrocytes are found within it, so it is sometimes referred to as fibrous connective tissue with an underlying base of
fibrocartilage. Its shape is biconcave, somewhat like that of an erythrocyte, with a raised outer portion and depressed middle. The
central portion is avascular, and only the periphery, especially the posterior periphery is vascularized.
27. The tissue located between the inner and outer enamel epithelium is known as:
A. stellate reticulum B. dental sac C. dental papilla D. enamel organ
The correct answer is A. The stellate reticulum is an ectodermal tissue located between the inner and outer enamel epithelium. The
stellate, or star-like, appearance of the tissue is caused by the arrangement of few cells within a network, separated by intracellular
fluid. The inner enamel epithelium will differentiate into ameloblasts and form enamel. The outer enamel epithelium eventually
merges with the gingiva as the tooth erupts. A small cell layer between the inner enamel epithelium and stellate reticulum is
referred to as the stratum intermedium. Its presence is necessary for proper ameloblast function. The dental sac is mesodermal and
forms cementum and the periodontal ligament. The dental papilla is mesodermal and forms pulp and dentin. The enamel organ
consists of inner and outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium and forms enamel. It is ectodermal in
origin.
28.Which ligament of the temporomandibular joint inserts into the ramus and angle of the mandible?
A. Temporomandibular B. Stylomandibular C. Sphenomandibular D. Lateral
The correct answer is B. The origins and insertions of the TMJ ligaments are as follows: The stylomandibular ligament arises
from the spine of the temporal bone known as the styloid process and inserts on the lower ramus and angle of the mandible. The
sphenomandibular ligament arises from a spine on the sphenoid bone and runs forward and downward to insert on the lingula and
deep ramus of the mandible. The lateral ligament is also known as the temporomandibular ligament. It descends from the lower
border and tubercle of the zygoma to the posterior lateral condyle. Its fibers merge with those of the articular capsule.
29. The premolar with a root cross section and pulp chamber shape at the cervical line which is most similar to that of a
canine is the:
A. mandibular first B. mandibular second C. maxillary first D. maxillary second
The correct answer is A. the mandibular first premolar is the most canine-like premolar tooth in almost every way. However, in
detail, the mandibular first premolar has a round root cross section and a roundish pulp chamber at the cervix. The second
premolar has a generally more flattened shape in the mesiodistal direction and a correspondingly oval pulp chamber. It may be
constricted at the center with a corresponding hourglass shape. The maxillary first premolar root is flatttened mesiodistally, as is
the pulp chamber. It is usually constricted at the center, indicating the two roots and two canals found in the tooth. The second
maxilllary premolar, with one root, is less likely to be constricted into an hourglass shape.
30. The mucosa found on the surface of the dorsum of the tongue is known as:
A. lining mucosa B. masticatory mucosa C. specialized mucosa D. none of the above
The correct answer is C. Specialized mucosa is found on the dorsum of the tongue and contains taste buds and various papillae,
including circumvallate, foliate, fungiform, and filiform. Masticatory mucosa consists of the gingiva and covering of the hard
palate. Most of the other areas of the oral cavity are lined by lining mucosa. The characteristics of masticatory mucosa are
keratinization, thin or absent submucosa, and tight binding of the lamina propria to underlying periosteum. Lining mucosa is
generally nonkeratinized, with a thin lamina propria. Near the teeth, the gingiva and lining mucosa (alveolar mucosa) meet at the
mucogingival junction.
The correct answer is B. Masseteric hypertrophy means gain in muscle substance of the masseter muscle. The masseter is located
on the lateral part of the ramus and angle, and its growth in thickness can be seen as a squareness of the lower face on frontal
view. People who brux (express tension by clenching their teeth) often develop this larger-than-normal size masseter. It can
sometimes be confused with parotid swelling, although the parotids are slightly higher in location. Remember that the medial
pterygoid is medial, not lateral, to the ramus. Loss of muscle substance would be atrophy rather than hypertrophy.
32. The mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular first molar occludes with which maxillary tooth surfaces?
A. The mesial marginal ridge of the first molar and distal marginal ridge of the second premolar
B. The distal marginal ridge of the first molar and mesial marginal ridge of the second molar
C. The embrasure between the first and second molars D. The distal triangular fossa of the first molar
The correct answer is A. The mesiobuccal cusp of a mandibular molar is a holding (supporting) cusp. The general rule of
occlusion of mandibular holding cusps is as follows: the holding cusps of the mandibular teeth occlude on the mesial marginal
ridge of their maxillary counterpart, and the distal marginal ridge of the maxillary tooth mesial to their counterpart, EXCEPT
DISTOBUCCAL CUSPS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS OCCLUDE WITH CENTRAL FOSSAE OF THEIR
COUNTERPARTS, THE DISTAL CUSP OF THE MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR OCCLUDES WITH THE DISTAL
TRIANGULAR FOSSA OF ITS COUNTERPART, AND THE FIRST PREMOLAR OCCLUDES ONLY WITH THE MESIAL
MARGINAL RIDGE OF ITS COUNTERPART (BUT NOT THE CANINE). In this case, the maxillary counterpart is the
maxillary first molar, and the tooth mesial to it is the second premolar.
The correct answer is A. A mesiodens is a supernumerary located midline in the maxilla. It has a wide variety in morphology and
is usually extracted. It is the most common and frequently causes a diastema between the central incisors. The other relatively
common supernumeraries are the second maxillary lateral incisor, third mandibular premolar, and fourth maxillary molar.
34. Which cusp of the maxillary molar is NOT part of the trigon (primitive cusp triangle)?
A. Mesiolingual B. Mesiobuccal C. Distolingual D. Distobuccal
The correct answer is C. In evolution, three cusps of the maxillary molar are considered to be the primary cusp triangle, and the
original three cusps of the evolving molar. They form the trigon, and are the MB, ML, and DB cusps. The fourth cusp, the DL, is
the smallest, is considered to be a minor cusp, and is known evolutionarily as the talon, or talon cusp. This cusp is less
conspicuous as you go from first to second to third maxillary molar.
35. Which factor does NOT affect pulp cavity size in a tooth?
A. Caries B. Age of tooth C. Action of dentin-forming ameloblasts D. Abrasion
The correct answer is C. odontoblasts, as dentin formers, influence pulp size because the pulp is surrounded by dentin. Caries may
cause deposition of reparative or secondary dentin. The same is true for other factors, such as abrasion, heavy occlusal wear,
erosion, etc. Pulp tends to become smaller and more calcified with age, so age is also a factor.
The correct answer is B. In any set of teeth (incisor, premolar, molar), the distal tooth is more likely to be congenitally missing
than the mesial. So lateral incisors are missing more than centrals, second premolars are missing more than first premolars, and
third molars are more commonly missing than first or second.
1. The postnatal period of development of the primary dentition spans about .year.
6. The system which is acceptable to computer and computer languages is the universal system. (True/ False).
12. ..descends from the tips of the cusps of molars and premolars towards the central part of the occlusal surface.
13. is formed by the union of the triangular ridge of the distobuccal cusp and the distal cusp ridge of the
14. ..is one of the primary sections of formation in the development of the crown.
17. The specifications used for carving individual teeth for the permanent dentition is given by ..
18. Dental age assessment based on the basis of the number of teeth at each chronological age was given by
19. Dental age assessment based on the stages of formation of crowns and roots of teeth was given by
20. Dental age assessment in the mixed dentition based on the amount of resorption of roots of primary teeth and amount of
21. Tooth formation that may be divided approximately into a number of stages that covers continuously the development of teeth
22. In the radiological studies of tooth formation there are at least three stages . Nolla
23. Calcification of the primary dentition begins by ..and takes years to be completed.
28. The first teeth of the permanent dentition to emerge through the gingiva isand it begins to calcify at
32. The deciduous tooth which is unique in that it has a crown form unlike that of any permanent tooth is
33. Root resorption of deciduous teeth begins after ..year, after it is completely formed. (Rest period)
34. Crowns of the anterior teeth are wider mesiodistally in comparison with their crown lengths.
35. Cervical ridges present buccaly on primary teeth are more pronounced in ..teeth.
36. The enamel rods at the cervix slope .instead of in permanent dentitions.
37. Mesial slope of the cusp is smaller than distal slope in.teeth.
38. The cusp of the primary canine is &.. than permanent canine.
39. From the incisal tip, the crown of primary..tooth is diamond shaped.
40. Bifurcation of the roots of the primary first molar begins almost immediately at .
41. cusp of the maxillary first molar is most prominent , longest and sharpest.
43. The primary tooth which resembles the permanent maxillary first molar is .
45. A sharp and prominent mesiolingual cusp which is almost entered lingually but in line with the mesial root is an outstanding
characteristic feature of ..
46. .is the largest cusp of the primary mandibular first molar
47. When the maxillary and mandibular primary teeth occlude, all the teeth occlude with two teeth in the opposite jaw
except..and .
48. The separation of primary anterior teeth due to growth of the jaws is usually seen during ..years of age.
50. The simplest form of tooth with single cones in the reptilian stage is called ..
51. The stage which exhibits three cusps in line in development of post teeth with largest original cusp centered with smaller
55. Each tooth in the dental arch has two antagonists in the opposing arch except ..
56. The only tooth which is wider lingually than buccally is .......
62. The tooth that varies in form more than any other tooth in the mouth with the exception of third molars is
69. The ant. tooth most likely to have a bifurcated root is..
70. In the maxillary premolar the tooth in which the mesial cusp slope is longer than the distal cusp slope is
73. The distinguishing features between the 1st and 2nd maxillary premolar from the mesial aspect is..present on
first premolar.
79. The cusp of carabelli is usually found lingual to cusp of the maxillary first molar.
82. The tooth in the maxillary arch in which the crown is wider mesially than distally and wider lingually than buccally is
83. The two major and two minor fossa present on the occlusal aspect of the first molar is.
84. The maxillary molar primary cusp triangle supposition follows the ..hypothesis of tooth origin.
87. The mandibular first molar has ..form when seen from the occlusal aspect.
89. The mesiolingual and distolingual cusp incline at the cusp tips to form an angle of , when seen from the
lingual aspect of the mandibular first molar.
90. Morphological categories used to describe the occlusal surfaces of mandibular molar are based upon a topology developed
by.
92. Major portion of the canine fossa is directly above the roots of teeth.
93. The maxillary tuberosity is the origin for some fibres of the masticatory muscle
94. There are two canals which open laterally into the incisive foramen , they are..
99. Posterior to the third molar a triangular shallow fossa is outlined called .
100. The portion of the articular disc which is avascular, hyalinized and devoid of nerves is..
101. The otomandibular ligaments which connect the middle ear and TMJ are. and
106. The lateral pterygoid muscle has two heads i.e. superior and inferior heads; head which is active during various jaw closing
movements and head active during jaw opening movements is..and..
108. The muscle which is principle positioner of the mandible during elevation is..
2. The number of centers for formation of each tooth are 13. The largest embrasure in post. Teeth is
A) One A) Buccal B) Distal C) Lingual D)
B) Two Occlusal
C) Three
D) Four or more 14. The tooth that is commonly seen in an abnormal
relation and contact with its adjacent teeth of the
3.There is a greater chance for furcation involvement in same arch
deciduous teeth as A) Mandibular first premolar
a) Pulp chamber is bigger relatively and more B) Mandibular lateral incisor
superficial C) Maxillary central incisor
B) They are more prone to infection D) Maxillary lateral incisor
C) Bone of children is soft
D) None of the above 15. Divergence from contact area in proximal surfaces
causes embrasures
4. The tubercle carabelli is present on the A) Facially B) Lingually
A) Lingual aspect of the mandibular molar C) Cervically
B) Lingual aspect of mandibular premolar D) Facially, lingually, cervically&occlusaly
C) Palatal aspect of maxillary molar
D) Palatal aspect of maxillary premolar 16. The last primary tooth to be replaced by a
permanent tooth is usually the
5. The arrangement of natural teeth was described by A) Maxillary second molar
A) G V Black B) Bolton B) Mandibular second molar
C) Wilson D) Graf Von Spee C) Maxillary canine
D) Mandibular canine
6. The basis to describe the lingual inclination of the
mandibular molars is 17. Calcification of permanent first molar usually begins
A) Curve of spee B) Curve of Wilson in the
C) Curve of Monson D) None of the above A) Third month of IU life
B) 6th month of IU life
7. Tritubercular class of teeth are present in C) At birth
A) Humans B) Dog D) In 3rd month of extra uterine life
C) Lizard D) All of the above
18. A radiograph of 4-year old child reveals no evidence
8. The primary center of formation of each lobe is of calcification of mandibular second premolar. This
present in shows
A) Apex of the root B) Tip of the cusp A) It is too early to make final prediction
C) Center of the crown D) Center of the tooth B) The teeth may develop later
C) Primary second molar extracted to allow mesial
9. Anisognathus refers to drifting of permanent first molar
A) Unequal teeth B) Non-uniform teeth D) The child may never develop premolars
C) Unequal jaw D) Unequal cusp
19. First evidence of initiation of primary dentition is
10. The facial aspect of all teeth is represented by usually around
A) Trapezoidal form B) Triangular form A) 4 months in utero B) Birth
C) Rhomboid form D) None of the above C) 4 months after birth D) One year after birth
11. The mesial contact area of the permanent canine is 20. Ram, a 4 year old boy was on tetracycline therapy.
at the Discoloured teeth will be
A) Middle third A) Premolars, incisors and 1st molars
B) Junction of incisal and middle third B) Canines and 2nd molars
C) Junction of middle and cervical third C) Canines, premolars and 2nd molars
D) None of the above D) Incisors and 1st molars