CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for the acceptance by
the Ardhi University dissertation entitled study on Municipal solid waste management
and collection route optimization using GIS network analyst tool. as partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Municipal and Industrial
Services Engineering.

. ....
Prof. Mengisenyi,E.Kaseva Dr. Stephen E. Mbuligwe
PHD,(Dar) PhD (Louisiana State University, USA)
Msc. Eng (Odessa) MSc Eng (UDSM, Tanzania)
Adv. Dip (ARI, Tanzania)
Date..................................
Date..................................

Dr. D. J .V Ngowi
PhD (WITS)
M.Sc. Engineering (MOSCOW)
Head of department of Environmental
Engineering (ARU)

Date.............................................

i
 DECLARATION
I, YOTHAM ANDREA, declare that the contents of this dissertation are results of my own
findings and study, and to the best knowledge, they have never been presented and submitted
anywhere as dissertation for Diploma, Advanced Diploma, Degree or any other professional
award in any institution of higher learning.

.
YOTHAM ANDREA
Bsc. Municipal and Industrial
Services Engineering
Department of Environmental
Engineering
ARDHI UNIVESITY

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof.Kaseva,M.E. and Dr.Steven
Mbuligwe for their valuable and constructive advice, comments and criticism to my work at all
stages to the completion of the thesis report. I am thankful to Temeke Municipal Council for
allowing me to conduct my research within their municipality. Not only that but also I would like
to thank Mr.Ally Hatibu who is the head of Solid waste management sector in Temeke municipal
council, Mr.Jumanne.A. Mhogo and Ernest Mamuya who are solid waste officers in charge in
Temeke municipal council.

Also I would like to give my great thanks to Administration and Risk Environment
Manager.Mr.Haitham Abdulrahman at MP.Environment Co.ltd for allowing me to conduct the
survey with them during the collection of solid waste at Chamwenyewe street ,Ubena
street,Changanyikeni street and Industrial areas.
I am also grateful to Julitha Ipopo Senior GIS Laboratory Scientist from Institute of Resource
Assessment Department University of Dar es salaam, for giving me assistance in GIS software
application.
Also I would like to thanks my great friends Hamisi Azizi, Phanuel Efraim, and Elisante
Luvonike for their assistance in my reaserch writing.

iii
 ABSTRACT
For many years solid waste collection routes for Industrialized society was characterized by
problems associated with the existing of the unplanned and local solid waste collection routes.
Gradually this altitude has begun to change, and much progress has been made over the past
decade. It is increasingly recognized that the goal of a cleaner environment can only be achieved
by integrated control of all types of pollution and al wastes, whether they are along solid waste
collection routes, be discharged to air, to water or to land.
This report is directed at the subject of assessing solid waste collection routes. Purposely Solid
waste is defined as materials that are discarded as unwanted materials by consumers or
manufactures as being of less or no value. Thus am concerning with all solid waste and non solid
waste collection.
This book contains five chapters, whereby chapter one it introduces historical background and
the subject of solid waste management including generation rates, storage, collection system and
disposal from different researches conducted from different areas in the world, also it describe
methods and materials used to prepare this report. Chapter two (Literature review) seek to
elaborate solid waste management process, generation rates, composition of solid waste, solid
waste collection system, the concept of GIS in solid waste management and GIS network analyst
application in solid waste collection route optimization.
Also chapter three describes case study area including location, geographical condition, Map of
Temeke municipality and methods and materials used in obtaining different varieties of
information used in achieving my report writing. Chapter four elaborates results and discussion
of the research conducted, in this chapter the amount of solid waste generated per day is
identified and those amounts which are collected and uncollected were also identified. Chapter
four also describes the solid waste collection stakeholders within the study area. The chapter also
elaborate the existing solid waste collection route used by MP.Environment contractor at
Changombe ward including street routes and Industrial route, Also the optimization of such
particular existing routes and spatial database for existing solid waste transfer stations in Temeke
is have done in this chapter four. Chapter five describes conclusion and recommendation of the
study.

iv
 ABBRIVIATION
UDSM University of Dar es salaam
SW Solid waste
SWM Solid waste management
GIS Geographical information system
DCC Dar es salaam city council
GPS Global position system
ARU Ardhi University
CAD Computer Aided Drafting
CAC Computer Aided Cartography
CBOS Community Based Organisations
NGOS Non governmental organizations

TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION..........................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................ii

v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................iv
ABBRIVIATION...........................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................xi
LIST OF PLATES.......................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background..............................................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem of statement...............................................................................................................3

1.3 Objectives.................................................................................................................................3

1.3.1 Main objective.......................................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Specific objectives.................................................................................................................3
1.4 Justification/Motivation..........................................................................................................3

1.5 Methodology.............................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................5

2.1 Solid waste................................................................................................................................5

2.2 Solid waste management processes........................................................................................7

2.2.1 Waste generation...................................................................................................................7

2.2.2 Composition of Solid waste..................................................................................................9
2.2.3 Solid waste Collection...........................................................................................................9
2.3 The concept of geographic information system (GIS)........................................................10

2.3.1 Application of solid waste management using GIS..........................................................11

2.4 Conceptualising GIS in solid waste collection in Dar es salaam........................................12

2.5 Theoretical Framework.........................................................................................................13

2.5.1 Networking theory..............................................................................................................13

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2.5.2 Coordination Theory..........................................................................................................13
2.5.3 Location Theory..................................................................................................................14
2.5.4 Variable and indicators of the study.................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................17
3.0 Material and methods............................................................................................................17

3.1Case study area description...................................................................................................17

3.2 Methodology...........................................................................................................................18

3.2.1 Literature review................................................................................................................18

3.2.2 Site visit and physical Observation...................................................................................18
3.2.3 Checklist..............................................................................................................................18
3.2.4 Questionnaire......................................................................................................................19
3.2.4 Interview and consultation.................................................................................................19
3.2.5 Photographic evidence........................................................................................................19
3.2.6 Equipments..........................................................................................................................19
3.2.7 GIS Software.......................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................20
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSION...............................................................................................20

4.1 Work organization and performance...................................................................................20

4.1.1 Organization setup for Waste management sector..........................................................20

4.1 Physical infrastructure..........................................................................................................22

4.2 Population...............................................................................................................................22

4.3 Existing solid waste management situation.........................................................................22

4.3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................22
4.3.2 Discharge and storage........................................................................................................23
4.3.3 Sources of solid waste generation......................................................................................24
4.4 Solid waste collection and transportation system...............................................................27

4.4.1 Amount of Solid waste collected per day..........................................................................29

4.4.2 Collection frequency...........................................................................................................30
4.4.3 Refuse collection charge.....................................................................................................30

vii
4.5 Transfer and transfer stations..............................................................................................31

4.6 Methods used to select existing waste collection system.....................................................31

4.7 Methods which were used in selecting the routing system.................................................32

4.7.1 Accessibility of the road......................................................................................................32

4.7.2 Amount of waste generated................................................................................................32
4.7.3 Type of settlement...............................................................................................................32
4.7.4 People awareness for the services......................................................................................32
4.8 Existing solid waste collection route.....................................................................................33

4.8.1 Data for collection vehicle..................................................................................................33

4.8.2 Route network analysis for Chamwenyewe,Ubena and Changanyikeni.......................34
4.8.3 Identification Optimal location and proximity distance in Changombe ward............35
4.8.4 Methods used in data processing in GIS network analyst tool.......................................35
4.8.5 Comparison between existing route and new route proposed........................................36
4.9 Spatial database for designated solid waste transfer stations in Temeke.........................40

4.9.1 Existing transfer station.....................................................................................................40

CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................44
5.0 IMPROVEMENT NEEDS AND OPTION ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE
COLLECTION SYSTEM...........................................................................................................44

5.1 Waste collection improvement..............................................................................................44

5.2 Waste recycling.......................................................................................................................44

5.3 Organizational and financial aspects...................................................................................44

5.4 Technical system.....................................................................................................................45

CHAPTER SIX............................................................................................................................46
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................46

6.1 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................46

6.2 Recommendation...................................................................................................................46

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................48

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 : Major categories of solid waste generators. ..................................................................6

ix
Table 2.2; Variables indicators of the study...................................................................................16
Table 4.1 Show the quantity of solid waste produced and generation rates in Temeke
Municipality...................................................................................................................................25
Table 4.2 Show the quantity of all sources of solid waste produced in Temeke Municipality......25
Table 4.3 show quantity of solid waste produced per day in Temeke Municipality......................27
Table 4.4 Contractors and Municipal authority ............................................................................28
Table 4.5 ;CBOS and their collection zone .................................................................................28
Table 4.6; Summary of table 4.4 and 4.5.......................................................................................29
Table 4.7; Illustrates existing solid waste collection route............................................................33
Table 4.8; Data for the collection vehicle .....................................................................................34
Table 4.9(a) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed................................37
Table 4.9(b) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed................................38

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1; Solid waste management process..................................................................................8

Figure 2.2: Research Conceptual Model (Source; Morgan, 2004)................................................15

x
Figure 3.1 Map showing case study area.......................................................................................17
Figure 4.1; Organization setup for Waste management sector (Source; Temeke SWM
sector,2013)....................................................................................................................................21
Figure 4.2;Waste generation and collection in Temeke Municipality............................................30
Figure 4.3;Map showing Temeke solid waste transfer station.......................................................31
Figure 4.4; Software image showing construction of optimal SW collection route......................35
Figure 4.5; Data processing in obtaining optimal route................................................................36
Figure 4.6 ; Fuel consumption with respect to route distance.......................................................39
Figure 4.7; Time taken with respect to route distance...................................................................40
Figure 4.8;Spatial database for existing transfer station................................................................41
Figure 4.9; Spatial databases for existing transfer station in Temeke municipality.......................42

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 4.1; Solid waste accumulation due to low collection frequency at Lumo sokoni (source,Site
visit)...............................................................................................................................................23
Plate 4.2 Communal collection point ( Site visit,2013).................................................................24

xi
Plate 4.3;Tandika sokoni transfer station.(Source; Field survey,2013).........................................43

xii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Solid waste is not uniform in terms of its constituents, but all waste bears the shared
characteristic of being perceived as valueless and therefore unwanted. If waste generated from
various sources is not managed, it may accumulate and result into environmental pollution.
Solid management is the storage, handling, separation and processing, collection, transfer
and transport and final disposal of solid waste,(Tchobanoglous,1993).Following global
population growth, economic and industrial development, there has been significant increase in
waste generation. This has not been a problem in developed countries. Beside their advanced
economic and industrial development, developed countries make use of their large capital
investment, modern technology, equipment, enacted legislation and private companies to manage
solid waste,(Kennedy,2000).
In sub-Saharan Africa waste generation is approximately 62 million tonnes per year. Per
capita waste generation is generally low in this region, but spans a wide range, from 0.09 to 3.0
kg per person per day, with an average of 0.65 kg/capita/day. The countries with the highest per
capita rates are islands, likely due to waste generated by the tourism industry, and a more
complete accounting of all wastes generated.(Mustafa and Najib,2008).
Kuala Lumpur, which is a city in a country of transition, generates 3,500 tons/d of
domestic and industrial wastes with per capita domestic waste generation approximately 0.81.3
kg per day (Abdul2010). 50 % of the waste generated in Kuala Lumpur is organic (Bavani and
Phon2009). Generation rates in Africas major cities vary between 0.3 and 1.4 kg per capita per
day (Eric2003). More than 60 % of the urban area is inhabited by low-income citizens in African
urban communities making collection difficult (Eric2003).
Africa is now undergoing rapid changes. In most African countries a major population
and redistribution process is occurring as a result of urbanization at a time when economic
performances of these countries is generally poor. One of the major areas where urban authorities
have appeared to fail in their duties is the waste management. Despite laws requiring urban
authorities to manage waste,in most areas only a fraction of waste generated daily is managed.
According to Yhdego(1985) it is estimated that in Nirobi, Dar es salaam, Lagos, Accra, and other
cities in Africa only 20% - 30% of the waste generated is collected and disposed of, while the
1
remained percentage is left in the environment.Yhdego(1985) continues to say that in these
African cities collection of solid waste is usually confined at city centres and high-income
neighborhoods and even there services are usually irregular.
Tanzania, like most developing countries, generates a lot of solid waste. The per capital
urban rate for the whole of Tanzania is estimated to be 0.68kg/person/day, (JICA 1996).This
poses a high risk in the absence of proper waste management.

This study is going to examine solid waste collection in Dar es salaam.Dar es salaam is chosen
for this study because it in Tanzanias largest city with high populated places. Poor solid waste
collection in Dar es salaam is due to a number of factors.Some of these are first, presence of
squatter areas where the majority of the people dwell; second, inaccessibility and environmental
settings of the squatter settlement; third, low waste reduction and waste environmental
management elements like recycling.

The amount of solid waste produced in Temeke Municipality is 743 tons per day. Of the
total waste produced, 243 tons are produced in rural areas/ wards which are disposed of locally
since the area has enough space for waste disposal. The remaining 500 tons are produced in the
urban areas/wards and are supposed to be collected and disposed of by the Councils waste
management division. Out of the 500 tons, only 280 tons are collected and disposed of by the
council and private contractors (56%).(htt;//www.tmc.go.tz/wastemanagement)

Domestic refuse collection in Temeke Municipality is done by Community Based

Organizations, Contractors and Municipal authority. Collected solid wastes are then sent to the
transfer stations (secondary collection points). The council then collects solid wastes from these
transfer stations for disposal at dump sites. These are Mwembeyanga transfer station, Temeke
Mwisho transfer station, Mpogo transfer station, Mtoni market transfer station (Market wastes),
Kurasini collection point, Keko collection point, Rangi tatu collection point, Sterio,
Tandika,Maguruwe and Yombo markets (Market wastes).
(htt;//www.tmc.go.tz/wastemanagement)

2
1.2 Problem of statement
The problem statement of this research is based on improper Solid Waste Management in Dar-es-
salaam city particularly in Temeke where the case study is located. It is found that solid waste
management is becoming prevalence problem in Dar es Salaam though there a lots of efforts
made by CBOs, NGOs and government authority including performing research, discussion
and establish paper to solve problem, these includes dividing the City for making easy collection,
transport and disposal of solid waste, but still today the City is Dirty. Therefore the study
analyses Solid Waste Management and collection system.

The problems to be addressed at this study area are;

Low collection frequencies, poor solid waste storage containers and high generation rates
of solid waste, this result into accumulation of solid waste in collection points and hence
resulting into environmental pollution.
Inaccessibility in unplanned areas which makes difficult for the collection trucks to pass
through those particular streets.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 Main objective

To investigate how GIS analyst tool can assist to increase information and route optimization on
solid waste collection.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

To review the existing methods used for collecting solid waste within municipality.
Route optimization to reduce cost and time from collection areas to dumping site.
To establish GIS database for designated solid waste transfer stations in the study area.
To asses general knowledge and awareness on environmental pollution.

1.4 Justification/Motivation
The solid waste management and collection system is the most important process within our
environment. But it is still a problem in our surroundings; therefore there is a need of finding the
simplest and easiest solution for the problem in order to decrease total solid waste generation and
to minimize the costs of solid waste management which will be necessary to perform route
optimization on current solid waste collection paths.

3
1.5 Methodology
My research was conducted through different methods on collecting and gathering information.
These are as listed below;
Literature reviews
Physical observation
Consultation to experts on solid waste
Questionnaires
Table discussion with leaders at Temeke
Hand GPS for capturing coordinates of the existing transfer station.
GIS software; GIS software to determine the minimum cost/distance efficient in
collection paths for transporting the solid wastes to the dumping site and digitizing
Municipality boundary map, existing road network map, transfer stations by locating
their positions according to its easting and northing

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Solid waste

Solid waste comprises all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally
solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted (Tchobanoglous et al;

4
1977). According to Addis Ababa health bureau, solid waste is the general term used to describe
non-liquid waste materials arising from various social and economic activities in a human
setting. Similarly, Addis Ababa municipality operational health regulation
(Legal Notice 1/1989 E.C) states solid waste as anything discarded as public sweepings, food
remains, vegetable, ash, grass, metal, plastic, paper, dead animals and other materials that pose
environmental health risks.

According to the city government of Addis Ababa Sanitation, Beautification and Parks
Development Agency (AASBPDA, 2003); the sources of solid waste are: house holds 76%,
institutional /Commercial, factories, hotels and health centers, 18% and 6% from street
sweeping. Another study states that from the total waste generated in the city, 71% by
households 10% street, 6% industries, 9% commercial centers and institutions, 3% hotels and 1%
hospitals (Tadesse kuma, 2004). The sources and types of solid wastes are described in Table 2.1
according to Urban Development Sector unit East Asia and Pacific Region (1999).

The table below describes the eight major categories of solid waste generators. They are
classified according to their source, type of solid waste generated and the kind of process from
which these wastes solid wastes are generated.

Table 2.1 : Major categories of solid waste generators. (Source: Urban Development Sector unit
East Asia and Pacific Region, 1999).

Source Typical waste generation Type of solid wastes

Residential Single and multifamily Food wastes, paper, cardboard,

dwelling plastics, textiles, leather, yard

5
 wastes, wood, glass, metals,
ashes, special wastes (e.g.,
bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous wastes.

Industrial Light and Heavy Housekeeping wastes,

manufacturing, fabrication, packaging, food wastes,
construction sites, power and construction and demolition
chemical plants. materials, hazardous wastes,
ashes, and special wastes.

Commercial Stores, hotels restaurants, Paper, cardboard, plastics

markets, office buildings, et wood food, waste glass metals,
special wastes hazardous
wastes.

Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, Same as commercial

government centers.

Construction and demolition New construction sites, road Wood steel concrete and dirt,
repair, renovation sites, etc.
demolition of buildings

Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, Street sweepings, landscape

parks, beaches, other and tree trimmings; general
recreational areas, water and waste from parks, beaches,
waste water treatment plants and other recreational areas;
sludge.

Process Heavy and light Industrial process waste, scrap

manufacturing, refineries, materials, off-specification
chemical plants, power plants, products, slog, tailings.
mineral and extraction
processing

6
Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, Spoiled food wastes,
dairies, feedlots, farm agricultural wastes, hazardous
wastes (e.g. pesticides)

2.2 Solid waste management processes

2.2.1 Waste generation

Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of
values and either thrown away or gather together for disposal. It is an activity that is not very
controllable. Uncontrolled or illegally dumped wastes are the obvious cause of the degradation of
the environment and also cause adverse effect for human health.

Cities in the world are facing a high level of pollution; the situation in developing countries is
more acute, partly caused by inadequate provision of basic services like water supply, sanitation
facilities, transport infrastructure and waste collection (UNCHS Habitat, 2001). Thus, there is a
need to work towards a sustainable waste management system, which requires environmental,
institutional, financial, economic and social sustainability.

Municipal solid waste management is part of public health and sanitation and is entrusted to the
municipal government for execution. Presently, the systems are assuming larger importance due
Waste generation
to population explosion in municipal areas, legal intervention, and emergence of newer
technologies and rising public awareness towards cleanliness (Kumar, 2005).

According to Chandana, K.et al.,

Waste handling, (2005), storage
separation, the common causes for
and processing poor waste management
at source
services are the lack of appropriate government policy and legislation, lack of political will and
public commitment, in adequate technical expertise, insufficient financial resources or
inappropriate allocation of available resources, and unavailability of suitable lands for waste
Collection
disposal sites.

Transfer and transport Separation and processing and

transformation of solid waste

Disposal
Figure 2.1; Solid waste management process

2.2.2 Composition of Solid waste

The composition of municipal solid waste stream is important for designing material recovery
facilities and developing other waste minimization programs. Successful characterization
depends on obtaining representative samples of the collected solid waste and making statistically
precise and accurate estimates of component weights (Zeng et al,2005). Knowing the quantity
and type of solid waste generated is important to examine various treatment options (Tsakona, et
al., 2006).

Waste composition is influenced by external factors such as geographical location, the

populations standard of living, energy source, and weather. Generally, all low-income countries
have a high percentage of compostable organic matter in the urban waste stream, ranging from

8
40-85 percent of the total. Packaging wastes, such as paper, plastic, and glass will become more
predominant in the waste stream as the economies increase and the population becomes more
urbanized (UDEPA, 1999). As countries become more urbanized,their waste composition
change. The substantial increase in use of paper and paper packaging is probably the most
obvious change. The other significant change is a much higher proportion of plastics and
consumer products and their packaging materials. More newspapers and magazines, more
packaged foods and mass produced products are all the causes and bring with it more waste, of
higher volume making waste more expensive to collect and a related rise in the amount of litter.

2.2.3 Solid waste Collection

The term collection includes not only the gathering up of solid wastes from the various sources,
but also the hauling of these wastes to the location where the contents of the collection vehicles
are emptied (Tchobanoglous, 1993). The use of the concept of appropriateness of technology and
equipment means adeliberate use of criteria for choosing which technology or equipment is
suitable for a given set of circumstances.

Normally collection accounts for almost 50% of the total urban annual cost urban solid waste
management. Collection services for industries vary widely. Some industries wastes are handled
like residential wastes; some companies have their disposal sites on their own properties that use
conveyor belts or waste slurry transport.

2.2.3.1 Types of solid waste collection systems

i. Hauled container system

ii. Stationery container system

Haul container system

Collection vehicles pick up the wastes storage container haules it to the unloading location,
empties the container and returns it to either the original locations (conventional mode) or some
other location (Exchange mode).
This method is commonly used for large generation points such as commercial centers,
institutions, industrial or Residential complex

9
Stationery container system
The waste storage container remains at generation location, the collection vehicles travel to each
pick up location and loads or empties the storage containers, when the truck is full it travels its
wastes to the unloading stations.

Types of Stationery container system

Self-loading (mechanical-full/ semi-automatic)

Manual loading- Residential

2.3 The concept of geographic information system (GIS)

Geographic Information System (GIS) has been defined from different perspective depending on
who is using it, his background and his point of view (Prickles, 1991). Hence, there is no
common or generally accepted definition. This has led to some misconceptions about GIS and its
capabilities. Some people have been led into believing that there is no difference between
Computer Aided Cartography (CAC), Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) and GIS. While CAC
and CAD may be similar to GIS in graphic display, the former two lack the data storage,
management and analytical functions of GIS.

Rind (1988) defined GIS as a computer system for collecting, checking, integrating and
analyzing information related to the earth surface. Other definitions give clearer insight into
what GIS really is. Burrough (1986) believed GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting,
storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. GIS is
also a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a
problem-solving environment (Cowen, 1988)
These definitions are few of the numerous available but for the purpose of this study, the
definition provided by DeMers (2000) shall be the guide. He defined GIS as the tools and
procedures for gathering, colleting, storing, managing, analyzing and integrating spatially
referenced data for decision making in a problem solving environment. The above represents
tools and techniques derived from a number of disciplines such as geography, cartography,
mathematics, and computer science and information technology. Hence, GIS is a tool to aid

10
decision making in a complex problem environment. This activity is also referred to as Spatial
Decision Support System (SDSS).
GIS can be viewed as a holistic integration of computer hardware, software, data and people.
Fabiyi (2001) identified a number of elements that are essential for an effective GIS. These
include: (1) Institution, (2) People, (3) Organizational Structure, (4) Software, (5) Computer
Hardware, (6) Graphically referenced Data, and (7) Procedural Techniques/Analysis.

2.3.1 Application of solid waste management using GIS

The perceived significant impacts of waste on the constituents of the environment, particularly
man have spurred a number of studies. The application of Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) technology as a tool to strengthen the waste management strategies has also been
researched and reported in the world over. Solid waste management involves the collection,
transport, dumping and final treatment (incineration or recycling) of non-liquid waste from
households, business, industry, government bodies or public spaces (Syvaine, 1999).
The planning and decision-making activities often require the handling of land and other related
information. A Geographic Information System (GIS) provides automated and systematic
procedures for handling geographic information. Different scholars each have offered several
definitions of GIS reflecting the use to which it has been put. Geographic Information System
(GIS) is a computer system that records, stores, and analyzes information about the features that
make up the earth's surface. A GIS can generate two- or three-dimensional images of an area,
showing such natural features as hills and rivers with artificial features such as roads and power
lines. Scientists use GIS images as models, making precise measurements, gathering data, and
testing ideas with the help of the computer. (Michael F Goodchild Microsoft Encarta,2006).

A GIS is designed to accept geographic data from a variety of sources, including maps, satellite
photographs, and printed text and statistics. The GIS converts all geographical data into a digital
code, which it arranges in its database. Operators program the GIS to process the information
and produce the images or information they need. The applications of a GIS are vast and
continue to grow. By using a GIS, scientists can research changes in the environment; engineers
can design road systems; electrical companies can manage their complex networks of power
lines; governments can track the uses of land; and fire and police departments can plan

11
emergency routes. Many private businesses have begun to use a GIS to plan and improve their
services. (Michael F. 2006).

GIS will continue to improve as an essential acquisition tool and analysis tool respectively not
only in the analytical description of spatial subjects, but also in environmental planning, impact
assessment, disaster management and simply monitoring remote sensing (Dahdouh, 2002).
However, recent satellite imagery is extending its use to urban areas with the increase of its
resolution to one-meter (i.e. IKONOS satellite), its high positional accuracy, the revisit frequency
of only three days, and its GIS-readiness, despite their relative expensive cost (Montoya, 2002).

2.4 Conceptualising GIS in solid waste collection in Dar es salaam

Geographic information system (GIS) software uses geography and computer-generated maps as
an interface for integrating and accessing massive amounts of location-based information.
Information on the spatial dimension of many urban indicators is expected to provide policy and
decision makers with a better picture of the magnitude of issues before hand. Indicators on
poverty, environmental degradation, lack of urban services, degeneration of existing
infrastructure, lack of access to land and adequate shelter have a spatial dimension. Given the
ability of GIS to combine both spatial and socio-economic data, more meaningful information
can be generated. Outputs from GIS analysis inform the decision-maker on where and to what
extent the problem lies.
.
Success or failure of GIS projects is also dependent on users' understanding of the relative merit
of the various data models, on a consideration of metadata issues, and on the ability to apply
algorithmic thinking to complex modelling tasks.(Mwakalinga,2005)
GIS starts to be applied when there is a need. After knowing what you want GIS to do, there
should be data sources e.g. data related to space, peoples views, aerial photos, etc. In order for
the data to be processed, GIS needs tools i.e. hardware and software. Lastly, the GIS user
should decide on the method to use depending on the nature of work.

2.5 Theoretical Framework

This part elaborates about the theories from which this study based upon.The main theories in
this study are as described below

12
2.5.1 Networking theory
Networking theory has been written by a number of people, In this study the theory combines the
idea of Antony Sequeira and Kelvin Wallace. Networking can either be internal or external
connection depending to the purpose. Generally the theories include Open System International
(OSI) models, routing concepts, networking standards, and protocol mechanics (Antony &
Willace,2004)
By using a simple management protocol (SNMP) the least cost route is measured by various
principles eg.distance, topology, overlaps, time, landuse, population and number of pickups. The
network optimal to all these factors is very stable, scalable and cheap. Networking can be done in
unstable route to improve it or in a virgin land in order to meet the principles above. The aim is
to control the routing size and aggregate traffic (Antony & Wallace,2004)
The theory is used to answer one of the objectives of the study. The routing efficiency is known
though networking.

2.5.2 Coordination Theory

This is another theory from which this research eminates.The coordination theory was developed
by Thomas Malone and his team in early 90s.Coordination theory is the interdisciplinary study of
coordination in various systems. This approach uses methods and theories issued from
organization theory, economics, computer science and psychology. It aims at developing
coordination technology, computer tools that helps people working together more effectively and
efficiency, coordination theory and extensive knowledge about how coordination occurs in a
variety of systems.
The basic underlying question this approach aims to answer is how will the widespread use of
information technology change the ways people work together? How will the information on
solid waste collection system help to improve the services provision?

2.5.3 Location Theory

This theory helps to determine a certain type of infrastructure to be located at a certain point. The
theory considers the theory considers the activity to be done/space to be covered; relationship of
the activity with the surrounding and the site characteristics (Yupo Chan,2003).This is the critical
in the study since the analysis of effectively routes uses the concepts of location theory to
measure their suitability .In other hand location is one of the main approaches in economic

13
theory. Coming into the waste management issue how can strategic location of waste collection
point improve the market for recycling materials?
Apart from that Chan elaborated about remote sensing and GIS to be best ways of having a
strategic location. Finally the author gives some ways on which GIS can provide proper
interrelations between non-spatial and spatial (location) analysis.SWCs is spatial in nature; can
the GIS help to bring better analysis for location behavior of the point in relation to non-spatial
data according to this theory?
GIS start to applied when there is a need. After knowing what you want GIS to do; there should
be data sources e.g. data related to space, peoples views, aerial photos etc.in order for the data to
be processed GIS need tools i.e hardware and software; Lastly GIS users should decide the
method to use in GIS depending on the nature of work. The Figure 2.2 elaborates research
Conceptual Mode

Coordination
Information mgt tools
Work organization
Ways to select SWCs

Organization Resources
Institutional framework Viable GIS Human
Legal & policy framework Application in Equipments/facilities
Actors SWCS Capital

Organization
Institutional framework
Legal & policy framework
14
Actors
Figure 2.2: Research Conceptual Model (Source; Morgan, 2004)

Referring to the figure above, having a viable GIS in solid waste collection system need a
number of elements. The main elements include organization, resources, information and
coordination. If all these are available and well performing GIS becomes viable and applicable.

2.5.4 Variable and indicators of the study

The variables for this study were established from the theories, empirical and conceptual
framework model. Through variables and indicators it was possible to prepare the methodology
of the study and go to the field for data collection. This study consists of about five variables
(refer table 2.2)
Other variable like resources and organization provided support to information, coordination and
location variables. This support provided the validity of the research. They helped to assess who
is responsible for what and where.

Table 2.2; Variables indicators of the study

S/N Variables Indicators

1 Location Collection points site characteristics
Activities taken at each site
Land use surrounding the site
Population surrounding
2 Information Information management system for SWCs data
Information on population i.e number of people and
income categories
Information on landuse,SWCs and road network

15

3 Coordination
4 Organization
5 Resources
Information on generation rates and composition
Information on catchments
Information management tools
Work organization
Ways to select SWCs
Institutional framework
Legal and policy framework
Actors
Decentralisation of power in SWCs
Human
Equipment/facilities
Capital

(Source; Mwakalinga.2005).

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Material and methods

3.1Case study area description

Location

Temeke Municipality is located in the south of Dar es Salaam City. It borders Coast Region in
the South, Ilala Municipality in the north and west while in the east it stretches by the coastal line
of the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of 656km with a coastal line of 70km length and lies
between 3912' - 3933' east and 648' -733' south. Temeke is the largest municipality among all
municipalities of Dar es Salaam. It consist three (3) division (Mbagala, Kigamboni and
Changombe) and thirty (30) wards (Temeke municipal).This is represented in the figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 Map showing case study area

16
Geographical condition

In Temeke Municipality, the land is characterized by the three major features which includes
High Land, this is the area from which woodland and seasonal streams originate and farming
activities and informal residential development are also taking place.
Relative upper land, in this area resident has occupied a large proportion. Due to continuing
urbanization process, other land is being turned into physical development activities such as
residential, industrial, and commercial and infrastructure development.
Low land, this land is found along flood plains of Yombo River, Keko valley, low lying lands of
Unubini and Migombani areas in Kigamboni. The land is suitable for urban farming activities
including gardening.

17
3.2 Methodology

3.2.1 Literature review

This was conducted through reading different materials including books, papers, journals,
internet and documents of relevant study. This will be useful methodology where by the
information and data concerning solid waste management will be obtained.

3.2.2 Site visit and physical Observation

The site visit and observation was focused on the existing practices on management of solid
waste from the generation, collection route, transfer and transport to disposal site. Also
household and solid waste handlers, collection point, and disposal sites should be visited to find
out the effectiveness of the existing waste management system. During site visiting, various
pictures were taken to show the existing situation and some necessary data that can be obtained
just by observation was collected.

3.2.3 Checklist
Checklist were conducted as the third stage during the research methodology, the main purpose
of this methodology is to know or to find out the generation points of solid waste within the
study area.

3.2.4 Questionnaire
Questionnaires were conducted on focusing the assessments of different stakeholders awareness
on solid waste management to get their views on the current situation, and challenges. Two
different questionnaires will be used
Private contractor questionnaires;This type of questionnaire was to follow-up on solid waste
management by private contractors and to establish the constraint, which hinder the contractors
from providing good quality services.
Questionnaire for municipal authority;To get information on how management is conducted
and who is responsible, equipment used and other necessary information concerning to solid
waste management system.

3.2.4 Interview and consultation.

Interviews were conducted at various levels such as technical personnel at the study area, local
government officials and ward residents; also consultation was done at Department of

18
Environmental Engineering at Ardhi University as well as at the local government officials. The
purpose of this part was to obtain views on the causes, extent and effects of poor solid collection.

3.2.5 Photographic evidence

Photographs were captured in the study area to show the existing situation of the area indicating
how the management and collection of solid waste how is conducted.

3.2.6 Equipments
The Materials which were used to collect data at the case study area includes GPS which was
used for capturing the location of existing solid waste transfer station so as to develop the
collection routes

3.2.7 GIS Software

GIS software was used for mapping, analysis and finally to explore the routing efficiency which
were suitable for solid waste collection, also to establish GIS database for solid waste
management system.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSION

4.1 Work organization and performance

It was learned that in study area (Temeka Municipality) has insufficient legal framework to deal
with waste minimization and improper waste dumping by the inhabitants. There is no Municipal
waste minimization programme to support individual efforts. Also poor disposal site, access
roads, proper waste haulage vehicles are expensive and poor financial base of contractors and
municipal authority limit investment in SWM haulage vehicles.
It have been seen that a culture has been developed that people dont care to throw the
wastes properly. They are not concern much about self responsibility for a common goal. The
discussion with the Municipal authority shows that informal cart pullers are the key collectors of
waste from households to collection points.
Despite their role in waste collection, the analysis shows that the cart pullers are not well
motivated for being responsible in the cleanness of the streets and proper waste management.
They are just following the job routine and the money they earn. Consequently, the cart pullers

19
decide to drop the waste from their carts in many places,eg roads, open spaces,valleys,and in
storm water drainage before reaching the collection points.

4.1.1 Organization setup for Waste management sector.

The department of SWM in Temeke, under the full council and the municipal director; provide
directions to the Ward and the public concerning waste management. Figure 4.1 show
organization setup for Waste management sector in Temeke municipality. Waste management
Organization sector in the municipality is headed by head of waste management. The
organization is divided into three sector which are solid waste management sector which deals
with collection and transport of solid waste, monitoring and evaluation of cleansing activities and
street road cleansing. The liquid waste sector deals with monitoring, inspection and consultancy.
The last sector is landfill development and pollution control which deals with landfill
development and pollution control. This organization also working with ward development
committee, contractors and CBOS in waste collection.

20
 Organization setup for Waste management sector in Temeke Municipality

STANDING COMMETTEE FOR

URBAN PLANNING &
MUNICIPAL DIRECTOR ENVIROMENT

MUNICIPAL MANAGENT
HEAD WASTE TEAM
MANEGEMENT
DEPARTMENT

SOLID WASTE MANAGENT LIQUID WASTE MANAGENT LANDFILL DEV. &

SECTOR SECTOR POLLUTION CONTROL

Collection & Monitoring Streets and Monitoring, Cesspit Landfill Pollution

transportatio and road Inspection empting and development control
n evaluation of cleansing and liaison
of Solid cleansing consultancy
waste activities
WARD

WARD DEV.COMMITTEE

CONTRACTORS /CBOS

Figure 4.1; Organization setup for Waste management sector (Source; Temeke SWM sector,2013)

21
4.1 Physical infrastructure
The situation of infrastructure, including roads and transportation are a fundamental and
underlying issue in almost all aspect of development in Temeke Municipality.
In general the road condition is not good in per-urban- areas in Temeke Municipality.
According to discussion with SWM stakeholders in the municipality it is observed that
304km of the accessible road is paved.Despite their poor conditions, roads are the most
important means of transportation within the Municipality and to other parts of the
Southern Regions of Lindi and Mtwara which passes through Temeke Municipality and
the port access road (Mandela Road) also passes through Temeke Municipality.

4.2 Population
According to the nation population census results of 2012 Temeke Municipality has a
total population of 1,368,881 out of 669,056 is males and 699,825 are females. This
statistics reveal that this was about 31 percent of the total Dar es Salaam population and
makes Temeke Municipal Council the second populous Municipal Council after
Kinondoni which has 41 percent of the total population in Dar es salaam.

4.3 Existing solid waste management situation

4.3.1 Introduction
Poor collection has resulted in the solid waste accumulation of solid waste in the streets,
thus worsening the pollution situation in the ward.(refer plate 4.1).Temeke residents have
the chief complaints related to the solid waste, which are poor collection facilities,
Collection frequency being low following the factor that the Municipality has only six
vehicles assigned for the solid waste collection for all wards found within the
Municipality.

22
Plate 4.1; Solid waste accumulation due to low collection frequency at Lumo sokoni
(source,Site visit)

4.3.2 Discharge and storage

The present waste collection system in the study area has no refuse collection services,
whereby people burn and dispose the refuse outside their premises and others dispose
their refuse in pits dug along the sides of unpaved roads.
Private contractors are using a bell collection method to increase the efficiency of the
waste loading process but many people still dispose of their waste at communal points.
Contractors are using these communal points collection method due to the irregularity of
its collection service. Among of communal collection points (Lumo sokoni,Limboa
sokoni,Vituka,Chamazi mbabande,Kizuiani sokoni,Keko mbuyuni,Kabuma sokoni and
Buza) have no storage facility and people dispose their waste on the ground at these
places. Waste dispose in this manner attracts scavengers. Plate 4.1 show one of the
existing communal collection point in the study area.

23
 Plate 4.2 Communal collection point ( Site visit,2013)

4.3.3 Sources of solid waste generation

4.3.3.1 Domestic
According to the discussion and interview made with solid waste management sector at
Temeke municipality, they reported that from the last research conducted December
2012,which was required to be submitted to Dar es salaam City Council the amount of
waste generated per day was 785 tons/day (Temeke Municipal Solid waste management
sector ).

4.3.3.2 Institutions.

Schools
The average number of all primary schools (primary and secondary schools) is
208.Among these schools 130 are primary schools and 78 are secondary schools whereby
66 are day schools and 12 are boarding schools and seven out of 130 primary schools are
day schools. Number of nursery school is included in primary school so the waste
generated in the primary school includes the waste from the nursery school. The waste
24
 was measured in three primary and secondary schools basing on low, medium and high.
Table 4.1 shows the amount of waste generated per day from different sources of waste
generation.

Table 4.1 Show the quantity of solid waste produced and generation rates in Temeke
Municipality
No Source of waste Quantity/day (tons) Average number Generation rates
of people (kg/cap/day)
1 Domestic 698 1368881 0.51
2 Hotels & 7.7 112 85 0.68
Restaurants
3 Institution (boarding 0.23 8289 0.03
schools)
4 Institution (day 4.36 165984 0.03
schools)
TOTAL 710.29 1554439 0.31

Table 4.2 Show the quantity of all sources of solid waste produced in Temeke
Municipality
No Source of waste Quantity/day (tons)
1 Markets 105.67
2 Street sweepings & drainage cleaning 12.16
3 Industries 52.76
4 Commercial establishments 257
TOTAL 427.59

4.3.3.3 Hotel and restaurants

Waste generation in Hotel and restaurants depends with the number of bed, and the
number of people visited per day respectively.The generation rate of hotel and restaurant
are 0.72 kg/bed/day and 0.68kg per day respectively.(Mbuligwe and Kassenga, 2004). In
my study area the big hotel found are only five, considering Giraffe Hotel as the big hotel

25
found in the study area, establishment of waste generation per day was drawn basing on
that hotel. The management of giraffe hotel reported they have 55beds in their hotel, from
that information the waste generated per day becomes 198 kg per day. Also the number of
people visit in all restaurants per day are 10875 people. From that number of visitors per
day, the amount of waste generated per day becomes 7395kg per day.

4.3.3.4 Markets
There are twenty formal markets waste productions within the study area. But from the
survey it is identified that only Temeke Stereo market and while others are not well
designed and managed.Refering to the study done by (Mbuligwe and Kassenga, 2004)
generation rate of wholesalers and retailers is 3.12 and 5.36kg/day respectively. From this
study it is found that the number of wholesalers in 20 markets are 9825 who generates
30654kg/day and the number of retailers are 13995 who also generates 75013.2kg/day.
From this findings 105667.2kg generated from the market per day.

4.3.3.5 Street sweeping and drainage

Street sweeping and drainage waste generation rate is 40kg/d/km. In Temeke
Municipality there are 304km of tarmac road whereby solid waste accumulation is also
found (Interview).Using the generation rate above the quantity of solid waste generated
in street sweeping and drainage is computed to get 12160kg per day.

Table 4.3 show quantity of solid waste produced per day in Temeke Municipality

No Source of waste Quantity/day (tons)

1 Domestic 698
2 Hotels & Restaurants 7.59
3 Institutions 4.66
4 Markets 105.67

26
 5 Street sweepings & drainage 12.16
cleaning
6 Industries 52.76
7 Commercial establishments 257
Total 1137.84

4.4 Solid waste collection and transportation system

The situation of waste collection and transportation systems in Temeke Municipality is
becoming difficult due to increase in population and poor road accessibility in some
areas. From this situation the municipality decided to privatise the collection services to
CBOS and Contractors. Private contractors and CBOS are responsible for collect of
refuse waste market waste and Industrial waste in their assigned respective areas. The
other CBOS are assigned in road sweeping and drain cleansing. Table 4.4 and 4.5
indicates contractors and collection zone and type of waste which they are collecting and
their number of collection vehicles.

Table 4.4 Contractors and Municipal authority (Source;Interview,2013)

S/No; Contractor Area/Zone Types of service Number of

vehicles
1 Municipal Temeke mwisho + Refuse collection 6
Mwembeyanga and market waste
2 Kimangele Enterprises No specific area Refuse collection 2
and market waste
3 JafariMsati Company No specific area Refuse collection 1

27
 and market waste
4 LekaTugeme No specific area Refuse collection 1
Enterprises and steet sweeping
5 JanethMahunda No specific area Refuse collection 1
Company and street sweeping
6 MP Environment Changombe Refuse collection 4
Company and Industrial waste
7 Pick traders company No specific area Refuse collection 1

Table 4.5 ;CBOS and their collection zone (Source;.Interview,2013)

S/No; CBOS Area/zone Types of service

1 Kiema Group Kilwa road Street sweeping
2 Upendo Youth Group Azizi Ally Street sweeping
3 Kimuchi Group Kibulugwa Street sweeping
4 CSPD Volunteers Azimio Street sweeping
5 TECI Group Kurasini Street sweeping
6 CEFDEC Group Mbagala kuu Street sweeping
7 Mshikamano group Mandera road Street sweeping
8 Mazingira group Kilwa road Street sweeping

Table 4.6; Summary of table 4.4 and 4.5

Type of waste collected Number of contractor/CBOS

Street sweeping only 8
Refuse collection and market 4
waste
Refuse collection and Industrial 1
waste
Refuse collection and street 2
sweeping

4.4.1 Amount of Solid waste collected per day.

According to the discussion and interview made with solid waste management sector at
Temeke municipality, Ward leaders and other solid waste collection stakeholder including
CBOS and Contractors. The results have shown that is not possible for all waste

28
generated per day to be collected and transferred to the disposal site. Figure 4.2 shows the
amount of waste generated collected and uncollected per day.
According to the discussion conducted with solid waste collection stakeholder it was
identified that only 322 tones is collected per day which is equivalent to 28.29%
comparing with the amount of waste generated per day within the Municipality.

Figure 4.2;Waste generation and collection in Temeke Municipality.

4.4.2 Collection frequency

In terms of collection frequency, most contractors interviewed reported that collection is
2 and 3 days per week. Observation and investigation made indicate that most
contractors collection frequency depended on the mechanical condition of their
collection vehicles and the number of daily crewmembers. It is also noted that most of
collection vehicles used by the contractor are poorly maintained.
Also it is noted that the collection crew are employed on daily basis and are lowly
paid (Tanzania shillings 5000 per day).The number of crewmember varies from one
contractor to another depending on the vehicle capacity but generally it ranges from 5 to
7. During the survey it was observed that most of the contractors do not supply the
protective gears to solid waste collection crew.

29
4.4.3 Refuse collection charge
This is the most serious issue in running the collection services. According to interview
made the solid waste contractor reported that people are not paying for the service they
are provided. This makes them difficult in running the services because they are using the
trucks which require fuel and maintenance and crewmember who are supposed to be
paid. Contractors reported that refuse collection charges ranging from 1500 to 2000/=
TSH and sometimes it can exceed up to 3000/=TSH depending on amount of waste.

4.5 Transfer and transfer stations.

During survey solid waste are transferred from collection points/transfer stations to dump
site Pugu Kinyamwezi this was physically observed through working with contractors.
Also it was found that the municipality has only 10 transfer stations which are found only
in urban wards.
Wards like Somangila,Kimbiji,Toangoma,Chamazi,Vijibweni,Pemba mnazi,Kibada and
Mjimwema they are not having transfer stations for solid waste collection. Figure 4.3
show the existing transfer station.

30
 Figure 4.3;Map showing Temeke solid waste transfer station

4.6 Methods used to select existing waste collection system

According to the discussion made with Solid waste management Department at Temeke,
Ward leaders as well as solid waste contractors it seems that collection points were
selected based on distance from human settlement, distance from water sources,
accessibility of road within the settlement as well as community wishes. The community
agreed where to collect solid waste and the contractor has to come and collect the waste
from the agreed point. The existing open spaces are the first areas to be considered as
potential areas by the community.

31
4.7 Methods which were used in selecting the routing system

4.7.1 Accessibility of the road

The accessible roads are the main factor for the truck to reach the collection point where
the waste can be collected throughout the time. Collection point should not be located in
congested areas, or in the area with poor/narrow roads.

4.7.2 Amount of waste generated

The amount of waste generation within the area also influence the selection of the route,
Mp Environment said that the routes are more preferred to the areas with high amount of
waste generated. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste accumulated in the streets.

4.7.3 Type of settlement

Planned area is more preferred; If the settlement is well planned it is easy for the truck to
pass within the street. Also the routing system for waste collection is easier in the planned
settlement compared to unplanned settlement. From the study made it was observed that
collection points system are very common and famous informal settlements like
Mbagala,Yombo, Mtoni, Chamazi,Temeke mwisho,Buza,Kibada, Vijibweni,Kijichi,and
Kiburugwa.The study revealed that limited accessibility is the main reason for these
systems to be applied in informal settlements.

4.7.4 People awareness for the services

Awareness of the people in paying for the services also influences the service provider to
give them the service frequency. According to the discussion made with MP Environment
contractor he reported that people are complaining to him when they see the waste are
still accumulated in the collection point without being transferred to the dump site
(Interview,2013).

4.8 Existing solid waste collection route

During the survey with the contractor existing solid waste collection route were
identified. The present routes used by MP Environment in collecting the waste are
grouped into two. These are household route and Industrial route. Table 4.7 and appendix
2 illustrates existing solid waste collection route at changombe street including
Ubena,Chamwenyewe and Changanyikeni street.

32
Table 4.7; Illustrates existing solid waste collection route (Source; Field Survey,2013)

S/No Route
1 Route No.1
Changombe road Diwani road Ubena road Basra road Changa
road
2
Route No.2
Chamwenyewe road Sheffied road Nelson Mandera road Msikiti
road- Togore road
3
Road No.3
Basra road- Chamwenyewe road Togore road Msikiti road

4.8.1 Data for collection vehicle

From the survey with the contractor in the routing of waste collection at
Chamwenyewe,Ubena and Changanyikeni,the travel time,loading time and collection
point location were identified. Table 4.7 indicates data for the collection vehicle.

Table 4.8; Data for the collection vehicle (Source; Field Survey,2013)
Travel Time spent in Loading time in Collection point location
minutes minutes
5.08 16.03 Changombe and Diwani road
4.01 15.06 Diwani and Ubena road
6.10 14.04 Ubena and Basra road
5.07 12.02 Basra and Changa road

5.05 13.15 Chamwenyewe and Sheffied road

6.14 17.02 Sheffied and Nelson mandera road
6.10 14.16 Nelson mandera and Msikiti road

33
4.03 15.09 Msikiti and Togore road

4.11 15.10 Basra and Chamwenyewe road

3.04 13.08 Chamwenyewe and Togore road
5.01 14.01 Togore and Msikiti road

Total 2hr and 40min

4.8.2 Route network analysis for Chamwenyewe,Ubena and Changanyikeni.

After the survey of waste collection route in these areas optimization of the waste
collection vehicle routing were assessed. Effective decision of management systems
requires the implementation of vehicle routing techniques capable of taking advantage of
new technology in geographic information systems.
The optimal routing for solid waste collection is based on the minimization of the
travelled distance or the minimization of time and fuel consumption. The routing system
was conducted into two category; House to house route and Industrial route.
Basing on networking theory a least cost routes were obtained through
considering distance criteria, road condition, cost involved, time spend and population.
But in my study only two criteria were used i.e,distance criteria and cost criteria.

4.8.3 Identification Optimal location and proximity distance in Changombe ward

In the field survey, existing location of collection point, road network population density
and unsaved area of the ward were identified. Based on the study, the road width was
considered as prime importance during the analysis of the optimal location of the bins in
the ward. Figure 4.4 Show digital topographical map of Changombe ward which is
already imported in GIS analyst tool for the construction of new optimum collection
route

34
Figure 4.4; Software image showing construction of optimal SW collection route.

4.8.4 Methods used in data processing in GIS network analyst tool

From the study various methods and techniques were used in data processing and
manipulation. In GIS network analyst tool the flow of data collection and processing to
achieve the optimal route and fuel consumption were as illustrated in figure 4.5

Distance
DATA COLLECTION
Time
Fuel consumption
D

GIS CONSTRUCTION

COMPARISON-
GIS ANALYISIS BENEFITS

35
Optimal routing New collection Vehicle
routes
Figure 4.5; Data processing in obtaining optimal route

4.8.5 Comparison between existing route and new route proposed

Street route
The optimized route covers short route compared with the existing route. From this the
Contractor will not spend much on fuel consumption and time for waste collection. Since
the running cost is reduced therefore, contractor can afford to deliver the service with
minimum charging fee per house. If this will be applicable people will be willing to pay
for the service and the service delivery will be improved. Table 4.9(a) indicates
comparison between the existing route and the new proposed route.

Table 4.9(a) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed.

S/N Route Route distance

number
Existing Optimized
route(m) route(m)
1 Route No.1 4211.55 2962.49
2 Route No.2 3081.07 2409.13
3 Route No.3 2346.21 1683.94

36
 Total 9638.83 7055.56

From the GIS analyst tool the route distance is reduced from 9638.83m to 7055.56m
which is equivalent to 26.8%.
According to the Interview with the contractor he said that fuel consumption for the
existing route is 20litres. But basing on the optimized route, fuel consumption reduced to
14.6litres.
Time taken for existing collection route is 2hrs and 40min (field survey).But basing to the
optimum route (new route) time taken during the collection reduced up to 1hr and 57min.
Appendix 1 & 2 illustrate the optimized and existing route for MP Environment
contractor in solid waste collection.

t
Industrial route
MP.Environment also collects the waste in Industrial areas. Contractor reported that fuel
consumption in this route is 15litres, because they are not providing the service to all
industries found in the area, other industries are having their own truck and collect the
waste themselves and transport to the dump site. Table 4.9(b) show comparisons between
the existing and optimized route for waste collection in Industrial area.

Table 4.9(b) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed.

S/N Route Route distance

number
Existing Optimized
route(m) route(m)
1 Route No.1 3969.34 2851.71
Total 3969.34 2851.71

37
From GIS analyst tool Industrial route also were reduced from 3969.34m to 2851.71m
which is equivalent to 28.15%.Contractor reported that fuel consumption for the existing
route industrial route is 15litres. But basing on the new route (optimized route), fuel
consumption reduced to 11litres. MP.Environment driver responsible for industrial route
collection reported that time taken for the collection is 2hr.From that information it is
identified time for collection using the optimal route(new route) it becomes 1hr and
26min.The existing route and the optimized route are illustrated in appendix 3 & 4.
Figure 4.6 and 4.7 show fuel consumption with respect to route distance and time taken
with respect to time taken respectively.

Figure 4.6 ; Fuel consumption with respect to route distance

38
 Figure 4.7; Time taken with respect to route distance

4.9 Spatial database for designated solid waste transfer stations in Temeke.
In the study area there ten transfer stations which are only used by municipal authority in
collecting the waste to disposal site. Figure 4.3 indicates the transfer stations found in the
study area

4.9.1 Existing transfer station

The existing transfer stations in the municipality were mapped. Two main ways were
used; the first one was picking positions for the collection points by a hand hold GPS and
digitization of the transfer stations from aerial photograph of Temeke municipality.
Transfer stations mapped for this study were only ten(Refer figure 4.3).From site visit it
is observed that other stations are not designed and have poor conditions while others
and others are designed with good condition(refer plate 4.3 which has good condition and
designed) with their spatial database as shown in the software image figure 4.8 and 4.9.

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Figure 4.8;Spatial database for existing transfer station

According to the standard transfer station should be well constructed and designed, but in
the municipality only four transfer stations are designed out of ten. Even though there are
some existing transfer stations in the study area but they are not well designed and
constructed. Also poor collection frequency is low compared with the amount waste
generated. Figure 4.8 show spatial database for existing transfer station in Temeke
municipality.

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Figure 4.9; Spatial databases for existing transfer station in Temeke municipality.

Figure above shows software image describing spatial databases for ten existing transfer
stations in the study area including their location, design condition, collection frequency,
amount of waste stored, type of waste and distance from settlement.
Spatial database is only constructed in those wards where the transfer stations are found.
Wards like Somangila,Kimbiji,Toangoma,Chamazi,Vijibweni,Pemba mnazi,Kibada and
Mjimwema their spatial database are not constructed due to absence of transfer stations
in such wards.

The plate below show one of the existing transfer stations found in the study area
(Tandika sokoni) which has designed and constructed.

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Plate 4.3;Tandika sokoni transfer station.(Source; Field survey,2013)

CHAPTER FIVE

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5.0 IMPROVEMENT NEEDS AND OPTION ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE
COLLECTION SYSTEM

5.1 Waste collection improvement

After the implementation of the solid waste management (SWM) programme,
municipality should work systematically towards effective street sweeping, collection and
transporting of waste. The services that are provided should be the same in all wards,
whether provided by the municipality or by a contractor.
Every ward should have a waste inspector who will be responsible for monitoring the
services. Waste inspectors from each ward should have authority to hire the street
sweepers and waste collectors who will work within the ward. Through this arrangement
there will be the sweepers and waste collectors who will be under ward authority. This
due to the fact that sweepers and waste collectors who are employed by the group
contractor receive inadequate benefits and remuneration for the work that they do, and
that if someone does not work as expected, then it is fair to give the job to some other
poor resident of the same area who will work more conscientiously.

5.2 Waste recycling

Also government must operate a paper recycling plant for its office stationery including
files, envelopes and cards. In order to encourage segregation by households and waste
minimization at source, the municipality should promote waste composting in which
household will use this compost on their gardens or on their agricultural land.

5.3 Organizational and financial aspects

The contractor should employ enough staff for waste collection, transportation and
disposal operations. For the solid waste management service, the municipality should
contracted to pay minimum amount to the contractor for the service they provide even if
they are collecting money to the household, but the money they collect is not enough
compared to the service due to the fact that not all residents are paying for the service.
With this mind, the municipality should plan to approve the decision from the municipal
board on waste collection charges.

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5.4 Technical system
The present SWM technical system in Temeke municipality is simplest system which is
composed of collection and transportation of waste to dump site without any major
intermediate treatment or recycling systems. The first priority objective of SWM is to
maintain sanitary condition in the city, by immediately removing waste generated from
within the human living space. The present total waste collection rate in Temeke is
28.29% of the total waste generated per day. Therefore the first priority on waste
management in the city should be given to the improvement of present collection,
transport and final disposal.

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 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From the study done on Municipal solid waste management and collection route
optimization using GIS network analyst tool in my study area (Temeke Municipality),the
following conclusion and recommendations are drawn.

6.1 Conclusions
Waste management system in all aspect including storage, collection, transfer and
disposal are conducted in the study area, but the difficulties are emerged in the
collection system due to insufficient number of transfer stations for waste
generated and low number of collection vehicles. The study revealed that the
waste generated per day is 1137.84tons.
Collection system in the Municipality is conducted by Municipal authority itself,
Contractors and CBOS, but their efforts have achieved to collect only 28.29% of
the total waste generated per day.
From using GIS technology in this study I have achieved to optimize solid waste
collection route basing on collection time, route distance and collection vehicle
fuel consumption. Collection time was reduced from 2hrs and 40min to 1hr and
57min, route distance also optimized from 9.6km to 7.05km and fuel consumption
from twenty litres to fourteen litres.
The results demonstrate that the proposed routes (street route and Industrial route)
are significantly efficient in terms of collection time and distance covered by
26.8% and 28.15% respectively, whereby it ends up on saving fuel consumption
and collection time.

6.2 Recommendation
Since the existing routes are optimized from 26.8% and 28.15% then contractor
should prefer the optimal route in order to reduce the collection cost and
increasing collection efficiency.
The government authority should increase the number collection trucks and solid
waste collection contractors so as to increase the amount of waste collected per
day compared with the amount generated.
Transfer station should be designed and well managed so as to increase the
collection efficiency.

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 Poor solid waste collection should be not be looked at a narrow perspective, it
requires a lot of strategic plan which incorporate community and technical
personnel so as to reduce risks and negative effects on public health and the
environment.
Solid waste collections point should be located nearby accessible roads for aim of
truck to reach the collection point where the waste can be collected throughout the
time.
GIS has to be introduced in solid waste collection by contractors, municipal and
city councils in order to ease information management and able to manage huge
spatial and non spatial data.GIS is to be used as guiding tool during the selection
of collection system in the built up areas and designing for the areas to locate the
new plan.

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