Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Assessment Institute of Agriculture Technology of West Java, Jalan Kayuambon 80, Lembang, West
Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, 40391.
I thank Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development for funding in doing this
research and Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, Bogor Agrcultural University for funding in
publishing this manuscript.
1
To whom reprint requests should be addressed. Email address: meksyd@yahoo.com
2
Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agriculture University, Jalan Raya Darmaga,
Bogor, Indonesia. 16680
Paclobutrazol Rate and Time of Application for Potato Minituer Production on Aeroponics System
Additional index words. Solanum tuberosum L. induction, tuberization, stolon, seed, retardan
Abstract. Percentage of tuber formation from stolon on potato minituber production aeroponically is
only 5-10%. Therefore it still can be increased by tuberization induction. The research was conducted
to increase tuberization by using several rates and times of application of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on
aeroponics system. This experiment was conducted in a plastic house in Lembang, West Java,
Indonesia, at an altitude of about 1,200 m above sea level and in the tropical belt of South East Asia at
107 o 36 E, 6o 49 S, from April until October 2012. Two factors of rates and application times of PBZ
were arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design in three replications. The first factor was
rates of PBZ i.e. 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg L-1. The second factor was application times of PBZ i.e. 4 weeks
after transplanting (WAT); 5 WAT; 6 WAT; 4 and 5 WAT; 5 and 6 WAT; 4, 5, and 6 WAT. Check
was no PBZ application. The results showed that PBZ could induce tuberization of potato plants
significantly by 59% from 11.44 to 28.09% on aeroponics system. The application of 20.92 mg L-1
PBZ at 6 WAT could increase number of tubers significantly by 65% from 12.33 to 30.5 per plant.
The number of total-tubers positively correlated with number of moderate-tubers (87%), percentage of
effective stolon (86%), number of large-tubers (52%), and negatively correlated with weight per tuber
(85%)
Indonesia potatoes production is low availability of high quality seed (Wattimena 2000). Increasing in
demand for potato seed G0, G1, G2, G3, and G4 as well as for consumption will have impacted on
increasing of total production. The availibility of nationally certified potato seed in Indonesia is only
15% from total 103,582 thousand tons of seed per year (Rosalina, 2011). Meanwhile, the production
cost of potato seed is quite high, around 40-50% from total cost of potato production, so farmers often
use a portion of harvested tuber to produce seed for the next planting season.
Increasing potato seed quality can be made from tissue culture technique. This technique can provide
micro tuber and cutting which are pathogen-free, uniform, and not depending on the season.
Furthermore, microtuber and micro cutting can produce minituber. Minituber production by spraying
nutrient to plant roots as aeroponics system, began to be developed in Indonesia. Minituber produced
in convensional production system are about 3-5 tubers per plant, while on aeroponics system are
approximately 16-29 tubers per plant (Muhibuddin et al., 2009). The higher production on aeroponics
system mainly due to the high efficiency of nutrient absorption, can be harvested many times, high
stolon growth, relatively free from patogen, and easy to control the plant system (Ritter et al., 2001;
Nugalliyadde et al., 2005; Farran and Castel, 2006).
The absence of a barrier in the roots on aeroponics system made stolon number could grow more than
10 (Nugalliyadde et al., 2005) by the number of secondary stolon branches ranged from 10-15.
However, the percentage of tuber formation from stolon estimated that only 5-10% of stolon 100-150
per plant. Therefore, it is still a potency to increase the number of tubers by tuberization induction in
various ways. The use of anti giberilin has been investigated to induce tuberization on aeroponics
system such as the CCC, methyl jasmonat, and uniconazole. Tuberization induction with paclobutrazol
(PBZ) on aeroponics system and proper application timing information has not been known yet.
According to Chang et al., (2008), improper treatment induction could reduce tuber yield.
PBZ [(2R, 3R + 2S, 3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl) 4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pentan-
3-ol] (PBZ) is a triazole plant growth regulator that inhibit giberilin (GA) biosynthesis and abscisic
acid catabolism so stunted vegetative growth and tuber growth turns into (Verma et al, 2010). The
research of Gunawan (1998) showed that PBZ could increase the number of minitubers at a rate of 15
mg L-1, while the best PBZ rate of research of Hutabarat (1994) was 30 mg L-1. However Sitepu
(2007) reported that using of PBZ at 45 days after planting was late to increase the number of tubers as
tubers have formed. Therefore it needed to find the proper rate and time application of PBZ to increase
the number of minitubers of potato plant on aeroponics system. The objective of this study is to induce
tuberization of potato on aeroponics system using various rates and application times of PBZ.
stolons, but they grew straightly from the nodes of the stems. The research findings by Simko (1994)
showed that sessile tubers were formed by the high-rate PBZ application at the top of the stem, while
for the moderate-rate of PBZ, sessile tubers were formed at the bottom of the stem. In low-rate PBZ,
sessile tubers were formed at the end of a long stolon.
Effect of paclobutrazol application time
In addition to the rate of retardants, according to Wang et al., (2009), the influence of retardants
depended on the age of plants and the physiological stage of the plants. The application of PBZ three
times (W6) could inhibit the growth of plant height and number of stolons at 8 WAT compared to
application of PBZ twice (W4 and W5) (Table 3). This was because PBZ could serve as retardants
inhibiting the vegetative growth of plants (Tekalign and Hammes, 2005), therefore, the application of
PBZ with more frequency could lead to a decrease in vegetative growth. The repeated application of
PBZ (W4, W5, and W6) resulted in the lower plant height and less number of stolons, but number of
total tubers, percentage of effective stolons, and tuber weight per plant were higher at 8 WAT than
ones of single PBZ (W1, W2, and W3) ( Table 3). In the final harvest, the repeated application of PBZ
(W4, W5, and W6) could decrease number of stolons, increase number of large-tubers, weight of
tubers per plant, rate of tuber bulking, and harvest index (Table 4).
Interaction of rates and application times of PBZ
The increase in number of total tubers using the treatment of PBZ was compared to the check by 47%
(Table 5). The optimum rate to produce maximum number of total tubers ranged from 17.9 to 21.3 mg
L-1. The maximum number of total tubers, i.e. 35.24, was obtained when PBZ was given at 6 WAT of
20.92 mg L-1. On the contrary, the application of PBZ which was too early at 4 WAT with the rate of
20.29 mg L-1 caused the maximum number of total tubers obtained low, which were 24.78.
The use of PBZ could increase tuberization induction indicated by the increase in the percentage of
effective stolons by 59% from 11.44 to 28.09%.
The percentage of maximum effective stolons was 42.7, obtained when application of PBZ was at
24.98 mg L-1 at 4 WAT (Table 5). This suggested that the early application of PBZ at 4 WAT could
increase percentage of effective stolons. However, because number of stolons was not enough to
support the growth of tubers (Table 4), number of total tubers produced was also less (Table 5).
Therefore, the application of PBZ must also consider number of stolons that has been developed in
order that the tuberization induction by PBZ can effectively increase number of total tubers. This was
in line with the statement of Tekalign and Hammes (2004) stating that the low number of total tubers
was often associated with the low number of stolons. This study did not come to an agreement with
Bandara and Tanino (1995) and Sitepu (2007) which state that PBZ should be given in the early stages
of plant growth. The findings of the research by Sembiring and Simatupang (1994) showed that the
application of triacontanol retardants at the 3, 5, and 7 WAT produced more tubers than the
application of both at the 2, 4, and 6 WAT or 4, 6, and 8 WAT did. Chang et al., (2008) report that
growth disturbance should be done 35-42 days after planting to induce tuberization, because if it has
done at the 21 days after planting, it may disturb the growth of tubers. Bandara et al., (1998) report
that the application of PBZ in the early maturing cultivars was given at the 21 days after planting, thus
increasing tuber yield by 67%, whereas the application of PBZ on the late maturating cultivars was
given at the 38 days after planting, thus increasing tuber yield by 30%. Late maturating cultivars took
longer time in relation to the vegetative growth than early maturing cultivars did for eventually
converted into tubers using PBZ application.
The repeated application of PBZ at 4, 5, 6 WAT had to use a lower rate of 17.9 mg L-1 (Table 5). This
was because repeated application might increase the rate of PBZ received by the plants. The findings
of the research by Sumiati (2000) using retardants mepiquat chloride showed that the time application
done twice at the 35 and 42 days after planting resulted in the higher number of tubers than the ones of
the application done once at the 42 days after planting. However, if the application of mepiquat
chloride was done once at the 42 days after planting, the rate of mepiquat chloride used should be
higher.
The number of total tubers positively correlated with the variable of number of moderate-tubers
(87%), percentage of effective stolons (86%), number of large-tubers (52%), and negatively correlated
with weight per tubers (85%) (Table 6). This indicated that the high number of total tubers was
dominated by medium- and large-sized tubers. PBZ could increase number of total tubers due to the
increased percentage of effective stolons. The increase in the number of total tubers caused weight per
tuber to decrease. Tekalign and Hammes (2005) report a negative relationship existing between
number of total tubers and weight per tubers by the application of PBZ. This contrasted with the
research by Bandara and Tanino (1995) reporting that the application of PBZ could increase the
number of total tubers up to 100% without affecting weight per tubers.
Literature Cited
Adisarwanto, T.W. 1993. Tuber formation of difference potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars as
high temperature. Agrivita. 16(1):36-41.
Balamani, V. and B.V. Poovaina. 1985. Retardant of shoot growth and promotion of tuber growth of
potato plants by paclobutrazol. Amer. Pot. J. 62:363-369.
Bandara, P.M.S. and K.K. Tanino. 1995. Paclobutrazol enhances minituber production in Norland
potatoes. J. Plant Growth Regul. 14:151-155.
Bandara, P.M.S., K.K. Tanino, and D.R. Watere. 1998. Effects of pot size and timing plant growth
regulator treatments on growth and tuber yield in greenhouse-grown Norland and Russet Burbank
Potatoes. J. Plant Growth Regul. 17:75-79.
Chang, D.C., C.S. Park, S.Y. Kim, S.J. Kim, and Y.B. Lee. 2008. Physiological growth responses by
nutrient interruption in aeronically grown potatoes. Amer. J. Pot. Res. 85:315-323.
Farran, I. and A.M.M. Castel. 2006. Potato minituber production using aeroponics : effect of plant
density and harvesting intervals. Amer. J. Pot. Res. 83:47-53.
Gunawan E. 1998. Pengaruh jarak tanam dan konsentrasi paclobutrazol terhadap pertumbuhan dan
produksi umbi mini kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) kultivar Granola. BSc Essay, IPB, Indo.
Hutabarat, R. 1994. Pengaruh media, BAP, dan paclobutrazol terhadap produksi umbi mini kentang
(Solanum tuberosum L.) kultivar Red Pontiac. MS Thesis, IPB, Indo.
Jackson, S.D. 1990. Multiple signaling pathways control tuber induction in potato. Plant Physiol.
119:1-8.
Muhibuddin, A.B. Zakaria, E. Lisan, and Baharuddin. 2009. Peningkatan produksi dan mutu benih
kentang hasil kultur In-vitro melalui introduksi sistem aeroponik dengan formulasi NPK. Proc.
Seminar Nasional Pekan Kentang, Lembang, 20-21 Agu 2008. 102-110.
Nugalliyadde, M.M., H.D.M.D. Silva, R. Perera, D. Ariyaransa, and U.K. Sangakkara. 2005. An
aeroponic system for the production of the pre-basic seeds of potato. Ann. Srilanka Dep. Agri. 7:199-
208.
Ritter, E., B. Angulo, P. Riga, C. Herran, J. Relloso, and M.S. Jose 2001. Comparison of hydroponic
and aeroponic cultivation systems for the production of potato minitubers. Pot. Res. 44:127-135.
Rosalina, 2011. Indonesia Kekurangan Benih Kentang Unggul. March 17th 2013.
http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2011/10/26/090363387/
Sembiring, T. and S. Simatupang. 1996. Pengaruh konsentrasi dan waktu pemberian triakontanol
terhadap produksi tanaman kentang. J. Hort. 6(1):67-70.
Simko, I. 1994. Effects of paclobutrazol on in vitro formation of potato microtubers and their
sprouting after storages. Biol. Plant. 36(1):15-20.
Sitepu, R. 2007. Respon pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.)
terhadap pupuk kalium dan paclobutrazol. BSc Essay, USU, Indo.
Sitompul, SM. and B Guritno 1995. Analisis Pertumbuhan Tanaman. Gadjah Mada Univ Press.
Yogyakarta, Indo. 412p.
Sumiati, E. 2000. Konsentrasi dan jumlah aplikasi mepiquat klorida untuk meningkatkan produksi
kentang di dataran tinggi. J. Hort.9(4):293-301.
Tekalign, T. and P.S. Hammes. 2004. Response of potato under non-inductive condition to
paclobutrazol : shoot growth, chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis assimilate partitioning, tuber
yield, quality, and dormancy. Plant Growth Regul. 43:227-236.
Tekalign, T. and P.S. Hammes. 2005. Growth and biomass production in potato grown in the hot
tropics influenced by paclobutrazol. Plant Growth Regul. 45:37-46.
Verma, A., N. Jain, and B. Kaur. 2010. Regulation of plant behavior through potential anti giberilins
compounds. J. Plant Sci. Res. 26(2):227-250.
Wang, H., H. Ling, F. Liu, and L. Xiao. 2009. Chlorocholine chloride application effects on
photosynthetic capacity and photoassimilates partitioning in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sci. Hort.
19:113-116.
Wattimena, G.A. 2000. Pengembangan propagul kentang bermutu dan kultivar kentang unggul dalam
mendukung peningkatan produksi kentang di Indonesia. IPB Bogor. Indo. 86p.
Continuing Table 3. The effect of PBZ application time at observation variables 8 WAT
Application times of No. total Percentage of Tuber wt per
PBZ No. initiations tubers effective stolon (%) plant(g)
4 WAT (W1) 11,25 12,25 18,27 20,04
5 WAT (W2) 13,42 13,92 18,59 19,62
6 WAT (W3) 12,5 14,58 16,67 21,08
4, 5 WAT (W4) 11,75 15,33 20,75 21,46
5, 6 WAT (W5) 10,42 15,92 22,18 20,54
4, 5, 6 WAT (W6) 10,08 15,42 22,17 21,42
ns
Single vs Repeated 12,4 vs 10,8 13,6 vs 15,6* 17,8 vs 21,7* 20,3 vs 21,1*
ns ns ns
W1,W2 vs W3 12,3 vs 12,5 13,1 vs 14,6 18,4 vs 16,7 19,8 vs 21,1ns
W1 vs W2 11,3 vs 13,4ns 12,3 vs 13,9ns 18,3 vs 18,6ns 20,0 vs 19,6ns
ns ns ns
Twice vs three times 11,1 vs 10,1 15,6 vs 15,4 21,5 vs 22,2 21,0 vs 21,4ns
W4 vs W5 11,8 vs 10,4ns 15,3 vs 15,9ns 20,8 vs 22,2ns 21,5 vs 20,5ns
ns,
* : no significant or significant on orthogonal contrast test at P<0.05
Continuing Table 4. The effect of PBZ application time on observation variables at 16 WAT
Application times of No.
PBZ Large- Medium- Small-
stolons initiations tubers tubers tubers
4 WAT (W1) 75,67 18,92 4,75 12,92 2,33
5 WAT (W2) 85,55 20,83 4,50 14,92 2,83
6 WAT (W3) 100,50 19,42 5,25 17,08 3,92
4, 5 WAT (W4) 82,75 19,00 7,25 13,50 3,00
5, 6 WAT (W5) 82,25 19,50 4,42 15,75 3,83
4, 5, 6 WAT (W6) 78,08 18,67 6,25 13,75 4,50
ns ns
Single vs Repeated 87,2 vs 81,0* 19,7 vs 19,1 4,8 vs 5,9* 14,9 vs 14,3 3,0 vs 3,8ns
ns ns ns
W1,W2 vs W3 80,6 vs 100,5* 19,8 vs 19,4 4,6 vs 5,2 13,9 vs 17,1 2,6 vs 3,9ns
W1 vs W2 75,7 vs 85,5ns 18,9 vs 20,8ns 4,8 vs 4,5ns 12,9 vs 14,9ns 2,3 vs 2,8ns
Twice vs three times 82,5 vs 78,1* 19,2 vs 18,7ns 5,8 vs 6,3ns 14,6 vs 13,7ns 3,4 vs 4,5ns
W4 vs W5 82,7 vs 82,2ns 19,0 vs 19,5ns 7,2 vs 4,4ns 13,5 vs 15,7ns 3,0 vs 3,8ns
ns,
* : no significant or significant on orthogonal contrast test at P<0.05
Table 5. Interaction of rate and application time of PBZ on observation variables at 16 WAT
Rate of PBZ Application time of PBZ (WAT)
(mg L-1) 4 5 6 4+5 5+6 4+5+6
No. total tubers
0 12,33
5 18,67 18,33 22,67 22,67 23,00 26,67
10 24,00 24,33 31,67 30,33 30,67 37,00
20 23,00 30,67 33,33 26,67 25,67 21,33
40 14,33 15,67 17,33 15,33 16,67 13,00
Respons Q* Q* Q* Q* Q* Q*
R2 70,2 88,0 79,5 73,0 70,3 44,5
Optimum rate
(mg L-1) 20,3 21,3 20,9 20,0 20,4 17,9
Maximum number of
tuber 24,8 29,9 35,2 30,2 30,5 29,9
Percentage of effective stolon (%)
0 11,44
5 16,21 21,78 19,54 20,87 23,32 23,28
10 32,18 30,26 26,13 28,14 37,02 37,00
20 42,25 31,82 38,15 36,02 34,68 33,20
40 30,22 22,31 21,15 19,82 20,79 24,82
Respons Q* Q* Q* Q* Q* Q*
R2 77,4 79,4 84,1 79,8 72,5 65,8
Konsentrasi optimum 24,5 22,7 22,8 22,1 21,5 22,7
(mg L-1)
Maximum percentage 42,7 34,4 36,7 36,0 37,8 38,3
of effective stolon
Q : quadratic, * : significant on polynomial orthogonal test at P<0.05